A SHORT HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: 3. LEISURE CAN MAKE YOU SICK.

The risk of infection associated with occupations can, and does, extend to certain leisure and sports activities. Generally, such pastimes are regarded as important for human health and mental wellbeing. However, infections may, rarely, be acquired during leisure activities that include water sports and water-related relaxation, and certain sports.

[Georg von Hofmann-Wellenhof-130 years ago the first victim at the beginning of the investigation of infectious diseases in Austria]. / Georg von Hofmann-Wellenhof, vor 130 Jahren erstes Opfer am Beginn der Erforschung der Infektionskrankheiten in Österreich.

After his medical studies in Vienna and Graz, Georg von Hofmann-Wellenhof, born in 1860 in Vienna, became an assistant at the Pathology Institute at the University of Graz. In 1887, he described a bacterium in the pharynx which resembled diphtheria bacillus. As it was not pathogenic in animal experiments, he named it Bacillus pseudodiphthericus, now Corynebacterium pseudodiphthericum. After moving to the Institute of Hygiene at the University of Vienna, he isolated a strain of glanders bacterium from a deceased patient in 1889. Because at the time there was nearly no knowledge of the virulence of glanders bacilli in man, von Hofmann-Wellenhof carried out animal experiments. During this time, he happened to contract a lethal glanders infection, probably via the respiratory tract. Autopsy revealed glanders abscesses in the respiratory tract, mediastinum, skin and muscles.

[Sources for a history of the Manguinhos Hospital]. / Fontes para uma história do Hospital de Manguinhos.

The present study presents sources for a history of the Manguinhos Hospital (today the Brazilian National Institute of Infectious Diseases), which for the most part are found in the Archives and Documentation Department of the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, but also in the administration's own collection (in boxes which are still classified informally) as well as the collection of the Brazilian National Library, in the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, and in the Brazilian Ministry of Culture's Audiovisual Technical Center. It also presents a typology of these sources, and shows their analytical potential for the history of health sciences and more specifically, of clinical research, medicine, and public health in Brazil between 1918 and 2018.

O estudo apresenta fontes para uma história do Hospital de Manguinhos, atual Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, reunidas, em sua maior parte no Departamento de Arquivo e Documentação da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, mas também no acervo constituído na Direção do próprio instituto (em caixas classificadas de maneira ainda informal), assim como na hemeroteca da Biblioteca Nacional, nas Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e no Centro Técnico Audiovisual do Ministério da Cultura. Apresenta, também, uma tipologia dessas fontes, assim como revela seu potencial analítico para a história das ciências da saúde, mais especificamente, da pesquisa clínica, da medicina e da saúde pública no Brasil, entre 1918 e 2018.

Fontes para uma história do Hospital de Manguinhos / Sources for a history of the Manguinhos Hospital

Resumo O estudo apresenta fontes para uma história do Hospital de Manguinhos, atual Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, reunidas, em sua maior parte no Departamento de Arquivo e Documentação da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, mas também no acervo constituído na Direção do próprio instituto (em caixas classificadas de maneira ainda informal), assim como na hemeroteca da Biblioteca Nacional, nas Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e no Centro Técnico Audiovisual do Ministério da Cultura. Apresenta, também, uma tipologia dessas fontes, assim como revela seu potencial analítico para a história das ciências da saúde, mais especificamente, da pesquisa clínica, da medicina e da saúde pública no Brasil, entre 1918 e 2018.

Abstract The present study presents sources for a history of the Manguinhos Hospital (today the Brazilian National Institute of Infectious Diseases), which for the most part are found in the Archives and Documentation Department of the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, but also in the administration's own collection (in boxes which are still classified informally) as well as the collection of the Brazilian National Library, in the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, and in the Brazilian Ministry of Culture's Audiovisual Technical Center. It also presents a typology of these sources, and shows their analytical potential for the history of health sciences and more specifically, of clinical research, medicine, and public health in Brazil between 1918 and 2018.

Disciplinary and thematic mapping of Maghreb publications in "infectiology". Bibliometric study (Tunisia, 2010-2014).

AIM: To describe the essential bibliometric characteristics of Tunisian publications in "infectiology", during the five-year period 2010-2014. METHODS: This is a descriptive bibliometric study, on the papers of "infectiology", indexed in "«Medline¼", based on their data sheets. Were included all the articles written by Tunisian researchers regardless of their position in the list of co-signers. The themes of the publications were explored through the key words "major" and "generic" in the three chapters of the descriptors: "Bacterial Infections and Mycoses", "Parasitic Diseases", and "Viral Diseases". RESULTS: A total of 846 publications in "Infectiology" were analyzed, of which 66% were written in English and 31% were "case reports". They were signed by 536 authors in first position belonging mainly to microbiology (20.7%), parasitology (20.1%) and virology (7.1%). The 391 co-signatories in last position belonged to 44 specialties, of which pediatrics, internal medicine and infectious diseases respectively occupy the 4th, the 9th and the 10th positions. These publications were edited in 258 journals, mainly "Tunisie Medicale" (9%) and "Pan African Medical Journal" (3.8%). The greatest interest of the Tunisian researchers in infectious diseases have been staphylococcal / tuberculosis infections, chronic viral hepatitis C / human influenza, and echinococcosis / leishmaniasis. CONCLUSION: In Tunisia, infectious diseases research has been relatively prolific and concordant with the population's health needs. Infectious diseases physicians should build their network of care, research and education with biologists, while focusing their research on multicenter and high-level studies.

Vertebral infection in a male individual buried in the monastic cemetery (Cemetery 2) at Ghazali (ca. 670-1270 CE), northern Sudan.

PURPOSE/RESEARCH QUESTION: This article examines pronounced osteoblastic-osteolytic vertebral lesions in a middle adult male (Ghz-2-033), from the Christian Nubian monastic settlement of Ghazali (ca. 670-1270 CE), Sudan, to explore their potential etiology. METHODS: Morphological assessments of sex and age were undertaken in conjunction with macroscopic and radiological methods of assessment for the skeletal lesions documented. RESULTS: Macroscopic assessment of Ghz-2-033 identified mixed osteoblastic-osteolytic lesions in L2-L3 with minor foci in T12-L1, while radiological assessment identified no further lesions. This paleopathological analysis considers tuberculosis, brucellosis, pyogenic intervertebral disc infection, neoplastic conditions, and mycotic infections as potential etiologies. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis is the most probable etiology for the lesions observed. This assessment is based on the morphology of the lesions in conjunction with the known confined living quarters at Ghazali and the presence of tuberculosis vectors (i.e. cattle) in the region. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE/ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This brief communication contributes original data documenting the presence of tubercular lesions in a monk buried at the Christian Nubian monastery of Ghazali. On a broader level this study contributes to regional and temporal paleopathological dialogues regarding interactions with pathogens in Christian Nubian monastic contexts. LIMITATIONS FOR THIS STUDY: The potentiality of co-infection with other pathogens (e.g. brucellosis, Staphylococcus) with similar macromorphological traits in skeletal remains cannot be entirely discounted. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The use of biomolecular analyses may help to clarify the potential presence of tuberculosis in individual Ghz-2-033.

Ancient treatment for lice: a source of suggestions for carriers of other infectious diseases?

Louse infestation is one of the oldest contagious pestilential diseases of humankind, which has recently re-emerged in several developing countries as well as in homeless individuals and migrants. The present work provides the first phase of an historical excursus of louse remedies based on the classics of pharmaceutical literature, codes, pharmacopoeia and treatises. The second phase involves a literature search, based on the principal medical databases (SciFinder, Pubmed, Google Scholar, ISI-Web of Science and Scopus), to match ancient raw materials and active principles for the treatment of pediculosis and their possible applications, with other current infectious pathologies transmitted by different carriers. In this regard, Rhododendron tomentosum has revealed repellent insect activity, particularly against Aedes aegypti, responsible for Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro, yellow fever and other infectious diseases. Petroselinum crispum is an insecticide employed for resistant strains of A. aegypti. In the case of Delphinium staphisagria, the phytochemical profile was further investigated with the identification of further molecules in addition to delphinine. The latter shows interesting activities against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania. Anthemis pyrethrum, now renamed as Anacyclus pyrethrum, although not containing pyrethrins present in several plants of the genus Chrysanthemum, revealed pediculicidal activity but did not produce satisfactory results in antiprotozoal activity.

Ancient cancers and infection-induced oncogenesis.

Cancers have been reported in bone and soft tissue of ancient agricultural populations. Fossilized bones from prehistoric periods provide evidence of tumors but only one example of cancer. Difficulties in diagnosing the causes of lesions in mummified tissue and fossilized bone, and in interpreting the prevalence of cancers from remains, draw attention to the need for complementary approaches to assess the occurrence of cancer in ancient populations. This paper integrates current knowledge about pathogen induction of cancer with phylogenetic analyses of oncogenic pathogens, and concludes that pathogen-induced cancers were probably generally present in ancient historic and prehistoric human populations. Consideration of cancers in extant human populations and wildlife lends credence to this conclusion, with the caveat that the presence of cancers may depend on population-specific exposures to oncogenic parasites and carcinogens.

[A remarkable semantic convergence: infection and miasma]. / Una notable convergencia semántica: infección y miasma.

The historical development of the terms "infection" and "miasma" is analyzed. Miasma was understood as a kind of corrupt or pestilent air that emanated from putrefactive bodies and spread infectious diseases. This concept was the dominant one to understand the cause of infectious diseases from antiquity to the dawn of the microbial theory. The concept of infection initially had a similar meaning to miasma, but is currently defined as the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. It will be discussed in this paper that both terms derive from the same original concept.

Una notable convergencia semántica: infección y miasma / A remarkable semantic convergence: infection and miasma

Resumen Se analiza el desarrollo histórico de los términos "infección" y "miasma". Se entendía por miasma un tipo de aire corrupto o pestilente que emanaba de cuerpos en putrefacción y que propalaba las enfermedades infecciones. Dicho concepto fue el dominante para comprender la causa de las enfermedades infecciosas desde la antigüedad hasta los albores de la teoría microbiana. El concepto de infección tuvo inicialmente un significado similar al de miasma, pero actualmente se define como la invasión de un hospedero por un agente infeccioso. En este trabajo se discutirá que ambos términos derivan del mismo concepto original.

The historical development of the terms "infection" and "miasma" is analyzed. Miasma was understood as a kind of corrupt or pestilent air that emanated from putrefactive bodies and spread infectious diseases. This concept was the dominant one to understand the cause of infectious diseases from antiquity to the dawn of the microbial theory. The concept of infection initially had a similar meaning to miasma, but is currently defined as the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. It will be discussed in this paper that both terms derive from the same original concept.

[The advent of a newborn specialty: 19th century pediatrics]. / Naissance de la pédiatrie au 19e siècle.

Pediatrics began under the most unfavorable conditions that are difficult to imagine nowadays. Children at the start of the 19th century were considered as negligible. The death rate was tremendous, increased by the work of children in factories as soon as 6 years of age in textile industries. In upper classes, infants were fed by a wet nurse, far from their parents and death rate was high as well. The emergence of pediatrics was the result of work carried out in adult medicine in the first half of the 19th century: clinical anatomic method, knowledge of contagious diseases even before the discovery of bacteria, birth of bacteriology. During the whole century, infectious diseases contributed in a large part to children mortality, as that of adults, by cholera, typhus, variola, diphtheria, measles and tuberculosis. Progresses noted during the 2nd part of the century resulted from beginning of hygiene, antisepsis, nutrition improvement, taking consideration of children as human being asking for protection. In contrast, therapeutics as serotherapy, vaccinations at the break of the 20th century played a secondary role.

[Peculiarities of medical support of Soviet troops during the Battle of Kursk].

Peculiarities of medical support of Soviet troops during the Battle of Kursk. The article analyzes the experience of medical support of the Red Army troops during the Battle of Kursk (July-August 1943). The data characterizing particular forms and methods of work of the medical service of the fionts in the dynamics of the defensive and offensive operations. The basis of the organization of medical evacuation support was a continuous movement of medical institutions for the conduct of the troops and treating the injured on the spot. The succes of the Medical Service was possible thanks to the mobility and manoeuvrability of surgical forces, the formation of emergency medical teams gain and mobile surgical teams, echelonment specialized medical care. Activities carried out to provide various types of medical care - on the battlefield, in the regimental and divisional health centres, hospitals - allowed to return in order to 180 000 wounded and sick. Due to the effective anti- epidemic protection could prevent the spread of the troops of mass infectious diseases.