ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study investigates whether there are associations between inflation, economic policy changes, and retirees' access to medicines in Argentina.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Essential , Argentina , Humans , Aged , Male , Female , Drugs, Essential/economics , Drugs, Essential/supply & distribution , Retirement/economics , Inflation, Economic , Middle Aged , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
La Canasta Alimentaria Normativa (CAN) es un instrumento estratégico de planificación y seguimiento, que impacta el ámbito económico (fijación del salario mínimo SM y del umbral de la pobreza relativa), la seguridad alimentaria y la salud pública. El objetivo fue describir la evolución histórica de la CAN en Venezuela, contrastando su valoración económica respecto al SM durante el período 1990 2023. Tipo de estudio: Descriptivo. Se empleó la CAN del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas/Instituto Nacional de Nutrición (INE/INN) y su comparación con la canasta del Centro de Documentación y Análisis Social de la Federación Venezolana de Maestros(CENDAS FVM). Los valores mensuales de la CAN y del SM se recalcularon a dólares USA, de acuerdo a la tasa de cambio oficial. No se incluyó evaluación de la estructura interna, ni sus expresiones en términos de aporte de energía y nutrientes. Resultados: Desde 1990 hasta el año 2015, se requirieron entre1,0 y 1,8 SM y entre 0,6 y 1,7 Ingresos Mínimos Legales (IML)para acceder a la CAN. Para el año 2023 se requirieron hasta 78,3SM y 51,6 IML. El valor promedio de la canasta del CENDAS-FVM fue superior al valor de la CAN INE/INN, en una proporción de 1,7: 1. Conclusiones: la CAN resultó sensible en identificar los cambios y tendencias de su estimación económica, en el ambiente inflacionario venezolano. El uso de sus resultados está sujeta a cierto grado de discrecionalidad política. El costo de la CAN, expresa una contracción del poder de compra de los hogares venezolanos con potenciales impactos sobre la nutrición y la salud física y mental a corto y largo plazo.
The Normative Food Basket (NFB) represents astrategic planning and monitoring instrument, which impactsthe economic sphere (setting of the minimum wage (MW) andthe relative poverty threshold), food security and public health.The objective was to describe the historical evolution of the NFB in Venezuela, contrasting its economic valuation with respect to the MW during the period 1990 2023. Type of study: Descriptive. The NFB of the National Institute of Statistics/National Institute of Nutrition (NIS/NIN) was used and itscomparison with the basket of the Center for Documentationand Social Analysis of the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers (CENDAS FVM). The monthly values of the NFB and theMW were recalculated into dollars (US$), according to theofficial exchange rate. No evaluation of the internal structurewas included, nor its expressions in terms of energy and nutrientcontribution. Results: From 1990 to 2015, between 1.0 and1.8 MW and between 0.6 and 1.7 Minimum Legal Income(MLI) were required to access the NFB. By 2023, up to 78.3MW and 51.6 MLI were required. The average value of the CENDAS-FVM basket was higher than the value of the NFBNIS/NIN, in a proportion of 1.7: 1. Conclusions: As a statistical operation, the NFB was sensitive in identifying changes andtrends in its estimate economic, in the Venezuelan inflationaryenvironment. The use of its results is subject to a certain degree ofpolitical discretion. The cost of CAN expresses a contraction inthe purchasing power of Venezuelan households with potentialimpacts on nutrition and physical/mental health in the shortand long term.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Public Health , Malnutrition/economics , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Food Supply/standards , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Costs and Cost Analysis/statistics & numerical data , Basic Health Services , Feeding Behavior , Inflation, EconomicABSTRACT
los modelos público-sanitarios de caráctermonopólico como el venezolano, suelen asociarse a tendencias al racionamiento de los bienes y servicios que proveen a sus usuarios, así como a la merma de la calidad de estos. Por otro lado, la provisión de dichos bienes y servicios por la vía de mecanismos de mercado, tiene ante sí, el inconveniente que supone el ambiente inflacionario de su economía, cuyo impacto en los precios limita el acceso del paciente a su consumo. El caso de la enfermedad cardiovascular ofrece algunas claves para la comprensión de este fenómeno en el medio venezolano.
Public-health models of a monopolistic nature, suchas the Venezuelan, bring with them trends in the rationing ofthe goods and services they provide to their users, as well as inthe reduction of their quality. On the other hand, the provisionof these goods and services by means of market mechanisms hasbefore it, in our environment, the enormous impediment posedby the inflationary environment of its economy, whose impacton prices limits the patient's access to consumption. The case of cardiovascular disease offers some keys to understanding thisphenomenon in the Venezuelan environment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Food Insecurity/economics , Health Inequities , Inflation, Economic/statistics & numerical data , Medical Care , Health ServicesABSTRACT
The decades before 1990 were dramatic for Latin American economies. However, from 1990 onwards, a set of policies followed by the various states in the region acheived economic stabilization with real income recovery. The attribution of this success has been disputed by politicians, economists and officials from international economic support institutions. This work will analyze the responsibility for this success in 4 economies in the region (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru). Through the combined analysis of ARDL, Markov states and structural breaks, we highlight different sources of responsibility in different periods. Additionally, detailing the states of each regime, we verify the duration of the regimes related to inflation rates and to interest rates in the region. We identify specific governments as associated with moments of economic stabilization in the region, so the hypothesis of the political cycle cannot be rejected for the set of results achieved. As policy implication, we claim that Taylor rules are endogenous to Political Budget Cycles and so stabilization plans are restricted to political tenures.
Subject(s)
Fiscal Policy , Politics , Brazil , Colombia , Economic Development , Gross Domestic Product , Inflation, Economic/statistics & numerical data , Inflation, Economic/trends , Mexico , Models, Economic , Peru , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This paper empirically models the dynamics of Brazilian government bond (BGB) yields based on monthly macroeconomic data, in the context of the evolution of the key macroeconomic variables in Brazil. The results show that the current short-term interest rate has a decisive influence on the long-term interest rate on BGBs, after controlling for various key macroeconomic variables, such as inflation and industrial production. These findings support John Maynard Keynes's claim that the central bank's actions influence the long-term interest rate on government bonds mainly through the current short-term interest rate. These findings have important policy implications for Brazil. This paper relates the findings of the estimated models to ongoing debates in fiscal and monetary policies.
Subject(s)
Commerce , Economics , Inflation, Economic , Brazil , Models, Economic , Models, Statistical , Models, Theoretical , Public PolicyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: El consumo de embutidos se ha asociado con serios problemas de salud que son comunes entre la población femenina. En el 2015 la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación en Cáncer clasificó los embutidos, como carcinógenos para los seres humanos ya que su ingesta está relacionada con el cáncer colorrectal. El aumento en el consumo de embutidos, los cuales son un alimento fuente de proteína de bajo costo, es diferencial según nivel socioeconómico y puede tener un impacto en la incidencia de enfermedades crónicas en la población. Objetivo: Examinar la asociación entre el consumo de embutidos y (a) la ingesta total de proteína, (b) la ingesta inadecuada de proteína, según NSE. Métodos: Se seleccionó una muestra (N = 135) de mujeres de 25 a 45 años, con 1 a 4 hijos, pertenecientes a tres diferentes niveles socioeconómicos, residentes de dos cantones del Gran Área Metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica, entre junio 2014 y marzo 2015. Mediante el uso de fotografías se indagó la percepción de las mujeres en cuanto al costo y su preferencia de consumo de 12 distintos alimentos, entre los cuales se incluyó los embutidos. Por medio de recordatorios alimentarios de 24 horas recolectados en tres visitas diferentes, y el uso de la base de datos de composición de alimentos ValorNut, se midió el consumo de proteína total en gramos y se determinó la cantidad promedio de veces por día que las mujeres consumen embutidos. A partir del peso de cada participante se determinó su requerimiento de proteína. La ingesta inadecuada de proteína se estimó como la diferencia entre el requerimiento y la ingesta observada. Mediante un modelo de regresión lineal se determinó la asociación entre el consumo total de proteína medido en gramos y la cantidad de veces por día que se ingiere embutidos. Mediante un modelo de regresión logística se estimó la asociación entre la ingesta inadecuada de proteína y la cantidad de veces por día que se ingiere embutidos. Resultados: Los embutidos son percibidos como la fuente de proteína menos apetecible, sin embargo, fue la tercera fuente de proteína más consumida. El consumo de embutidos difiere según NSE (P < 0.01), en el alto NSE es donde se consumen con menor frecuencia. Los embutidos más comúnmente consumidos fueron mortadela (bajo NSE), salchichón (NSE medio), y jamón de pavo (alto NSE). El consumo de embutidos se asocia significativamente con un incremento en la ingesta de proteína. Se encontró una asociación inversa entre el NSE y la ingesta inadecuada de proteína. Conclusiones: El consumo de embutidos está asociado con el nivel socioeconómico. Es probable que las mujeres consuman embutidos porque los perciben como un alimento fuente de proteína de bajo costo. Se requiere establecer estrategias educativas que ayuden a las mujeres a identificar sus necesidades alimentarias de proteína y a conciliar estas necesidades con la adquisición de alimentos saludables a un costo aceptable.
Abstract Introduction: Intake of processed meats has been associated with serious health problems that are common among women. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified processed meats as human carcinogens, associated specifically with colon cancer. The increase in intake of processed meats, which are a low-cost source of dietary protein, varies by socioeconomic status (SES) and can impact chronic disease incidence. Objective: Examine the association between processed meats intake and (a) total protein intake, (b) inadequate protein intake, by SES. Methods: This study included a representative sample (N = 135) of women age 25 to 45 years, with one to four children, from three different socioeconomic groups who were residents of two counties from the Greater Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica between June 2014 and March 2015. Using photographs, we examined women's perceptions of the cost and perceived desirability of 12 different foods, including processed meats. Using 24-hour dietary recalls collected on three different days, and the ValorNut food composition database, we estimated total protein intake, in grams, and determined the intake frequency (times/day) of processed meat. Each women's dietary protein requirement was estimated based on her bodyweight. Inadequate protein intake was calculated as the difference between protein requirement and actual intake. A linear regression model was used to determine the association between total protein intake in grams and intake frequency (times/day) of processed meat. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between low protein intake and intake frequency (times/day) of processed meat. Results: Processed meats were perceived as the least preferred protein source but were the third most commonly consumed protein source. Consumption of processed meats differed by SES and was lower in the higher SES group (P < 0.01). The most commonly consumed processed meats by SES were "mortadella" (low-SES), sausages (middle-SES), and sliced turkey/ham (high-SES). Processed meat intake was significantly associated with an increase in protein intake. There was an inverse association between SES and inadequate protein intake. Conclusions: Processed meat intake is associated with SES. Women may consume processed meats because they are perceived to be a low-cost protein source. Educational strategies are needed to help women identify their protein needs and meet those needs with healthier and affordable dietary alternatives.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Inflation, Economic , Meat Products/adverse effects , Economic Factors , ObesityABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La elevada inflación argentina puede comprometer el acceso a los medicamentos, incluso con cobertura de la seguridad social. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la evolución entre 2011 y 2019 de la cobertura del Instituto Nacional de Servicios Sociales para Jubilados y Pensionados (INSSJyP, también conocido como PAMI) y del Instituto de Obra Médico Asistencial (IOMA) para una selección de medicamentos de uso ambulatorio, fuera de patente, de consumo frecuente en patologías prevalentes, y evaluar si la evolución del ingreso de los beneficiarios acompañó el aumento del gasto de bolsillo para estos fármacos. MÉTODOS: Se registró la evolución del precio de venta al público (PVP) y de la cobertura por INSSJyP y por IOMA en los cuatrienios 2011-2015 y 2015-2019 para una selección de 10 fármacos utilizados en enfermedades crónicas de alta prevalencia. Se calculó la evolución del gasto de bolsillo para las presentaciones promedio, más barata y más cara de cada fármaco, y se comparó con la evolución de los ingresos de los beneficiarios. RESULTADOS: La cobertura promedio del INSSJyP para los fármacos estudiados subió de 63% en 2011 a 73% en 2019. La cobertura del PVP promedio por el IOMA fue de 55% en 2011 y descendió a 36% en 2019, debido a la demora en la actualización de los montos fijos. Para los beneficiarios de ambas instituciones el gasto de bolsillo creció menos que el ingreso en 2011-2015 pero lo superó ampliamente en 2015-2019. DISCUSIÓN: El sistema de cobertura por monto fijo tiene ventajas conceptuales, pero requiere una actualización oportuna de los valores con la inflación
Subject(s)
Argentina , Drug Price , Access to Essential Medicines and Health Technologies , Health Benefit Plans, Employee , Inflation, EconomicABSTRACT
Introduction There are more than 1,500 hospital procedures included in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System's (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) table, which is the reference for service payment provided by establishments serving the public health network, and they are stagnant. The underfinancing of procedures is so dramatic that in some cases the amounts paid by the SUS are even lower than the taxes generated by the costs of the same procedures in Brazilian private hospitals. This article aims to compare the evolution of the compensation of neurosurgical procedures by calculating the percentile of the lag in the values transferred to both neurosurgeons and hospitals, according to the SUS table, establishing the ideal and real values according to the current inflation, in a retrospective 9-year comparison. Methodology This is an observational, comparative, retrospective study, based on the values of medical and hospital money transfers of 25 neurosurgical procedures in 2008, which were corrected according to the 2017 National Consumer Price Index (IPCA, in the Portuguese acronym). Results Through this study, from 2008 to 2017, the transfers of medical fees regarding neurosurgical techniques are almost completely outdated. As examples, we can mention: the external/subgaleal ventricular shunt, with a deficit of 43.6%; the electrode implant for brain stimulation, with - 41.67%; and decompressive craniotomy, with - 32.21% in relation to the corrected value. Only 4 of the 25 neurosurgeries present a value above that predicted by the IPCA, one of them being cerebral aneurysm embolization larger than 1.5 cm with a narrow neck (þ 8.0%). Regarding the money transfers to hospitals, all procedures are 43.6% lower than expected, since there was no readjustment in the amounts paid to the institutions in the analyzed period. For example, in 2008, for the transposition of the cubital nerve, R$ 267.30 were transferred, and the same amount was maintained in 2017; and, for the surgical treatment of compressive syndrome in osteofibrous tunnel at carpal level (R$ 145.18), the amount also remained fixed throughout these 9 years. Conclusion Because they did not follow the evolution of the economy, in 80% of the surgeries, the neurosurgeons did not have their economic demands met regarding the procedures performed through SUS. And the data became even more alarming when the money transfers to hospitals were evaluated, since there was no evolution in the money transfers for any of the neurosurgeries evaluated.
Subject(s)
Unified Health System , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Neurosurgical Procedures/economics , Inflation, Economic/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Fees, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Observational StudyABSTRACT
A pandemia do novo coronavírus afetou de forma profunda a trajetória econômica em todos os países do mundo. A previsão mais recente do Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) é que o produto interno bruto (PIB) mundial caia 4,9% este ano. O Brasil também sentiu, como não poderia deixar de ser, os efeitos da crise. O PIB do primeiro trimestre caiu 1,5% em relação ao trimestre anterior, e estima-se que a queda no segundo trimestre, caracterizado pelo aprofundamento das medidas de distanciamento social em resposta à pandemia, se aproxime de 10%. A despeito da forte redução da atividade econômica observada no final de março e ao longo de abril, vários indicadores apontam no sentido de que a atividade econômica voltou a crescer a partir de maio. Um fator importante para essa recuperação é a implementação efetiva do auxílio emergencial, que parece ter coberto parcela substancial da renda dos trabalhadores informais e em condição de vulnerabilidade. Sob a hipótese de que o processo de flexibilização gradual das restrições à mobilidade e ao funcionamento das atividades econômicas iniciado em junho se manterá, projeta-se a recuperação gradual do PIB no terceiro e quarto trimestres. A queda projetada para o ano é de 6%, mas a trajetória de recuperação no segundo semestre deixará um carry-over de quase 2% para 2021, cujo crescimento projetado é de 3,6%. A expectativa de uma retomada apenas gradual da demanda, aliada à capacidade ociosa presente na maioria dos setores produtivos e à redução dos custos de mão de obra e aluguéis, permite projetar uma trajetória bem comportada para os preços dos serviços e bens livres. A projeção do Grupo de Conjuntura da Dimac/Ipea é de que a inflação (medida pelo IPCA) encerre o ano em 1,8%.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus , Economics , Coronavirus Infections , Inflation, Economic , Pandemics , Gross Domestic ProductABSTRACT
A economia brasileira vem se caracterizando por fortes contrastes desde setembro deste ano. Se por um lado a produção e as vendas mostraram reação surpreendente ao choque adverso inicial causado pela pandemia, de modo que a queda do PIB em 2020, que projetamos em 4,3%, será bem menor do que a prevista pela maior parte dos analistas em meados do ano, por outro se observa uma recuperação desigual entre setores, com a indústria e o comércio em níveis médios acima do período pré-crise e os serviços ainda significativamente abaixo. No mercado de trabalho, os efeitos da recuperação, apesar de visíveis, ainda são modestos, e a perspectiva é que a taxa de desemprego ainda aumente antes de começar a cair devido ao provável aumento da procura por trabalho em 2021. Nos mercados financeiros, muito em função das expectativas, houve fortes oscilações nos juros, na taxa de câmbio e na bolsa de valores, embora com tendência favorável nas últimas semanas. Subjacentes a esses movimentos estão fatores ligados à evolução da própria pandemia, no Brasil e no exterior; ao comportamento da economia mundial e à perspectiva da política econômica nos países avançados; e, principalmente, à política fiscal brasileira. Embora o grau de incerteza ainda se mantenha elevado, supondo que a consolidação fiscal será retomada após esse período de elevados gastos extraordinários em função da emergência de saúde pública, projetamos um crescimento de 4,0% em 2021.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus , Economics , Coronavirus Infections , Inflation, Economic , Pandemics , Fiscal PolicyABSTRACT
Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como as crises econômicas afetam a saúde infantil a nível global e entre subgrupos de países com diferentes níveis de renda. Foram utilizados dados do Banco Mundial e da OMS para 127 países entre os anos de 1995 e 2014. Foi utilizado um modelo de efeitos fixos, avaliando o efeito da mudança em indicadores macroeconômicos (PIB per capita, taxa de desemprego e de inflação, e taxa de desconforto) na taxa de mortalidade neonatal, infantil, e de menores de cinco anos. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a modificação do efeito da associação de acordo com a renda dos países e também a influência do gasto público em saúde nessa relação. As evidências mostraram que piores indicadores econômicos (menor PIB per capita e maiores inflação, taxa de desemprego e taxa de desconforto) estão associados com maiores taxas de mortalidade infantil. Nas subamostras por estrato de renda, observa-se a mesma relação, porém com efeitos de maior magnitude entre os países de renda baixa e média. Verificou-se ainda que um maior percentual nos gastos públicos em saúde ameniza os efeitos dos indicadores econômicos nas taxas de mortalidade infantil. Desta forma, é necessário aumentar a atenção aos efeitos nocivos das crises macroeconômicas para garantir melhorias na saúde infantil.
Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze how economic crises affect child health globally and between subgroups of countries with different levels of income. Data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization were used for 127 countries between 1995 and 2014. A fixed effects model was used, evaluating the effect of the change on macroeconomic indicators (GDP per capita, unemployment and inflation rates and misery index) in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates. Moreover, we evaluated whether there was a change in the association effect according to the income of the countries and also analyzed the role of public health expenditure in this association. Evidence has shown that worse economic indicators (lower GDP per capita, higher inflation, unemployment rates and misery index) are associated with higher child mortality rates. In the subsamples by income strata, the same association is observed, but with effects of greater magnitude for low- and middle-income countries. We also verified that a higher percentage in public health expenditures alleviates the effects of economic indicators on child mortality rates. Thus, more attention needs to be paid to the harmful effects of the macroeconomic crises to ensure improvements in child health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Infant Mortality , Public Health/economics , Global Health/economics , Economic Recession , Poverty/economics , Unemployment/statistics & numerical data , Developed Countries/economics , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Regression Analysis , Health Expenditures , Developing Countries/economics , Gross Domestic Product , Inflation, EconomicABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to analyze how economic crises affect child health globally and between subgroups of countries with different levels of income. Data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization were used for 127 countries between 1995 and 2014. A fixed effects model was used, evaluating the effect of the change on macroeconomic indicators (GDP per capita, unemployment and inflation rates and misery index) in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates. Moreover, we evaluated whether there was a change in the association effect according to the income of the countries and also analyzed the role of public health expenditure in this association. Evidence has shown that worse economic indicators (lower GDP per capita, higher inflation, unemployment rates and misery index) are associated with higher child mortality rates. In the subsamples by income strata, the same association is observed, but with effects of greater magnitude for low- and middle-income countries. We also verified that a higher percentage in public health expenditures alleviates the effects of economic indicators on child mortality rates. Thus, more attention needs to be paid to the harmful effects of the macroeconomic crises to ensure improvements in child health.
O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como as crises econômicas afetam a saúde infantil a nível global e entre subgrupos de países com diferentes níveis de renda. Foram utilizados dados do Banco Mundial e da OMS para 127 países entre os anos de 1995 e 2014. Foi utilizado um modelo de efeitos fixos, avaliando o efeito da mudança em indicadores macroeconômicos (PIB per capita, taxa de desemprego e de inflação, e taxa de desconforto) na taxa de mortalidade neonatal, infantil, e de menores de cinco anos. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a modificação do efeito da associação de acordo com a renda dos países e também a influência do gasto público em saúde nessa relação. As evidências mostraram que piores indicadores econômicos (menor PIB per capita e maiores inflação, taxa de desemprego e taxa de desconforto) estão associados com maiores taxas de mortalidade infantil. Nas subamostras por estrato de renda, observa-se a mesma relação, porém com efeitos de maior magnitude entre os países de renda baixa e média. Verificou-se ainda que um maior percentual nos gastos públicos em saúde ameniza os efeitos dos indicadores econômicos nas taxas de mortalidade infantil. Desta forma, é necessário aumentar a atenção aos efeitos nocivos das crises macroeconômicas para garantir melhorias na saúde infantil.
Subject(s)
Economic Recession , Global Health/economics , Health Expenditures , Infant Mortality , Public Health/economics , Developed Countries/economics , Developing Countries/economics , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Gross Domestic Product , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Inflation, Economic , Poverty/economics , Regression Analysis , Unemployment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la fuerza de traslado, la transición y la persistencia del impuesto especial sobre productos y servicios (IEPS) a alimentos y bebidas de densidad energética alta, sobre la tasa de inflación anual de estos alimentos y sobre las bebidas gaseosas, en vigencia desde enero de 2014. Métodos. Se calcularon las tasas de inflación anualizadas para cada alimento y bebida desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2016 a partir de datos mensuales del índice nacional de precios al consumidor (INPC). Se empleó un modelo de regímenes cambiantes para estimar el impacto del impuesto sobre la dinámica inflacionaria de las bebidas y los alimentos, así como su transición, persistencia y las posibles rupturas. Resultados. La dinámica inflacionaria de los alimentos de contenido calórico alto y las bebidas gaseosas sujetas a impuesto tiene una varianza alta. El impuesto fue trasladado a la inflación de algunos productos de densidad calórica alta de manera gradual, antes de regresar a los niveles inflacionarios previos al impuesto. La continuidad del impuesto no afecta la dinámica inflacionaria de los alimentos a partir de 2015. Conclusiones. El impuesto debe ir acompañado de medidas que faciliten su persistencia y traslado a la dinámica inflacionaria de los productos con impuesto. La recaudación de estos impuestos debe fomentar y facilitar el consumo de alternativas saludables, así como acompañarlo de medidas educativas que modifiquen los hábitos de consumo de manera sostenida en el mediano plazo y el largo plazo.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. The objective of this research is to study the strength of transfer, the transitions, and the persistence of the special excise tax on products and services (known by its Spanish acronym, IEPS) applicable since January 2014 to high-energy foods and soft drinks, and the effect of the tax on the annual inflation rates for these foods and beverages. Methods. Annual inflation rates for each food and beverage were calculated from January 2010 to December 2016, based on monthly data from the national consumer price index. A model of variable regimes was used to estimate the impact of the tax on the inflationary dynamics of the foods and beverages, as well as its transitions, persistence, and the possible ruptures. Results. There was high variance in the inflationary dynamics of the high-calorie foods and soft drinks subject to the tax. The tax contributed gradually to price inflation for some high-calorie products, before returning to pre-tax inflation levels. The continuity of the tax did not affect the inflationary dynamics of the food after 2015. Conclusions. The tax should be accompanied by measures that facilitate its persistence and transfer to the inflationary dynamics of the taxed products. The taxes collected should be used to promote and facilitate the consumption of healthy alternatives, and this should be accompanied by educational measures aimed at continuing to change consumption habits in the medium and long term.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estudar a força de transferência, transição e persistência do imposto especial sobre produtos e serviços (IEPS) para alimentos e bebidas de alta densidade calórica na taxa anual de inflação destes alimentos e refrigerantes, em vigor desde janeiro de 2014. Métodos. As taxas anuais de inflação foram calculadas para cada alimento e bebida para o período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2016 com base em dados mensais do índice nacional de preços ao consumidor (INPC). Um modelo de mudança de regime foi usado para estimar a repercussão do imposto na dinâmica inflacionária de alimentos e bebidas bem como a transição, persistência e possíveis suspensões do imposto. Resultados. A dinâmica inflacionária dos alimentos de alta densidade calórica e de refrigerantes sobre os quais incide o imposto apresenta grande variação. O imposto foi gradualmente transferido à dinâmica inflacionária de alguns produtos de alta densidade calórica e, posteriormente, houve um retorno aos níveis inflacionários anteriores à tributação. A continuidade do imposto não tem influenciado a dinâmica inflacionária dos alimentos desde 2015. Conclusões. O imposto deve vir acompanhado de medidas para facilitar sua persistência e transferência à dinâmica inflacionária dos produtos tributados. A arrecadação destes impostos deve estimular e facilitar o consumo de alternativas de alimentos saudáveis, bem como vir acompanhado de medidas educativas para mudar os hábitos de consumo de forma sustentada a médio e longo prazo.
Subject(s)
Taxes , Carbonated Beverages , Food , Inflation, Economic , Mexico , Taxes , Carbonated Beverages , Food , Inflation, Economic , Mexico , Taxes , Carbonated Beverages , Inflation, EconomicABSTRACT
Esta Nota Técnica tem por objetivo examinar a evolução dos preços dos planos de saúde no período compreendido entre 2000 e 2018. Constatou-se que a taxa de inflação acumulada dos planos foi superior à taxa de inflação da economia e da saúde. Isso explica, em parte, o fato de a Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) ter aprovado recentemente a nova metodologia de cálculo do reajuste dos planos individuais e familiares em dezembro de 2018.
Subject(s)
Inflation, Economic , Prepaid Health Plans , Supplemental Health , Health Care SectorABSTRACT
The paper investigates and compares the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty under inflation targeting and, alternatively, a conventional fixed exchange rate system, for a group of emerging countries. To do so we estimate GARCH in mean models and we find that there is a bi-directional relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty under the two monetary regimes. It is also found that the fixed exchange rate regime has no impact on average inflation and inflation inertia, while inflation targeting has been successful at lowering both average inflation and inflation persistence.
Subject(s)
Inflation, Economic , Models, Economic , Uncertainty , Brazil , Developing Countries , Egypt , Jordan , Poland , South AfricaABSTRACT
Modelo do estudo: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual foram analisados dados dentro de um contexto real que é o do HCFMRP-USP Objetivos: Apresentar os índices de variação de preços do HCFMRP-USP (IVPH), ano 2013, geral para materiais de consumo e medicamentos; específico para materiais de consumo e específico para medicamentos. Materiais e Método: Para o IVPH foi definido o Índice de Paasche como o mais adequado para o perfil de consumo do Hospital. Para o cálculo, foi definida uma cesta de consumo considerando 40% do gasto financeiro em 2012 o que representou 13% dos itens e também pelos itens que tiveram consumo regular, ou seja, em todos os meses de janeiro a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: os IVPH gerais foram 6,74% para materiais e medicamentos; 6,97% para materiais de consumo e 6,73% para medicamentos. Conclusões: Comprar a preços praticados no mercado e utilizar ferramentas para analisar o poder de compra da instituição contribui para a aplicação correta e racional dos parcos recursos disponíveis. A proposta de criar o índice interno de variação de preços vem contribuir como ferramenta para gestão dos recursos e para a análise da evolução do poder de compra do HCFMRP-USP, assim como os índices padronizados de variação de preço são utilizados para análise do poder de compra da moeda. (AU)
Methods: For the IVPH, the Paasche Index was defined as the most adequate for the hospital consumption. For the calculation, a consumption set was defined as 40% of the financial expense in 2012, which represented 13% of the items and also the items that had regular consumption, that is, in all the months of January to December 2013. Results: The general IVPH were 6.74% for materials and medicines; 6.97% for consumer materials and 6.73% for medicines. Conclusions: Buying at prices practiced in the market and using tools to analyze the purchasing power of institution contributes to the correct and rational application of the meager resources available. The proposal to create the internal price variation index is to contribute as a resource management tool and to analyze the evolution of purchasing power of the HCFMRP-USP, as well as the standardized index of price variation is used to analyze the power of purchase of the currency. (AU)
Subject(s)
Health Services Administration , Economics, Hospital , Hospital Administration , Inflation, EconomicABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the implications of municipal budget revenue growth and the monetary policy's inflation rates goals in the availability of public health resources of municipalities. This is a descriptive, exploratory, quantitative, retrospective and longitudinal cross-sectional study covering the period 2002-2011. We analyzed health financing and expenditure variables in the municipalities of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, describing the trend and the relationship between them. Data showed the growth of the variables and trend towards homogeneity. The exception was for the participation of Intergovernmental Transfers in the Total Health Expenditure of the Municipality. We found a significant correlation between Budget Revenue per capita and Health Expenditure per capita and a strong significant negative correlation between Inflation Rate, Budget Revenue per capita and Health Expenditure per capita. We concluded that increased health expenditure is due more to higher municipal tax revenue than to increased transfers that, in relative terms, did not increase. The strong inverse relationship between inflation rate and the Financing and Expenditure variables show that the monetary policy's inflation goals have restricted health financing to municipalities.
Subject(s)
Budgets/trends , Economic Development/trends , Health Expenditures/trends , Public Health/economics , Brazil , Cities , Cross-Sectional Studies , Healthcare Financing , Humans , Inflation, Economic/trends , Longitudinal Studies , Retrospective Studies , Taxes/economicsABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo analisa implicações do crescimento da receita orçamentária municipal e da política monetária de metas da inflação na disponibilidade de recursos públicos para a saúde do ente municipal. A pesquisa é descritiva, exploratória, de natureza quantitativa e de corte longitudinal retrospectivo, abrangendo os anos de 2002 a 2011. Analisaram-se variáveis de Financiamento e Gasto em Saúde dos municípios do estado de Pernambuco, descrevendo a evolução e a relação entre elas. Os dados demonstraram crescimento das variáveis e tendência à homogeneidade. A exceção foi a participação das Transferências Intergovernamentais na Despesa Total do Município com Saúde. Constatou-se correlação significativa entre Receita Orçamentária per capita e Despesa com Saúde per capita e correlação negativa significante forte entre Taxa de Inflação, Receita Orçamentária per capita e Despesa com Saúde per capita. Concluiu-se que o incremento da despesa com saúde deve-se mais ao crescimento da arrecadação municipal que ao das transferências. Estas, em termos relativos, não se elevaram. A forte relação inversa entre Taxa de Inflação e variáveis de Financiamento e Gasto comprovam que a política monetária de metas da inflação tem restringido o financiamento da saúde no ente municipal.
Abstract This paper analyzes the implications of municipal budget revenue growth and the monetary policy’s inflation rates goals in the availability of public health resources of municipalities. This is a descriptive, exploratory, quantitative, retrospective and longitudinal cross-sectional study covering the period 2002-2011. We analyzed health financing and expenditure variables in the municipalities of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, describing the trend and the relationship between them. Data showed the growth of the variables and trend towards homogeneity. The exception was for the participation of Intergovernmental Transfers in the Total Health Expenditure of the Municipality. We found a significant correlation between Budget Revenue per capita and Health Expenditure per capita and a strong significant negative correlation between Inflation Rate, Budget Revenue per capita and Health Expenditure per capita. We concluded that increased health expenditure is due more to higher municipal tax revenue than to increased transfers that, in relative terms, did not increase. The strong inverse relationship between inflation rate and the Financing and Expenditure variables show that the monetary policy’s inflation goals have restricted health financing to municipalities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Budgets/trends , Economic Development/trends , Public Health/economics , Health Expenditures/trends , Taxes/economics , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Cities , Healthcare Financing , Inflation, Economic/trendsABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the effect of a change in the quantity of money on relative prices in the U.S. economy based on quarterly time-series for the period of 1959 to 2013. We also estimate the implication of a change in relative prices on the rate of inflation and macroeconomic variables. The empirical results indicate that the change of money supply not only affects relative prices but also affects the inflation rate and real variables, such as investment, natural rate of unemployment and potential GDP, through the change in relative prices. The relevant finding of our study is that money is not neutral in a non-traditional sense because a change in the money supply disturbs relative prices and, consequently, the allocation of resources in the economy. This finding has serious implications that must be considered in the transmission mechanisms of monetary policy.