Establishment and comparison of two methods to produce a rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia with hyperprolactinemia

Abstract This study aimed to establish and compare models of mammary gland hyperplasia (MGH) with hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) using two different methods. The models provide information on the relationship between mammary gland hyperplasia and associated hormones. Model A was constructed using intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate injection (EBI), followed by progesterone (P), and then metoclopramide dihydrochloride (MDI). Model B was designed by administering MDI, follow by EBI, and then P intramuscularly. Model B showed higher MGH progression compared with model A. Notably, increase in estradiol (E2) was negatively correlated with prolactin (PRL) secretion. However, PRL levels in model B were significantly higher compared with the levels in model A. Estrogen (ER), prolactin receptor (PRLR), and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA and protein expression levels in model B rats were positively correlated with changes in the corresponding hormone levels. However, E2, P, and PRL levels in model A showed no direct relationship with levels of the mRNAs of related hormones and protein expression levels. Our results suggest that model B is an appropriate model of MGH with HPRL that can be used to perform further studies about the interactions of the E2, P, and PRL hormones in this disorder.

(Re)discutindo a técnica de administração de medicamentos pela via intramuscular: revisão sistemática / (Re)discussing the drug administration technique by the intramuscular route: a systematic review / (Re)discutir la técnica de administración de fármacos por vía intramuscular: revisión sistemática

Objetivo: Identificar la producción del conocimiento en enfermería junto la técnica de administración de medicamentos por vía intramuscular, describa las diferencias, congruencias, y la ocurrencia de las complicaciones de la técnica y analizar las recomendaciones formuladas en la literatura con las mejores prácticas y las actualizaciones clínicas en enfermería. Método: Revisión sistemática sin meta-análisis. Búsqueda realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, PUBMED, MEDLINE, DEDALUS, Portal de Evidencia en Salud y Bibliotecas SciELO y Cochrane, en el período de 1993-2012, por un total de 16 estudios. Resultados: Estúdios mostraron diferencias en las variaciones en la demarcación de la región ventral glútea, la realización de la antisepsia y la aplicación de presión antes de la administración intramuscular. Consonancia en la aspiración del contenido de la jeringa después de la inserción de la aguja en el músculo, de ricino secuencias del sitio de aplicación para inyección IM, entre otras. Conclusión: La incorporación de la mejor evidencia permite la ejecución segura de la técnica intramuscular, proporcionando comodidad y la excelencia en la atención al paciente

Objective: The study's purpose has been to identify the production of nursing knowledge related to the medication administration technique by the intramuscular route. It was also aimed to describe the differences, similarities, and occurrence of complications of the technique and to analyze the recommendations described in literature with best practice and clinical updates in the nursing research field. Methods: This is a systematic review without meta-analysis. The research was performed through the following electronic databases, LILACS, PUBMED, MEDLINE, DEDALUS, Health Evidence Portal and Libraries SciELO and Cochrane, during the period from 1993 to 2012, then totaling 16 studies. Results: The findings have shown the different variations in the limit of the ventrogluteal region, conducting antisepsis, and applying pressure before intramuscular administration. They also showed consonances in the aspiration of the contents of the syringe after insertion of needle into the muscle, caster application site during sequences IM injections, among others. Conclusion: The incorporation of best evidence allows safe execution of intramuscular technique, providing comfort and excellence towards the patient care

Objetivo: Identificar a produção do conhecimento da enfermagem atrelado à técnica de administração de medicamentos pela via intramuscular; descrever as divergências, congruências e ocorrência de complicações acerca da técnica; e analisar as recomendações descritas na literatura com as melhores práticas e atualizações clínicas na enfermagem. Método: Revisão sistemática sem meta-análise. Realizada busca nas bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, MEDLINE, DEDALUS, Portal de Evidência em Saúde e Bibliotecas SciELO e Cochrane, no período de 1993 a 2012, totalizando 16 estudos. Resultados: Os estudos evidenciaram divergências na variações de demarcação da região ventroglútea; realização de antissepsia; e aplicação de pressão antes da administração intramuscular. Consonâncias na aspiração do conteúdo da seringa após inserção da agulha na massa muscular, rodízio do local de aplicação durante sequências de injeções IM, dentre outros. Conclusão: A incorporação das melhores evidências permite a execução segura da técnica intramuscular, gerando conforto ao paciente e excelência na assistência

Safe Gluteal Fat Graft Avoiding a Vascular or Nervous Injury: An Anatomical Study in Cadavers.

Background: Fat grafting for gluteal augmentation is one of the most popular aesthetic surgery procedures. It has an associated mortality to fat embolism of 0.2%. Objectives: The authors of this study sought to describe which technique for synthetic graft application was least likely to cause a fat embolism. Methods: Ten fresh bodies were obtained and 4 groups arranged with 5 buttocks each randomly assigned. Group 1 was infiltrated through the upper medial intergluteal sulcus (upper medial intergluteal sulcus) with an angulation of -30°, -10°, and 0°. Group 2 was infiltrated through the middle lower gluteal sulcus with an angulation of -30°, 0°, and +15°. Group 3 was infiltrated through a peritrochanteric (PT) access at the level of the femur head at 0° and +10° and in the middle of the buttock at the level of the posterior superior iliac crest at -30° toward the trochanter (lateral direction). Group 4 was infiltrated in the same manner as group 1 without -30°. A complication occurred when the graft was in contact with the vascular or nervous bundle, within the gluteus medius muscle, or both. Results: Group 1 had 3 buttocks with a complication (UMIGS -30°). Group 2 had complications in all the injection techniques. Group 3 had 5 buttocks with a complication (PT at 0°). Group 4 had no complications. Conclusions: The injection of the fat graft through the UMIGS at 0° and 10° angles, and through the middle of the buttock at the level of posterior superior iliac crest a -30° angle, reaches the surface needed for gluteal augmentation. The group 2 techniques should be avoided because they have a high risk of complication.

Tratamento com imunoglobulina anti-toxina tetânica homóloga por via intratecal em tétano neonatal equino - relato de caso / Treatment with intrathecal administration of anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin in neonatal foal tetanus - case report

Tetanus is a severe and highly fatal infectious disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic spore-forming Grampositive bacterium. The disease is characterized by muscle rigidity (tetany) and can lead to death by respiratory failure or seizures. The present study reports a case of tetanus in a 6-day-old Quarter Horse foal. The animal showed apathy, lateral recumbency, umbilical thickening, protrusion of the third eyelid, seizures and hyperesthesia. Was treated with 50,000 IU/kg of potassium penicillin; with anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin in a dose of 25,000 IU, 20,000 IU and 20,000 IU intravenously, intramuscular and intrathecal, respectively; with acepromazine hydrochloride (0.05 mg / kg); fluid therapy of Ringer"s lactate solution and dressing for umbilical cord. After 48 hours of treatment, the animal demonstrated hyperacute symptoms and died, showing unsuccessful in treating. Possibly the infection has been caused by inadequate umbilical cord cleansing.

O tétano é uma doença infecciosa grave e altamente fatal, causada pela toxina Clostridium tetani, uma bactéria Gram-positiva formadora de esporos anaeróbicos. A doença é caracterizada por rigidez muscular (tetania) e pode levar à morte por parada respiratória ou convulsões. O presente trabalho relata um caso de tétano em um potro Quarto de Milha de 6 dias de idade. O animal apresentava apatia, decúbito lateral, espessamento umbilical, protrusão da terceira pálpebra e convulsões em resposta a estímulos externos, como som, luz e toque. Foi tratado com 110.000 IU / kg de penicilina potássica; com imunoglobulina anti-toxina tetânica homóloga, numa dose de 25000 UI, 20.000 UI e 20000 UI por via intravenosa, intramuscular e intratecal, respectivamente; com cloridrato de acepromazina (0,05 mg / kg); fluidoterapia à base de Ringer com lactato e curativo no cordão umbilical. Decorridas 48 horas de tratamento, o animal demonstrou sintomas hiperagudos e veio à óbito, mostrando insucesso no tratamento. Possivelmente, a infecção foi causada pela limpeza inadequada do cordão umbilical.

Tratamento com imunoglobulina anti-toxina tetânica homóloga por via intratecal em tétano neonatal equino - relato de caso / Treatment with intrathecal administration of anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin in neonatal foal tetanus - case report

Tetanus is a severe and highly fatal infectious disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic spore-forming Grampositive bacterium. The disease is characterized by muscle rigidity (tetany) and can lead to death by respiratory failure or seizures. The present study reports a case of tetanus in a 6-day-old Quarter Horse foal. The animal showed apathy, lateral recumbency, umbilical thickening, protrusion of the third eyelid, seizures and hyperesthesia. Was treated with 50,000 IU/kg of potassium penicillin; with anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin in a dose of 25,000 IU, 20,000 IU and 20,000 IU intravenously, intramuscular and intrathecal, respectively; with acepromazine hydrochloride (0.05 mg / kg); fluid therapy of Ringer"s lactate solution and dressing for umbilical cord. After 48 hours of treatment, the animal demonstrated hyperacute symptoms and died, showing unsuccessful in treating. Possibly the infection has been caused by inadequate umbilical cord cleansing.(AU)

O tétano é uma doença infecciosa grave e altamente fatal, causada pela toxina Clostridium tetani, uma bactéria Gram-positiva formadora de esporos anaeróbicos. A doença é caracterizada por rigidez muscular (tetania) e pode levar à morte por parada respiratória ou convulsões. O presente trabalho relata um caso de tétano em um potro Quarto de Milha de 6 dias de idade. O animal apresentava apatia, decúbito lateral, espessamento umbilical, protrusão da terceira pálpebra e convulsões em resposta a estímulos externos, como som, luz e toque. Foi tratado com 110.000 IU / kg de penicilina potássica; com imunoglobulina anti-toxina tetânica homóloga, numa dose de 25000 UI, 20.000 UI e 20000 UI por via intravenosa, intramuscular e intratecal, respectivamente; com cloridrato de acepromazina (0,05 mg / kg); fluidoterapia à base de Ringer com lactato e curativo no cordão umbilical. Decorridas 48 horas de tratamento, o animal demonstrou sintomas hiperagudos e veio à óbito, mostrando insucesso no tratamento. Possivelmente, a infecção foi causada pela limpeza inadequada do cordão umbilical.(AU)

Pain from intramuscular vaccine injection in adults.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine use has been increasing worldwide, and adult populations are presented with more opportunities to experience pain from vaccine injection. The insertion of a needle through the skin is the most common source of iatrogenic pain, and needle phobia is a major concern in medical practice. However, it is unclear which factors play major roles in the perception of pain from vaccine injection in adults. AIM: To evaluate the influences of patient characteristics on pain perception due to intramuscular vaccine injection in healthy adult volunteers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The injection of hepatitis B vaccine using a 24 mm, 24-G needle was performed as a uniform stimulus, and the intensity of injection pain was measured immediately after the injection using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). The influences of patient characteristics on pain intensity were investigated. RESULTS: One hundred sixty volunteers (65 males, 95 females) were enrolled in this study. The average VAS score was 20.8 ± 17.1 (range 0 to 67) in males and 34.4 ± 19.7 (range 2 to 76) in females (P < 0.001). However, there were no correlations between VAS score and age, body mass index or maximal pain score from previous painful experiences. The VAS score was also not affected by the experience of previous vaccine injections, a history of childbirth in females, or religion. CONCLUSIONS: Gender appears to be the only major factor that influences the pain of intramuscular vaccine injection. Therefore, pain-reducing methods will be needed when performing injection procedures, particularly in women.

Pain from intramuscular vaccine injection in adults / Percepción de dolor después de una inyección intramuscular en adultos

Background: Vaccine use has been increasing worldwide, and adult populations are presented with more opportunities to experience pain from vaccine injection. The insertion of a needle through the skin is the most common source of iatrogenic pain, and needle phobia is a major concern in medical practice. However, it is unclear which factors play major roles in the perception of pain from vaccine injection in adults. Aim: To evaluate the influences of patient characteristics on pain perception due to intramuscular vaccine injection in healthy adult volunteers. Material and Methods: The injection of hepatitis B vaccine using a 24 mm, 24-G needle was performed as a uniform stimulus, and the intensity of injection pain was measured immediately after the injection using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). The influences of patient characteristics on pain intensity were investigated. Results: One hundred sixty volunteers (65 males, 95 females) were enrolled in this study. The average VAS score was 20.8 ± 17.1 (range 0 to 67) in males and 34.4 ± 19.7 (range 2 to 76) in females (P < 0.001). However, there were no correlations between VAS score and age, body mass index or maximal pain score from previous painful experiences. The VAS score was also not affected by the experience of previous vaccine injections, a history of childbirth in females, or religion. Conclusions: Gender appears to be the only major factor that influences the pain of intramuscular vaccine injection. Therefore, pain-reducing methods will be needed when performing injection procedures, particularly in women.

Antecedentes: La inserción de una aguja para inyecciones es la forma más común de inducción de dolor iatrogénico. No se sabe qué factores afectan la percepción del dolor. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de características propias de los pacientes en la percepción de dolor después de una inyección intramuscular. Material y Métodos: Se utilizó como estímulo, la inyección intramuscular de vacuna de hepatitis B, mediante una aguja de 24 mm (24 G). La intensidad del dolor fue evaluada inmediatamente después de la inyección utilizando una escala visual análoga de 100 mm (VAS). Se evaluó la influencia de las características de los pacientes en la intensidad del dolor. Resultados: Participaron 160 voluntarios (65 hombres). El puntaje VAS fue 20,8 ± 17,1 (rango 0 a 67) en hombres y 34,4 ± 19,7 (rango 2 a 76) en mujeres (p < 0,01). No hubo asociación entre el puntaje VAS y edad, índice de masa corporal, haber experimentado previamente dolor, haber dado a luz en mujeres o religión. Conclusiones: El género es la única variable que se asocia con la percepción de dolor después de una inyección intramuscular.

Efeitos das condições reprodutivas e climáticas na produção de embriões de cabras boer superovuladas / Effect of reproductive and climatic conditions on the production of embryos of superovulated boer does

Desenvolveu-se este estudo para avaliar os efeitos das condições reprodutivas (multíparas ou nulíparas) e climáticas (período seco ou chuvoso) sobre o número e qualidade de embriões colhidos de cabras da raça Boer superovuladas. Cinquenta fêmeas caprinas, sendo 33 multíparas e 17 nulíparas, foram submetidas à sincronização do estro com o auxílio de CIDR®, durante onze dias, e superovuladas com 250UI de FSH-p. Observaram-se as fêmeas quanto ao estro e realização de cobertura a intervalos de doze horas, após a remoção dos CIDR®. Os embriões foram colhidos seis dias após a última cobertura, por via transcervical. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre o número médio de estruturas e embriões viáveis recuperados das multíparas ou nulíparas. O número médio de estruturas e embriões viáveis recuperados de doadoras multíparas não diferiu significativamente (P>0,05) entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. O número médio de estruturas e de embriões viáveis, classificados como G1, recuperados de doadoras nulíparas foi maior (P<0,05) no período chuvoso que no período seco. Conclui-se que a condição climática, neste experimento, não teve efeito sobre a produção embrionária de fêmeas multíparas, entretanto as nulíparas foram mais sensíveis ao período seco, apresentando redução no número e qualidade dos embriões recuperados.(AU)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the reproductive (multiparous or nulliparous) and climatic (dry or rainy period) conditions on the number and quality of embryos collected from Boer does. Fifty does, being 33 multiparous and 17 nulliparous, were synchronized for oestrus with CIDR® devices for a period of 11 days and superovulated with 250UI of FSH-p. The animals were observed for oestrous behaviour at 12 h intervals, after CIDR® withdrawal. Does were mated and six days later flushed transcervically to recover the embryos. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the average number of structures and viable embryos recovered from the multiparous and nulliparous females. The average number of structures and viable embryos recovered from multiparous does had no significant difference (P>0.05) between dry and rainy periods. The average number of structures and viable embryos classified as G1 recovered from nulliparous was lower (P<0.05) in the dry period than in the rainy period. It could be concluded that the climatic condition did not affect the embryonic production of multiparous females, however the nulliparous were more sensitive to the dry period, presenting reduction in the number and quality of the collected embryos.(AU)

Efeitos das condições reprodutivas e climáticas na produção de embriões de cabras boer superovuladas / Effect of reproductive and climatic conditions on the production of embryos of superovulated boer does

Desenvolveu-se este estudo para avaliar os efeitos das condições reprodutivas (multíparas ou nulíparas) e climáticas (período seco ou chuvoso) sobre o número e qualidade de embriões colhidos de cabras da raça Boer superovuladas. Cinquenta fêmeas caprinas, sendo 33 multíparas e 17 nulíparas, foram submetidas à sincronização do estro com o auxílio de CIDR®, durante onze dias, e superovuladas com 250UI de FSH-p. Observaram-se as fêmeas quanto ao estro e realização de cobertura a intervalos de doze horas, após a remoção dos CIDR®. Os embriões foram colhidos seis dias após a última cobertura, por via transcervical. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre o número médio de estruturas e embriões viáveis recuperados das multíparas ou nulíparas. O número médio de estruturas e embriões viáveis recuperados de doadoras multíparas não diferiu significativamente (P>0,05) entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. O número médio de estruturas e de embriões viáveis, classificados como G1, recuperados de doadoras nulíparas foi maior (P<0,05) no período chuvoso que no período seco. Conclui-se que a condição climática, neste experimento, não teve efeito sobre a produção embrionária de fêmeas multíparas, entretanto as nulíparas foram mais sensíveis ao período seco, apresentando redução no número e qualidade dos embriões recuperados.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the reproductive (multiparous or nulliparous) and climatic (dry or rainy period) conditions on the number and quality of embryos collected from Boer does. Fifty does, being 33 multiparous and 17 nulliparous, were synchronized for oestrus with CIDR® devices for a period of 11 days and superovulated with 250UI of FSH-p. The animals were observed for oestrous behaviour at 12 h intervals, after CIDR® withdrawal. Does were mated and six days later flushed transcervically to recover the embryos. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the average number of structures and viable embryos recovered from the multiparous and nulliparous females. The average number of structures and viable embryos recovered from multiparous does had no significant difference (P>0.05) between dry and rainy periods. The average number of structures and viable embryos classified as G1 recovered from nulliparous was lower (P<0.05) in the dry period than in the rainy period. It could be concluded that the climatic condition did not affect the embryonic production of multiparous females, however the nulliparous were more sensitive to the dry period, presenting reduction in the number and quality of the collected embryos.

Toxina botulínica para el tratamiento de las arrugas faciales / Botulin toxin A for the treatment of facial wrinkles

La toxina botulínica (TB) es una excelente alternativa para el tratamiento cosmético de arrugas y surcos faciales secundarios a hiperfunción de los músculos de la mímica. Mediante el bloqueo de la liberación de acetilcolina en la placa neuro-muscular la TB produce la parálisis fláccida y reversible de los músculos tratados. Las principales indicaciones son los surcos glabelares, las "patas de gallo" y las arrugas frontales. La incidencia de efectos adversos es mínima y la toxocidad nula. Junto con otros métodos de implante constituye un eficaz tratamiento para las arrugas faciales.

Toxina botulínica para el tratamiento de las arrugas faciales / Botulin toxin A for the treatment of facial wrinkles

La toxina botulínica (TB) es una excelente alternativa para el tratamiento cosmético de arrugas y surcos faciales secundarios a hiperfunción de los músculos de la mímica. Mediante el bloqueo de la liberación de acetilcolina en la placa neuro-muscular la TB produce la parálisis fláccida y reversible de los músculos tratados. Las principales indicaciones son los surcos glabelares, las "patas de gallo" y las arrugas frontales. La incidencia de efectos adversos es mínima y la toxocidad nula. Junto con otros métodos de implante constituye un eficaz tratamiento para las arrugas faciales. (AU)

Manifestaciones de incomodidad en la aplicación de inyecciones intramusculares con técnica rar y convencional en pacientes adultos, H.R.H.D. 1995

El presente estudio de investigación se llevó a cabo en el consultorio de inyectables del Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado siendo el objetivo: Determinar el grado de incomodidad que produce la aplicación de inyecciones intramusculares mediante la tecnica RAR en comparación con la técnica convencional, región dorsoglútea, utilizando el método cuasi experimental. La población en estudio estuvo constituida por 164 pacientes que acudieron al consultorio de inyectables durante los dos meses de ejecución; los cuales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente: 50 pacientes para el grupo experimental y 50 para el grupo control. El método usado fue la observación, la técnica de entrevista y los instrumentos utilizados fueron el formulario y guía de observación que se realizó durante la aplicación de las técnicas (1era. consulta, 2da. consulta al día siguiente) y la guía de entrevista para corroborar las reacciones que se observaron en los pacientes. Para la comprobación de la hipótesis se utilizó la prueba estadística de Ji cuadrado a fin de establecer la significancia de los resultados, demostrándose que: A los pacientes a quienes se les administró inyecciones intramusculares mediante la técnica intramuscular RAR no presentaron ligeras manifestaciones de incomodidad, mientras que a los pacientes que se les administró con la técnica convencional presentaron demasiadas manifestaciones de incomodad.

Reaçöes locais e níveis de antitoxina circulante decorrentes de administraçäo do toxóide tetânico: estudo comparativo entre ped-o-jet e seringa hipodérmica / Local reactions and antitoxin circulating levels induced by the administration of tetanus toxoid: comparative study between ped-o-jet and hypodermic syringe

Com o objetivo de comparar reaçöes locais e conversäo sorológica apresentadas por adultos que receberam o toxóide tetânico através de Ped-o-Jet (via subcutânea) ou de seringa hipodérmica (via intramuscular), o toxóide foi administrado a 472 recrutas do Exército. Em observaçöes realizadas 4 a 24 horas após a vacinaçäo verificou-se que as reaçöes locais dos indivíduos vacinados com Ped-o-Jet eram significativamente mais frequentes e mais intensas do que aquelas dos vacinados com seringa hipodérmica, näo tendo ocorrido, entretanto, reaçöes graves. A conversäo sorológica dos näo imunes vacinados com Ped-oJet ocorreu numa frequencia maior do que nos indivíduos vacinados com seringa hipodérmica. Conclui-se portanto, que o Ped-o-Jet pode ser utilizado em campanhas de vacinaçäo em massa contra o tétano, embora a via de administraçäo preferencial, até o momento, seja a intramuscular