Development and the social sciences: international agencies in Brazilian favelas in the 1960s. / Desenvolvimento e ciências sociais: as agências internacionais nas favelas na década de 1960.

An analysis is presented of the work of three international entities in Brazilian favelas in the 1960s: Brasil-Estados Unidos Movimento, Desenvolvimento e Organização de Comunidade; Ação Comunitária do Brasil; and the United Nations. These entities conveyed the ideal of developmentalism through technical cooperation with countries deemed underdeveloped, drawing on the pure and applied social sciences through community development. Documents from the Anthony Leeds archive at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz were used to analyze these entities' actions in the favelas and their conceptions of development. Their official documents were compared, including newspapers and programs, as well as fieldnotes and letters by social scientists engaged in fieldwork in favelas in the period.

O artigo apresenta uma análise da atuação de órgãos internacionais nas favelas na década de 1960: o Brasil-Estados Unidos Movimento, Desenvolvimento e Organização de Comunidade, a Ação Comunitária do Brasil e a Organização das Nações Unidas. Tais entidades veicularam o ideal desenvolvimentista pela cooperação técnica aos países considerados subdesenvolvidos, articulando ciências sociais puras e aplicadas por meio do desenvolvimento de comunidade. Os documentos do Fundo Anthony Leeds custodiados na Casa de Oswaldo Cruz foram utilizados para analisar as ações dessas agências nas favelas e as suas concepções de desenvolvimento. Foram comparados documentos oficiais desses órgãos, como jornais e programas, com notas de campo e cartas de cientistas sociais que faziam trabalho de campo nas favelas no período.

Ascensão e queda da saúde na política externa brasileira (PEB) 1995-2015: o caso da comunidade dos países de língua Portuguesa (CPLP) / Rise and fall of health in Brazilian foreign policy (PEB) 1995-2015: the case of the community of Portuguese-speaking countries (CPLP)

Este trabalho apresenta o processo de ascensão e queda da saúde na política externa brasileira entre os anos de 1995 e 2015, período que compreende dois governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002), dois governos de Lula da Silva (2003-2010) e um governo e meio de Dilma Rousseff (2011-2015), tendo como estudo de caso a Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). Este processo é analisado a partir de duas vertentes: os discursos e ideias defendidas pelo Brasil na Organização Mundial do Comércio e Organização Mundial da Saúde e a oferta de cooperação técnica na CPLP. A pesquisa utilizou revisão bibliográfica em livros e artigos científicos nas áreas de história da saúde e saúde pública e relações internacionais, pesquisa em documentos em arquivo no Centro de Relações Internacionais em Saúde da Fiocruz e entrevistas com atores que participaram desse processo. Os principais resultados indicam que a participação do Brasil nos primeiros 20 anos da saúde global tem relação com experiências de construção e implementação do SUS e a participação de atores do sanitarismo progressista nacional no Ministério da Saúde. Nesse processo, o país transitou entre defesa do acesso universal aos medicamentos e a defesa do fortalecimento de sistemas de saúde com atenção aos determinantes sociais da saúde, elaborando o conceito de cooperação Sul-Sul estruturante e buscando conformar a diplomacia da saúde sob perspectivas solidárias. No final do período, o desinteresse de Dilma Rousseff pelo soft power, escolhas polêmicas do governo nacional e a falta de sustentação social do projeto contribuíram para o seu declínio

This work presents the rise and fall of health in Brazilian foreign policy between 1995 and 2015, a period that comprises two governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002), two governments of Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and a government and a half of Dilma Rousseff (2011-2015), using the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a case study. This process is analyzed from two angles: the speeches and ideas defended by Brazil in the World Trade Organization and World Health Organization and the offer of technical cooperation in the CPLP. The research used a bibliographical review of books and scientific articles in the areas of history of health and public health and international relations, research in documents on file at the Center for International Relations in Health at Fiocruz and interviews with actors who participated in this process. The main results indicate that Brazil's participation in the first 20 years of global health is related to experiences in the construction and implementation of the SUS and the participation of progressive sanitarian actors in the Ministry of Health. In this process, the country moved between the defense of universal access to medicines to the defense of the strengthening of health systems with attention to the social determinants of health, elaborating the concept of structuring South-South cooperation and seeking to conform health diplomacy under solidary perspectives. At the end of the period, Dilma Rousseff's lack of interest in soft power, controversial choices made by the national government and the lack of social support for the project contributed to its decline

Youtube™ como ferramenta de ensino sobre antibioticoterapia em odontopediatria / Youtube™ as a teaching tool on antibiotic therapy in pediatric dentistry

Objetivo: objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade das informações fornecidas por vídeos no YoutubeTM sobre antibioticoterapia na odontopediatria. Materiais e Métodos: foram incluídos vídeos relacionados a antibioticoterapia, em português e destinados a dentistas. Os vídeos foram revisados por dois avaliadores para extração de dados quantitativos e a qualidade do seu conteúdo foi avaliado utilizando um checklist, contendo 22 pontos, elaborado com base nas recomendações das associações internacionais de odontopediatria. A qualidade dos vídeos foi classificada em baixa (0-11 pontos) ou alta (12-22 pontos). Os resultados foram apresentados de forma descritiva e testes estatísticos foram aplicados para avaliar a associação (ANOVA) ou correlação (Pearson) entre a população final do vídeo e seus dados quantitativos. Resultados: dos 7 vídeos incluídos, apenas 1 apresentou alta qualidade. O conteúdo abordado pelos vídeos foi heterogêneo, onde 85% (n=6) citaram amoxicilina como antibiótico de primeira escolha e 71% (n=5) relataram a remoção da fonte de infecção como suficiente em crianças saudáveis. Nenhum vídeo citou indicação para testes de cultura e sensibilidade, a contraindicação de antibioticoterapia em casos de gengivite, luxações, fraturas radiculares. A fonte do vídeo, quantidade de likes e visualizações não estão relacionadas a sua pontuação final (p>0,05), entretanto, o seu tempo está fortemente relacionado a sua pontuação (r=0,8, p=0,03). Conclusão: pode-se concluir que a qualidade do conteúdo de vídeos sobre antibioticoterapia destinados a dentistas brasileiros é baixa, não abordando de forma completa as recomendações das entidades de classe relacionadas ao tema, e o tempo do vídeo está fortemente correlacionado a sua pontuação final.

Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of information provided by videos on YoutubeTM about antibiotic therapy in pediatric dentistry. Materials and Methods: videos related to antibiotic therapy, in Portuguese and intended for dentists were included. The videos were reviewed by two evaluators to extract their quantitative data and their quality content was evaluated using a checklist with 22 points, prepared based on the recommendations of different international dentistry associations. Video quality was rated as low (0-11 points) or high (12-22 points). Results were presented descriptively, and statistical tests were applied to assess the association (ANOVA) or correlation (Pearson) between the final video population and their quantitative data. Results: of the 7 videos included, only 1 present high quality. Videos content was heterogeneous, where 85% (n=6) cited amoxicillin as a firstchoice antibiotic and 71% (n=5) reported removing the source of infection as sufficient in healthy children. No video cited indication for culture and sensitivity tests, the contraindication of antibiotic therapy in cases of gingivitis, luxation's and root fractures. The video source, number of likes and views are not related to your final score (p>0.05), however, your time is strongly corelated to your score (r=0.8, p=0.03). Conclusion: it can be concluded that the quality of the content of videos on antibiotic therapy for Brazilian dentists is low, not fully addressing the recommendations of dentistry associations related to the topic, and the length of the video is strongly correlated with its final score.

Inclusión educativa en pandemia: interseccionalidad y situación de menores venezolanos en Bogotá / Educational inclusion in a pandemic, intersectionality, and the situation of Venezuelan minors in Bogotá / Inclusão educacional em uma pandemia, interseccionalidade e a situação dos menores venezuelanos em Bogotá

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de este artículo es comprender las dinámicas de inclusión de niñas, niños y adolescentes venezolanos en los flujos migratorios internacionales en la ciudad de Bogotá. A partir de una investigación mixta, se presentan cifras frente a la relación migración y derecho a la educación, complementadas con entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales a representantes de instituciones, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y agencias internacionales, así como resultado de talleres de cartografía social con menores venezolanos. El análisis se realiza desde el enfoque de interseccionalidad en los entornos escolares, más allá de la escuela. Se evidencia que los desarrollos frente a las intersecciones entre edad, género, etnia, discapacidad, clase social, entre otras, son bastante precarios en los estudios de migración en Colombia.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of this article is to understand the dynamics of inclusion of Venezuelan Children and Adolescents in international migratory flows in the city of Bogotá. Based on a mixed research, figures are presented regarding the relationship between migration and right to education, complemented with semi-structured interviews and focus groups with representatives of institutions, civil society organizations and international agencies, as well as the results of social mapping workshops with Venezuelan minors. The analysis is carried out from the intersectionality approach in school environments, beyond the school, showing that the developments in the intersections between age, gender, ethnicity, disability, social class, among others, are quite precarious in studies of migration in Colombia.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste artigo é compreender a dinâmica de inclusão de crianças e adolescentes venezuelanos nos fluxos migratórios internacionais na cidade de Bogotá. Com base em pesquisas mistas, são apresentados números sobre a relação entre migração e direito à educação, complementados com entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais com representantes de instituições, organizações da sociedade civil e agências internacionais, bem como os resultados de oficinas de mapeamento social com menores venezuelanos. A análise é realizada a partir da abordagem da interseccionalidade em ambientes escolares, além da escola, mostrando que os desenvolvimentos nas interseções entre idade, gênero, etnia, deficiência, classe social, entre outros, são bastante precários nos estudos de migração na Colômbia.

Recomendaciones de organismos internacionales y agencias reguladoras de medicamentos acerca de la vacuna contra la viruela símica / Recommendations from international organizations and drug regulatory agencies regarding the monkeypox vaccine

La publicación describe las recomendaciones emitidas por las autoridades nacionales de los países de España, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Alemania, Francia, Reino Unido, OMS/OPS, CDCUSA, y la información de las vacunas autorizadas por la FDA (Food and Drug Administration), Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMA) y la agencia reguladora de medicamentos de Reino Unido. Ninguno de los organismos internacionales revisados recomienda una vacunación masiva contra la viruela símica en población general. La OMS, Reino Unido, España y Estados Unidos recomiendan la vacunación pre-exposición a personas con riesgo ocupacional alto para la exposición al virus de la viruela símica, que incluye a trabajadores de salud específicos. Únicamente España, Alemania y Reino Unido añaden la recomendación de vacunación pre-exposición a grupos que tienen prácticas sexuales de alto riesgo, incluyendo a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, población gay y bisexual y el caso de España también a personas que viven con VIH

Radiation Risk in Cold War Mexico: Local and Global Networks.

After WWII, global concerns about the uses of nuclear energy and radiation sources in agriculture, medicine, and industry brought about calls for radiation protection. At the beginning of the 1960s radiation protection involved the identification and measurement of all sources of radiation to which a population was exposed, and the evaluation and assessment of populations in terms of the biological hazard their exposure posed. Mexico was not an exception to this international trend. This paper goes back to the origins of the first studies on the effects of radiation and on radioprotective compounds in the Genetics and Radiobiology Program of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy founded in 1960, at a time when the effects of radiation on living beings and radiation protection demanded the attention of highly localized groups of scientists and the creation of international as well as national institutions, and its connection to dosimetry and radiation protection until the 1990s. This historical reconstruction examines the circulation of knowledge, scientists, and their material and cognitive resources, to show that radiobiology, with dosimetry and radiation protection as cases in point, not only were carried out with high international standards in parallel with international agencies, but also reflected local material needs, including the standardization of new experimental techniques.

The IAEA remote and automated quality control methodology for radiography and mammography.

Radiography remains the most widely used imaging modality throughout the world. Additionally, while it has been demonstrated that a quality control (QC) program, especially in mammography, improves image quality, weekly technologist QC testing might be lacking even where there is clinical qualified medical physicist (CQMP) support. Therefore, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed simple QC phantoms that can easily be used on a regular basis (daily/weekly) for radiography and mammography. These are simple in design and use materials that are easily accessible in most parts of the world. A software application is also developed that automatically analyzes images and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) header information. It exports data to a comma-separated values (CSV) file that is read by a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet for documentation and graphical analysis. The phantom and the software were tested in four institutions (in Costa Rica and the United States of America) both on computed radiography and direct digital mammography and radiography systems. Data were collected over a 3-year period. No corrective actions were taken on the data, but service was performed on two of the units. Results demonstrated noise that could be attributed to suboptimal placement of the phantom and incorrect data being put into the DICOM header. Preliminary evaluation of the IAEA methodology has demonstrated that it can provide meaningful QC data that are sensitive to changes in the imaging systems. Care must be taken at implementation to properly train personnel and ensure that the image data, including the DICOM header, are being correctly transmitted. The methodology gives the opportunity for a single CQMP to provide QC services even to remote sites where travel is prohibitive, and it is feasible and easy to implement.

International trends in incidence of osteosarcoma (1988-2012).

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. The etiology of OS is largely unknown but may be informed by comparisons of incidence and trends between geographic regions. Using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) data from 1988 to 2012, we present OS age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs; cases/million) and average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by geographic region among the age groups 0-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-59, 60-79, 0-79. Among the 10-19 age group, we also used the most recent data (2008-2012) to present the ASRs for each country. We observed little variation in OS incidence between geographic regions in 2008-2012 across all age groups. Overall, the ASR for 0-79 ranged from 2 cases per million in Southern Asia to 4.2 in Sub-Saharan Africa. A bimodal distribution in incidence was observed with peaks in the 10-19 and 60-79 age groups across all regions over time. Overall, OS incidence was relatively stable across 1988-2012 with the only statistically significant increases in the 0-79 age group observed in Eastern Asia (AAPC: 1.8; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.9) and Sub-Saharan Africa (AAPC: 3.1; 95% CI: 0.5, 5.8). The small variation in incidence between regions and the stability in incidence over time suggests that OS carcinogenesis is not influenced by environmental or time-varying exposures.

Histórias da saúde global: a organização mundial da saúde e a cooperação com atores não estatais / Historias de la salud mundial: la organización mundial de la salud y la cooperación con actores no estatales / Global health stories: world health organization and cooperation with non-state actors

Esse artigo tem por objetivo traçar o histórico das relações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) com os atores não estatais desde a sua criação até a aprovação do Marco de Cooperação da Organização Mundial da Saúde com Agentes Não Estatais. foi realizada, uma pesquisa documental exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, com revisão de literatura e de documentos institucionais encontrados na Biblioteca da OMS. Como resultados, verificou-se um aumento no número de atores no Sistema Internacional e uma redução no poder da OMS e na oferta de recursos financeiros por parte dos Estados ao longo da história da Organização e encontrou-se relação entre a maior diversificação nos tipos de atores no sistema internacio- nal e a menor influência OMS nos processos de governança global em saúde.

This study aims to trace the history of the World Health Organization's engagement with non-state actors from its inception to approval of the World Health Organization's Framework of Engagement with Non-State Actors. Exploratory documental research, with a qualitative approach, was carried out, with a review of the literature and institutional documents found in WHO Library. Findings showed an increase in number of actors in the International System and a reduction in the power of the World Health Organization and in the provision of financial resources by its Member States throughout the Organization's history. A relationship was also found between the diversification in the types of actors in the international system and a reduction of World Health Organization's influence in the processes of global health governance.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo rastrear la historia de las relaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) con actores no estatales desde su creación hasta la aprobación del Marco de Cooperación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con Agentes No Estatales. Se llevó a cabo una investigación documental exploratoria con enfoque cualitativo, con revisión de la literatura y documentos institucionales encontrados en la Biblioteca de la OMS. Los resultados muestran un aumento en el número de actores en el Sistema Internacional y una reducción en el poder de la OMS y en la provisión de recursos financieros por parte de los Estados a lo largo de la historia de la Organización. También se encontró una relación entre la diversificación de los tipos de actores en el sistema internacional y una reducción de la influencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en los procesos de gobernanza sanitaria mundial.

O auto do [consenso] de Viena: Estratégias de legitimação no Sistema Internacional de Controle de Drogas / The Tale of the Vienna [Concensus]: legitimation Strategies in the International Drug Control System

As drogas foram construídas como um problema mundial por organismos internacionais, responsáveis pela elaboração de normativas com a finalidade de combater seu consumo, cultivo e comércio, enquanto interpreto esse fenômeno como um problema público, criado a partir da universalização de algo tão específico quanto a compreensão segundo a qual elas devem ser usadas para fins médicos e científicos. Esta visão de mundo mobiliza grandes estruturas burocráticas e moralizantes onde agentes engendram esforços para disputar a hegemonia no Sistema Internacional de Controle de Drogas que, por sua vez, é organizado pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Seus Estados-Membros disputam a hegemonia de um campo que viu seu balizador se quebrar recentemente, qual seja, o Consenso de Viena, o entendimento de que a demanda por drogas deve ser extinta. Mas, na Década da Gestão do Dissenso (2009-2019), o principal argumento, tanto dos agentes hegemônicos, quanto daqueles contra-hegemônicos, persistiu: deve-se proteger a saúde. Com o objetivo de identificar e compreender as estratégias de legitimação adotadas durante a 62ª Sessão da Comissão de Drogas Narcóticas (2019), empregamos uma metodologia que conjugou etnografia de eventos e de documentos, observação participante e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram delineadas 15 estratégias, acionadas num contexto de árdua batalha entre delegações de todos os continentes por categorias referentes à Redução de Danos e aos Direitos Humanos, como "atitudes não estigmatizantes" e "mulheres que usam drogas". Esperamos colaborar para debates institucionais em escala global e local mais permeáveis às contribuições das Ciências Sociais e Humanas em Saúde, fortalecendo uma ciência capaz de reformular radicalmente a política de drogas

Drugs were constructed as a global problem by international bodies, responsible for drafting regulations in order to combat their consumption, cultivation and trade, while I interpret this phenomenon as a public problem, created from the universalization of something as specific as understanding that they should be used for medical and scientific purposes. This worldview mobilizes large bureaucratic and moralizing structures where agents engender efforts to dispute hegemony in the International Drug Control System, which, in turn, is organized by the United Nations. Its Member States are vying for the hegemony of a field that has recently seen its beacon broken, namely the Vienna Consensus, the understanding that the demand for drugs should be extinguished. But, in the Decade of Dissent Management (2009-2019), the main argument, from both hegemonic agents and those against hegemonic ones, persisted: health must be protected. In order to identify and understand the legitimation strategies adopted during the 62nd Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (2019), we used a methodology that combined ethnography of events and documents, participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Fifteen strategies were outlined, triggered in a context of an uphill battle between delegations from all continents for categories related to Harm Reduction and Human Rights, such as "non-stigmatizing attitudes" and "women who use drugs". We hope to contribute to institutional debates on a global and local scale that are more permeable to the contributions of the Social and Human Sciences in Health, strengthening a science capable of radically reshaping drug policy.

Niveles de Referencia para Diagnóstico en Procedimientos Radiológicos Dentales: Una Guía Práctica / Diagnostic Reference Levels in Dental Radiological Procedures: A Practical Guide

RESUMEN: Las exposiciones médicas con radiación ionizante son actualmente la principal fuente de exposición a la radiación artificial a nivel global, entre ellas, los exámenes dentales corresponden a uno de los más frecuentes. Para prevenir dosis innecesariamente altas a los pacientes durante estas exposiciones, la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP) recomienda la utilización de Niveles de Referencia para Diagnóstico (DRLs), como una herramienta efectiva de ayuda a la optimización de la protección radiológica en la exposición médica de pacientes. Dado que la legislación de Chile aún no ha incorporado el uso de los DRLs, el presente trabajo de revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar la publicación N° 135 de la ICRP para generar un documento que sirva de guía para los odontólogos, explicando de manera didáctica y en un lenguaje sencillo, pero técnico, los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta para establecer los DRLs en procedimientos de radiología dental.

SUMMARY: Currently exposure to ionizing radiation is currently the main source of exposure to artificial radiation worldwide, with dental examinations being one of the most frequent events. In order to prevent exposure of unnecessarily high doses in patients, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends the use of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), as an effective tool to help maximize protection from radiation during medical exposure of patients. Given that the Chilean legislation has not yet incorporated the use of DRLs, the purpose of this study was to analyze publication N° 135 of the ICRP to generate a document, to serve as a guide for dentists, didactically outlining in simple but technical language, the main aspects to consider when establishing DRLs in dental radiology procedures.

Diplomacia da saúde e COVID-19: reflexões a meio caminho / Health diplomacy and COVID-19: reflections halfway

Organizada por Paulo Marchiori Buss e Luiz Eduardo Fonseca, coordenadores do Centro de Relações Internacionais em Saúde da Fiocruz, esta obra reúne as análises produzidas sobre as respostas do multilateralismo ao novo coronavírus. Dividida em três partes, a coletânea viabiliza o acesso do público a um panorama de ações internacionais promovidas para o enfrentamento da crise sanitária. A publicação engloba renomados pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas de saúde, diplomacia e relações internacionais, examinando as ações de órgãos e agências, como OMS, ONU e OCDE, além de iniciativas multilaterais, como G20 e países do BRICS. Os capítulos abordam ainda as respostas de diferentes países e regiões do mundo, incluindo Brasil, China, Estados Unidos, África, Oriente Médio, Europa, América Latina e Caribe, além de instituições financeiras internacionais,como FMI e Banco Mundial. Primeiro livro da série "Informação para Ação na Covid-19", que tem como objetivo reunir o conjunto de respostas, pesquisas e ações técnicas produzidas pela Fiocruz durante a pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus. Publicada em coedição por Observatório Covid-19 Fiocruz e Editora Fiocruz, com apoio da Rede SciELO Livros, a série estará disponível exclusivamente em formato digital e acesso aberto.

2018 FIGO Staging Classification for Cervical Cancer: Added Benefits of Imaging.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women of all ages worldwide. The disease is staged using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system, which was updated in 2018. The authors explain the key changes from the 2009 version and the rationale behind them. The changes have been made to reflect common clinical practice, differentiate prognostic outcomes, and guide treatment stratification. Treatment options are dependent on the stage of disease and include fertility-sparing and non-fertility-sparing surgical options as well as chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced disease. The updated FIGO staging gives added importance to MRI as a method of accurately measuring tumor size and depicting the presence of parametrial involvement. With the inclusion of lymph node involvement in the updated 2018 FIGO staging, cross-sectional imaging-and in particular, fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT-has an increasing role in the depiction of nodal disease. Understanding the radiologic techniques used, the literature supporting them, and common imaging pitfalls ensures accurate staging of disease and optimization of treatment. ©RSNA, 2020 See discussion on this article by Javitt (pp 1823-1824).

Radiation Exposure Biomarkers in the Practice of Medical Radiology: Cooperative Research and the Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Biodosimetry/Radiobiology Laboratory.

The strategy toward personalized medicine in radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic and interventional radiology demands a specific set of assays for individualized estimation of radiation load for safety concerns and prognosis of normal tissue reactions caused by ionizing radiation. Apparently, it seems reasonable to use validated radiation dosimetric biomarkers for these purposes. However, a number of gaps in knowledge and methodological limitations still have to be resolved until dosimetric biomarkers will start to play a valuable role in clinical practice beyond radiation protection and radiation medicine. An extensive international multicenter research is necessary to improve the methodology of clinical applications of biodosimetry. That became a rationale for launching the IAEA Coordinated Research Project E35010 MEDBIODOSE: "Applications of Biological Dosimetry Methods in Radiation Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, and Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology." At the 2 Coordination Meeting on MEDBIODOSE (18-22 February 2019, Recife, Brazil), participants reported progress in the usage of biological dosimetry for genotoxicity assessment and/or individualization of radiotherapy treatment plans. Another avenue of research was the prognosis of normal tissue toxicity and cancer risk prediction using biomarkers' yield measured in vivo or after ex vivo irradiation of patients' cells. Other important areas are mechanisms of cytogenetic radiation response, validation of new radiation biomarkers, development of innovative techniques, automated and high-throughput assays for biodosimetry, and the overall improvement of biodosimetry service. An important aspect of clinical application of biodosimetry is standardization of techniques and unification of approaches to data interpretation. The new IAEA Biodosimetry/Radiobiology Laboratory, which is being established, will provide support for this activity. The declared lab's mission includes, among other tasks, a harmonization of the biodosimetry applications with relevant international standards, guidelines on good laboratory practice, and the IAEA EPR-Biodosimetry manual.

From ISET to InDRE. V. Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Global strategic position, 2012-2019.

This document describes the changes at the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) from 2012 to 2019, the administrative and equipment modifications, the new headquarters and the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance legal modifications. The process of relocation is mentioned, especially the careful transfer of the biological material protected by the Institute, and the new way of studying epidemic outbreaks, endemic diseases and the negative network is analyzed. At the international level, the promotion of links with global networks of the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is described. The assignation to InDRE of four WHO collaborating centres is also mentioned. The Global Health Security Initiative Laboratory Network acknowledged InDRE's leadership, which co-chaired the working group during the study period.

En este documento se describen los cambios en el Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) de 2012 a 2019, las modificaciones administrativas y de equipamiento, la nueva sede y las modificaciones jurídicas al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Se menciona el proceso de mudanza, en especial el cuidadoso traslado del material biológico que resguarda el Instituto y se analiza la nueva forma de estudiar los brotes epidémicos, los padecimientos endémicos y la red negativa. Respecto al ámbito internacional, se describe el fomento de la vinculación con redes globales de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otros organismos internacionales. También se menciona la designación en el InDRE de cuatro centros colaboradores de la OMS. La Red de Laboratorios de la Iniciativa Global para la Seguridad en Salud reconoció el liderazgo del InDRE, cuyo director ocupó la copresidencia del grupo de trabajo en el periodo de estudio.

Del ISET al InDRE. V. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos. Posición estratégica global, 2012-2019 / From ISET to InDRE. V. Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. Global strategic position, 2012-2019

Resumen En este documento se describen los cambios en el Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) de 2012 a 2019, las modificaciones administrativas y de equipamiento, la nueva sede y las modificaciones jurídicas al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Se menciona el proceso de mudanza, en especial el cuidadoso traslado del material biológico que resguarda el Instituto y se analiza la nueva forma de estudiar los brotes epidémicos, los padecimientos endémicos y la red negativa. Respecto al ámbito internacional, se describe el fomento de la vinculación con redes globales de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otros organismos internacionales. También se menciona la designación en el InDRE de cuatro centros colaboradores de la OMS. La Red de Laboratorios de la Iniciativa Global para la Seguridad en Salud reconoció el liderazgo del InDRE, cuyo director ocupó la copresidencia del grupo de trabajo en el periodo de estudio.

Abstract This document describes the changes at the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) from 2012 to 2019, the administrative and equipment modifications, the new headquarters and the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance legal modifications. The process of relocation is mentioned, especially the careful transfer of the biological material protected by the Institute, and the new way of studying epidemic outbreaks, endemic diseases and the negative network is analyzed. At the international level, the promotion of links with global networks of the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is described. The designation of four WHO collaborating centres granted to InDRE is also mentioned. The Global Health Security Initiative Laboratory Network acknowledged InDRE's leadership, which co-chaired the working group during the study period.

The IARC Monographs: Updated Procedures for Modern and Transparent Evidence Synthesis in Cancer Hazard Identification.

The Monographs produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) apply rigorous procedures for the scientific review and evaluation of carcinogenic hazards by independent experts. The Preamble to the IARC Monographs, which outlines these procedures, was updated in 2019, following recommendations of a 2018 expert advisory group. This article presents the key features of the updated Preamble, a major milestone that will enable IARC to take advantage of recent scientific and procedural advances made during the 12 years since the last Preamble amendments. The updated Preamble formalizes important developments already being pioneered in the Monographs program. These developments were taken forward in a clarified and strengthened process for identifying, reviewing, evaluating, and integrating evidence to identify causes of human cancer. The advancements adopted include the strengthening of systematic review methodologies; greater emphasis on mechanistic evidence, based on key characteristics of carcinogens; greater consideration of quality and informativeness in the critical evaluation of epidemiological studies, including their exposure assessment methods; improved harmonization of evaluation criteria for the different evidence streams; and a single-step process of integrating evidence on cancer in humans, cancer in experimental animals, and mechanisms for reaching overall evaluations. In all, the updated Preamble underpins a stronger and more transparent method for the identification of carcinogenic hazards, the essential first step in cancer prevention.