Subject(s)
Global Health , Hope , International Cooperation , Pandemics , Humans , Global Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Global Health/standards , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Optimism , Pandemics/prevention & control , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Health/standards , Time Factors , World Health Organization/organization & administrationSubject(s)
Brain , Freedom , Human Rights Abuses , International Cooperation , Neurosciences , Technology , Thinking , Humans , Brain/physiology , Human Rights Abuses/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights Abuses/prevention & control , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Neurosciences/instrumentation , Neurosciences/legislation & jurisprudence , Neurosciences/trends , Technology/instrumentation , Technology/legislation & jurisprudence , Technology/trends , Thinking/physiologySubject(s)
International Cooperation , Negotiating , Pandemics , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/prevention & control , World Health Organization/organization & administrationSubject(s)
Global Health , International Cooperation , Pandemics , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Global Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Global Health/standards , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/legislation & jurisprudence , World Health Organization/organization & administrationSubject(s)
Environmental Pollution , International Cooperation , Lobbying , Negotiating , Plastics , Research Personnel , United Nations , Plastics/supply & distribution , United Nations/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Pollution/prevention & control , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Commerce , Environmental Pollution , International Cooperation , Lobbying , Plastics , Research Personnel , United Nations , Plastics/supply & distribution , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , United Nations/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Pollution/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Cambodia has experienced exponential economic growth in recent years and is expected to graduate from least developed country (LDC) status within the next decade. Membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) will require Cambodia to grant product and process patents for pharmaceuticals upon LDC graduation. This study aims to measure the impact of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on the price of HIV and hepatitis C medicine in Cambodia once it graduates from LDC status and is obliged to make patents available for pharmaceutical products and processes. Using scenarios based on likely outcomes of accession to the TRIPS Agreement, it measures the impact on the price of the HIV treatment program and compares that impact with the hepatitis C treatment program. Graduation from LDC status would be expected to result in a modest increase in the cost of the antiretroviral (ARV) treatment program and very large increases in the cost of the direct acting antivirals (DAA) treatment program. If annual treatment budgets remain constant, patent protection could see 1,515 fewer people living with HIV able to access ARV treatment and 2,577 fewer people able to access DAA treatment (a drop in treatment coverage of 93%).
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Health Services Accessibility , Hepatitis C , Intellectual Property , Cambodia/epidemiology , Humans , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Health Services Accessibility/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Developing Countries/economics , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/supply & distribution , Antiviral Agents/economics , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/economics , Drug CostsSubject(s)
Congresses as Topic , Developing Countries , Emigration and Immigration , International Cooperation , Public Policy , Research Personnel , Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , Emigration and Immigration/trends , Public Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Policy/trends , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Personnel/psychologySubject(s)
Animal Migration , Conservation of Natural Resources , Fishes , International Cooperation , Rivers , Animals , Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence , Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Fishes/physiology , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Swimming , LimnologySubject(s)
Biodiversity , Conservation of Natural Resources , International Cooperation , Animals , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence , Conservation of Natural Resources/trends , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Armed Conflicts , Diplomacy , International Cooperation , Politics , Science , Arctic Regions , Armed Conflicts/history , Diplomacy/ethics , Diplomacy/history , Diplomacy/organization & administration , Diplomacy/trends , International Cooperation/history , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Russia , Science/ethics , Science/history , Science/organization & administration , Science/trendsABSTRACT
El objetivo fue describir el estado actual del marco normativo de migración, y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela en el periodo 2000-2022.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del marco normativo de migración y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela. Indicadores: población total, tasa de dependencia demográfica (total, niñez, adulto mayor) y tasa de migración. Fuentes de datos: plataforma informativa salud y migración(marco normativo), Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe año 2000 al 2022 (indicadores de población).Resultados: El marco normativo de la migración en Venezuela está contenido en escasas leyes y Convenios Internacionales y regionales. La variación porcentual en la población venezolana fue descendente durante casi todo el periodo, donde se presentan incluso valores negativos para 2018-2021. La tasa anual decrecimiento poblacional, demostró un descenso constante y marcado desde el año 2000 hasta el año 2018, con altos valores negativos, luego asciende mostrando valores positivos a partir del año 2022, con un valor equivalente al año 2000. Conclusiones: El marco legal migratorio en Venezuela, es deficitario y no acorde a las necesidades de los migrantes. Los cambios ocurridos en la población venezolana de 2000 a 2022 fue debido a varios factores, siendo de gran impacto el fenómeno migratorio. La tasa de migración en Venezuela muestra tendencia negativa lo que indica que el país pierde población.
Objective Describe the current state of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of populationand migration indicators in Venezuela for the period2000-2022. Methods: Descriptive study of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of population andmigration indicators in Venezuela. Sample of national and international documents (regulatory framework). Indicators: total population, demographic dependency rate (total,childhood, elderly) and migration rate. Data sources: health andmigration information platform (regulatory framework) LatinAmerica and the Caribbean Statistical Yearbook 2000 to 2022(population indicators) Results: The regulatory framework formigration in Venezuela is contained in few international andregional laws and agreements. The percentage variation in the Venezuelan population was downward during almost the entireperiod, where even negative values are presented for 2018-2021.The annual rate of population growth showed a constant andmarked decrease from the year 2000 to the year 2018 with highnegative values, then it ascends showing positive values from theyear 2022 with a value equivalent to the year 2000. Conclusions:The migratory legal framework in Venezuela is deficient anddoes not meet the needs of migrants. The changes that haveoccurred in the Venezuelan population from 2000 to 2022 wasdue to several factors, the migratory phenomenon being of greatimpact. the migration rate in Venezuela shows a negative trend,which indicates that the country is losing population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Emigration and Immigration/statistics & numerical data , Human Migration/statistics & numerical data , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Socioeconomic Factors , Risk Factors , Population Studies in Public Health , JurisprudenceSubject(s)
Congresses as Topic , Extreme Weather , Global Warming , International Cooperation , Relief Work , Congresses as Topic/trends , Developed Countries/economics , Developing Countries/economics , Global Warming/economics , Global Warming/legislation & jurisprudence , Global Warming/statistics & numerical data , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Relief Work/economics , Relief Work/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Chemical Warfare Agents , International Cooperation , Public Policy , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Policy/trends , Chemical Warfare Agents/legislation & jurisprudence , Chemical Warfare Agents/supply & distribution , Trust , Security Measures/trendsABSTRACT
Taking stock of global progress towards achieving the Paris Agreement requires consistently measuring aggregate national actions and pledges against modelled mitigation pathways1. However, national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) and scientific assessments of anthropogenic emissions follow different accounting conventions for land-based carbon fluxes resulting in a large difference in the present emission estimates2,3, a gap that will evolve over time. Using state-of-the-art methodologies4 and a land carbon-cycle emulator5, we align the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-assessed mitigation pathways with the NGHGIs to make a comparison. We find that the key global mitigation benchmarks become harder to achieve when calculated using the NGHGI conventions, requiring both earlier net-zero CO2 timing and lower cumulative emissions. Furthermore, weakening natural carbon removal processes such as carbon fertilization can mask anthropogenic land-based removal efforts, with the result that land-based carbon fluxes in NGHGIs may ultimately become sources of emissions by 2100. Our results are important for the Global Stocktake6, suggesting that nations will need to increase the collective ambition of their climate targets to remain consistent with the global temperature goals.