Assessing the impact of short-term Lugol's solution on toxic nodular thyroid disease: a pre-post-intervention study.

Purpose: Preoperative iodine therapy in toxic nodular goiter (TNG) is discouraged as iodine may cause aggravation of hyperthyroidism. We aimed to examine if a short course of iodine treatment is safe to administer in TNG. Methods: Patients with TNG (n=20) and subclinical to mild hyperthyroidism (free (f)T4 <30 pmol/L) without complicating illnesses were included in this pre-post-intervention study at Karolinska University Hospital. All participants received Lugol's solution 5%, three oral drops thrice daily for 10 days. Heart rate, TSH, fT4, fT3 concentrations were collected before (day 0) and after treatment (day 10). Thyroid hormone concentrations were also measured at two time points during treatment to discover aggravations of hyperthyroidism. ThyPRO39se, a quality-of-life questionnaire, was filled out day 0 and day 10. Differences in heart rate, thyroid hormone concentrations, and quality-of-life before and after treatment were compared. Adverse reactions were reported. Results: The median age was 63.5 years. Female to male ratio 19:1. FT4 and fT3 concentrations decreased (both p<0.001), and TSH concentration increased (p<0.001) after 10 days of treatment. There was no difference in heart rate. No aggravations of thyrotoxicosis were noticed in any of the participants. ThyPRO39se scores improved on three scales, including hyperthyroid symptoms, while the remaining scale scores were unchanged. Mild and transient symptoms related to or possibly related to treatment were observed in six participants. Conclusion: A short course of Lugol's solution improved thyroid hormone concentrations, reduced patient-reported hyperthyroid symptoms and was safe in TNG. Lugol's solution might be an option for preoperative treatment in TNG. Clinical trial registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04856488.

Role of Lugol solution before total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Lugol solution is often administered to patients with Graves' disease before surgery. The aim is to reduce thyroid vascularization and surgical morbidity, but its real effectiveness remains controversial. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of preoperative Lugol solution on thyroid vascularization and surgical morbidity in patients with Graves' disease undergoing total thyroidectomy. METHODS: Fifty-six patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease were randomly assigned to receive 7 days of Lugol treatment (Lugol+ group, 29) or no Lugol treatment (LS- group, 27) before surgery in this single-centre and single-blinded trial. Preoperative hormone and colour Doppler ultrasonographic data for assessing thyroid vascularization were collected 8 days before surgery (T0) and on the day of surgery (T1). The primary outcome was intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. Secondary outcomes included duration of surgery, thyroid function, morbidity, vascularization, and microvessel density at final pathology. RESULTS: No differences in demographic, preoperative hormone or ultrasonographic data were found between LS+ and LS- groups at T0. At T1, free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were significantly reduced compared with T0 values in the LS+ group, whereas no such variation was observed in the LS- group. No differences between T0 and T1 were found for ultrasonographic vascularization in either group, nor did the histological findings differ. There were no significant differences between the LS+ and LS- groups concerning intraoperative/postoperative blood loss (median 80.5 versus 94 ml respectively), duration of surgery (75 min in both groups) or postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSION: Lugol solution significantly reduces FT3 and FT4 levels in patients undergoing surgery for Graves' disease, but does not decrease intraoperative/postoperative blood loss, thyroid vascularization, duration of surgery or postoperative morbidity. REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05784792 (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Iodide based electrochemical gold quantification method for lateral flow assays.

The lateral flow assay (LFA) is an ideal technology for at-home medical diagnostic tests due to its ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and rapid results. Despite these advantages, only few LFAs, such as the pregnancy and COVID-19 tests, have been translated from the laboratory to the homes of patients. To date, the medical applicability of LFAs is limited by the fact that they only provide yes/no answers unless combined with optical readers that are too expensive for at-home applications. Furthermore, LFAs are unable to compete with the state-of-the-art technologies in centralized laboratories in terms of detection limits. To address those shortcomings, we have developed an electrochemical readout procedure to enable quantitative and sensitive LFAs. This technique is based on a voltage-triggered in-situ dissolution of gold nanoparticles, the conventional label used to visualize target-specific signals on the test line in LFAs. Following the dissolution, the amount of gold is measured by electroplating onto an electrode and subsequent electrochemical quantification of the deposited gold. The measured current has a low noise, which achieves superior detection limits compared to optical techniques where background light scattering is limiting the readout performance. In addition, the hardware for the readout was developed to demonstrate translatability towards low-cost electronics.

Evaluation of the Protective Effects of Lugol's Solution in Rats Poisoned with Aluminum Phosphide (Rice Tablets).

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is the main component of rice tablets (a pesticide), which produces phosphine gas (PH3) when exposed to stomach acid. The most important symptoms of PH3 toxicity include, lethargy, tachycardia, hypotension, and cardiac shock. It was shown that Iodine can chemically react with PH3, and the purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects of Lugol solution in poisoning with rice tablets. Five doses (12, 15, 21, 23, and 25 mg/kg) of AlP were selected, for calculating its lethal dose (LD50). Then, the rats were divided into 4 groups: AlP, Lugol, AlP + Lugol, and Almond oil (as a control). After 4 h, the blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded, and blood samples were obtained for biochemical tests, then liver, lung, kidney, heart, and brain tissues were removed for histopathological examination. The results of the blood pressure showed no significant changes (P > 0.05). In ECG, the PR interval showed a significant decrease in the AlP + Lugol group (P < 0.05). In biochemical tests, LDH, Ca2+, Creatinine, ALP, Mg2+, and K+ represented significant decreases in AlP + Lugol compared to the AlP group (P < 0.05). Also, the administration of Lugol's solution to AlP-poisoned rats resulted in a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels and a significant increase in catalase activity (P < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation indicates that Lugol improves changes in the lungs, kidneys, brain, and heart. Our results showed that the Lugol solution could reduce tissue damage and oxidative stress in AlP-poisoned rats. We assume that the positive effects of Lugol on pulmonary and cardiac tissues are due to its ability to react directly with PH3.

Heavy atom-induced quenching of fluorescent organosilicon nanoparticles for iodide sensing and total antioxidant capacity assessment.

We present a novel approach for iodide sensing based on the heavy-atom effect to quench the green fluorescent emission of organosilicon nanoparticles (OSiNPs). The fluorescence of OSiNPs was significantly quenched (up to 97.4% quenching efficiency) in the presence of iodide ions (I-) through oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, OSiNPs can serve as a fluorescent probe to detect I- with high selectivity and sensitivity. The highly selective response is attributed to the hydrophilic surface enabling good dispersion in aqueous solutions and the lipophilic core allowing the generated liposoluble I2 to approach and quench the fluorescence of OSiNPs. The linear working range for I- was from 0 to 50 µM, with a detection limit of 0.1 µM. We successfully applied this nanosensor to determine iodine content in edible salt. Furthermore, the fluorescent OSiNPs can be utilized for the determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Antioxidants reduce I2 to I-, and the extent of quenching by the remaining I2 on the OSiNPs indicates the TAC level. The responses to ascorbic acid, pyrogallic acid, and glutathione were investigated, and the detection limit for ascorbic acid was as low as 0.03 µM. It was applied to the determination of TAC in ascorbic acid tablets and fruit juices, indicating the potential application of the OSiNP-based I2 sensing technique in the field of food analysis.

Effective defluorination of novel hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomer acids under mild conditions by UV/sulfite/iodide: mechanisms and ecotoxicity.

It has recently been discovered that HFPO-TA (a processing aid in the production of fluoropolymers) has high levels of bioaccumulation and biotoxicity. Hydrated electrons (eaq-) have been proposed to be potent nucleophiles that may decompose PFAS. Unlike previous studies in which the generation of eaq- was often restricted to anaerobic or highly alkaline environments, in this study, we applied the UV/SO32-/I- process under mild conditions of neutrality, low source chemical demand, and open-air, which achieved effective degradation (81.92 %, 0.834 h-1) and defluorination (48.99 %, 0.312 h-1) of HFPO-TA. With I- as the primary source of eaq-, SO32- acting as an I- regenerator and oxidizing substances scavenger, UV/SO32-/I- outperformed others under mild circumstances. The eaq- were identified as the main active species by quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). During degradation, the first site attacked by eaq- was the ether bond (C6-O7), followed by the generation of HFPO-DA, TFA, acetic and formic acid. Degradation studies of other HFPOs have shown that the defluorination of HFPOs was accompanied by a clear chain-length correlation. At last, toxicological experiments confirmed the safety of the process. This study updated our understanding of the degradation of newly PFASs and the application of eaq- mediated photoreductive approaches under mild conditions.

Explorations of Agonist Selectivity for the α9* nAChR with Novel Substituted Carbamoyl/Amido/Heteroaryl Dialkylpiperazinium Salts and Their Therapeutic Implications in Pain and Inflammation.

There is an urgent need for nonopioid treatments for chronic and neuropathic pain to provide effective alternatives amid the escalating opioid crisis. This study introduces novel compounds targeting the α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, which is crucial for pain regulation, inflammation, and inner ear functions. Specifically, it identifies novel substituted carbamoyl/amido/heteroaryl dialkylpiperazinium iodides as potent agonists selective for human α9 and α9α10 over α7 nAChRs, particularly compounds 3f, 3h, and 3j. Compound 3h (GAT2711) demonstrated a 230 nM potency as a full agonist at α9 nAChRs, being 340-fold selective over α7. Compound 3c was 10-fold selective for α9α10 over α9 nAChR. Compounds 2, 3f, and 3h inhibited ATP-induced interleukin-1ß release in THP-1 cells. The analgesic activity of 3h was fully retained in α7 knockout mice, suggesting that analgesic effects were potentially mediated through α9* nAChRs. Our findings provide a blueprint for developing α9*-specific therapeutics for pain.

Freeze-induced acceleration of iodide oxidation and consequent iodination of dissolved organic matter to form organoiodine compounds.

Freeze-induced acceleration of I- oxidation and the consequent iodination of dissolved organic matter (DOM) contribute to the formation of organoiodine compounds (OICs) in cold regions. The formed OICs may be a potentially important source of risk and are very closely with the environment and human health. Herein, we investigated the acceleration effects of the freeze process on I- oxidation and the formation of OICs. In comparison to reactive iodine species (RIS) formed in aqueous solutions, I- oxidation and RIS formation were greatly enhanced in frozen solution and were affected by pH, and the content of I- and O2. Freeze-thaw process further promoted I- oxidation and the concentration of RIS reached 45.7 µmol/L after 6 freeze-thaw cycles. The consequent products of DOM iodination were greatly promoted in terms of both concentration and number. The total content of OICs ranged from 0.02 to 2.83 µmol/L under various conditions. About 183-1197 OICs were detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and more than 96.2% contained one or two iodine atoms. Most OICs had aromatic structures and were formed via substitution and addition reactions. Our findings reveal an important formation pathway for OICs and shed light on the biogeochemical cycling of iodine in the natural aquatic environment.

Iodide enhances degradation of histidine sidechain and imidazoles and forms new iodinated aromatic disinfection byproducts during chlorination.

Peptide-bound histidines and imidazoles are important constituents of dissolved organic matter in water, and understanding the formation of halogenated disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation from these compounds during disinfection is important for ensuring a safe drinking water supply. Previous studies suggested that histidine has low reactivity with chlorine only; this study indicates that iodide substantially enhances histidine reactivity with the disinfectant at a time scale from days to hours. Mono- and di-iodinated histidines were identified as dominant transformation products with cumulative molar yields of 3.3 % at 6 h and they were stable in water over 7 days. These products were formed via electrophilic substitution of iodine to imidazole ring when hypoiodous acid reacted with histidine sidechain. Bromide minimally influenced the formation yields of these iodinated products, and higher pH increased yields up to 12 % for pH in the range 5-9. The cumulative concentration of low-molecular-weight DBPs, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, was less than 0.3 % under the same conditions. Similar iodinated imidazole analogs were also identified from other imidazoles (i.e., imidazole-carboxylic and phenyl-imidazole-carboxylic acids). This study demonstrated that peptide-bound histidine and imidazoles can serve as important precursors to iodinated aromatic DBPs, facilitating the identification of less-known iodinated DBPs.

Mechanical-Force-Induced Non-spontaneous Dehalogenative Deuteration of Aromatic Iodides Enabled by Using Piezoelectric Materials as a Redox Catalyst.

The development of green and efficient deuteration methods is of great significance for various fields such as organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we have developed a dehalogenative deuteration strategy using piezoelectric materials as catalysts in a solid-phase system under ball-milling conditions. This non-spontaneous reaction is induced by mechanical force. D2O can serve as both a deuterium source and an electron donor in the transformation, eliminating the need for additional stoichiometric exogenous reductants. A series of (hetero)aryl iodides can be transformed into deuterated products with high deuterium incorporation. This method not only effectively overcomes existing synthetic challenges but can also be used for deuterium labelling of drug molecules and derivatives. Bioactivity experiments with deuterated drug molecule suggest that the D-ipriflavone enhances the inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation of BMDMs in vitro.

Unexpected Formation of 11(9→7)-abeo-Steroid Skeleton in Synthetic Studies toward Batrachotoxin.

Batrachotoxin (1) is a potent cardio- and neurotoxic steroid isolated from certain species of frogs, birds, and beetles. We previously disclosed two synthetic routes to 1. During our synthetic studies toward 1, we explored an alternative strategy for efficiently assembling its 6/6/6/5-membered steroidal skeleton (ABCD-ring). Here we report the application of intermolecular Weix and intramolecular pinacol coupling reactions. While Pd/Ni-promoted Weix coupling linked the AB-ring and D-ring fragments, SmI2-mediated pinacol coupling did not cyclize the C-ring. Instead, we discovered that SmI2 promoted a 1,4-addition of the α-alkoxy radical intermediate to produce the unusual 11(9→7)-abeo-steroid skeleton. Thus, this study demonstrates the convergent assembly of the skeleton of the natural product matsutakone in 11 steps from 2-allyl-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one.

Gold leaf electrochemical flow cell for determination of iodide in nuclear emergency tablets.

This work introduces an innovative gold-leaf flow cell for electrochemical detection in flow injection (FI) analysis. The flow cell incorporates a hammered custom gold leaf electrochemical sensor. Hammered gold leaves consist of pure gold and are readily available in Thailand at affordable prices (approximately $0.085 for a sheet measuring 40 mm × 40 mm). Four sensing devices can be made from a single sheet of this gold leaf, resulting in a production cost of approximately $0.19 per sensor. Each electrochemical sensor has the gold leaf as the working electrode, together with a printed carbon strip, and a printed silver/silver chloride strip as the counter and reference electrodes, respectively. Initial investigations using cyclic voltammetry of a standard 1000 µmol L⁻1 iodide solution in 60 mmol L⁻1 phosphate buffer (PB) solution at pH 5, demonstrated performance comparable to that of a commercial screen-printed gold electrode. The hammered gold leaf electrode was then installed in a commercial flow cell as part of an FI system. A sample or standard iodide solution (100 µL) is injected into the first carrier stream of phosphate buffer (PB) solution, which then merges to mix with the second stream of the same buffer solution before flowing into the flow cell for amperometric detection of iodide. The optimized operating conditions include a fixed potential of +0.39 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and a total flow rate of 3 mL min⁻1. A linear calibration is obtained in the concentration range of 1 to 1000 µmol L⁻1 I- with a typical equation of µA = (0.00299 ± 0.00004) × (µmol L-1 I-) + (0.021 ± 0.020), and R2 = 0.9994. Analysis of iodide using this gold leaf-FI system is rapid with sample throughput of 86 samples h⁻1 and %RSD of a sample of 100 µmol L⁻1 I⁻ of 1.2 (n = 29). The limit of detection, (calculated as 2.78 × SD of regression line/slope), is 27 µmol L⁻1 I-. This method was successfully applied to determine iodide in nuclear emergency tablets.

Elevated levels of iodide promote peroxidase-mediated protein iodination and inhibit protein chlorination.

At inflammatory sites, immune cells generate oxidants including H2O2. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), released by activated leukocytes employs H2O2 and halide/pseudohalides to form hypohalous acids that mediate pathogen killing. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a major species formed. Excessive or misplaced HOCl formation damages host tissues with this linked to multiple inflammatory diseases. Previously (Redox Biology, 2020, 28, 101331) we reported that iodide (I⁻) modulates MPO-mediated protein damage by decreasing HOCl generation with concomitant hypoiodous acid (HOI) formation. HOI may however impact on protein structure, so in this study we examined whether and how HOI, from peroxidase/H2O2/I⁻ systems ± Cl⁻, modifies proteins. Experiments employed MPO and lactoperoxidase (LPO) and multiple proteins (serum albumins, anastellin), with both chemical (intact protein and peptide mass mapping, LC-MS) and structural (SDS-PAGE) changes assessed. LC-MS analyses revealed dose-dependent iodination of anastellin and albumins by LPO/H2O2 with increasing I⁻. Incubation of BSA with MPO/H2O2/Cl⁻ revealed modest chlorination (Tyr286, Tyr475, ∼4 %) and Met modification. Lower levels of these species, and extensive iodination at specific Tyr and His residues (>20 % modification with ≥10 µM I⁻) were detected with increasing I⁻. Anastellin dimerization was inhibited by increasing I⁻, but less marked changes were observed with albumins. These data confirm that I⁻ competes with Cl⁻ for MPO and is an efficient HOCl scavenger. These processes decrease protein chlorination and oxidation, but result in extensive iodination. This is consistent with published data on the presence of iodinated Tyr on neutrophil proteins. The biological implications of protein iodination relative to chlorination require further clarification.

Behavior change intervention to sustain iodide salt utilization in households in Ethiopia and study of the effect of iodine status on the growth of young children: community trial.

Background: Monitoring systems in a broad range of countries are a notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This study aimed to gather data on the amount of iodide present in table salt and how household consumption patterns affect children's iodine status and its effect on their growth. Methods: A single treatment arm community trial study design was designed. Lower community units (LCUs) were chosen at random from districts assigned either intervention or control. From a list of LCUs, 834 mothers and their paired children were chosen randomly. Urine and table salt samples were collected and examined in the national food and nutrition laboratory. The deference between arms was determined using a t test, and the generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to forecast parameters. Results: The mean iodide content in the table salt samples of 164 (98.1%) was 45.3 ppm and a standard deviation (SD) of 14.87, which were above or equal to the recommended parts per million (ppm). Between the baseline survey and the end-line survey, the mean urine iodine concentration (UIC) was 107.7 µg/L (+/- 8.64 SD) and 260.9 µg/L (+/- 149 SD). Children's urine iodine excretion (UIE) had inadequate iodine in 127 (15.2%) children at the beginning of the study, but only 11 (2.6%) of the intervention group still had inadequate iodine at the end. The childrens' mean height (Ht) was 83.1 cm (+/-10 SD) at baseline and 136.4 cm (+/-14 SD) at the end of the survey. Mothers knew a lot (72%) about adding iodized salt to food at the end of cooking, and 183 (21.9%) of them did so regularly and purposefully. A total of 40.5% of children in the intervention group had stunted growth at baseline, which decreased to 15.1% at the end of the study but increased in the control group to 51.1%. The mean difference (MD) of urine iodine concentration (UIC) between intervention and control groups was 97.56 µg/L, with a standard error (SE) of 9.83 (p = 0.001). The end-line Ht of children in the intervention group was increased by 7.93 cm (ß = 7.93, p = 0.005) compared to the control group. Conclusions: Our research has shown that mothers who embraced healthy eating habits had perceived improvements in both the iodine status and height growth of their children. In addition to managing and using iodine salt, it has also introduced options for other healthy eating habits that will also play a significant role in their children's future development. This sort of knowledge transfer intervention is essential for the sustainability of society's health. Therefore, this trial's implications revealed that the intervention group's iodine status and growth could essentially be improved while the control group continued to experience negative effects. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT048460 1.

A simple fluorescence detection of acetylcholinesterase with peroxidase-like catalysis from iodide.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important enzyme in the central and peripheral nervous system that regulates the balance of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In this work, a simple, selective and sensitive fluorescence assay was developed toward AChE activity. A conventional AChE substrate acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI) was applied. Instead directly rendering a signaling, it was found that free iodide ions was released during the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATCI. These ions further catalyzed the oxidation of non-emissive o-phenylenediamine (OPD) into a fluorescent product. This gave a response differed from frequently-adopted sulfhydryl- -based signals and thus minimized related interferences. All materials included in this process were directly available and no additional syntheses were required. Due to the extra iodide-based catalysis included, this scheme was capable of providing a sensitive response toward AChE in the range of 0.01-8 U/L, with a limit of detection at 0.006 U/L. This method was further extended onto chlorpyrifos as an exemplary AChE inhibitor, with a detection down to 3 pM.

Iodine enrichment in the groundwater in South China and its hydrogeochemical control.

In North China, iodine-rich groundwater has been extensively studied, but few in South China. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of iodine-rich groundwater in South China and identify potential contamination sources. The results revealed that the average concentration of iodine in groundwater was 890 µg/L, with a maximum concentration of 6350 µg/L, exceeding the permitted levels recommended by the World Health Organization (5-300 µg/L). Notably, the enrichment of iodide occurred in acidic conditions (pH = 6.6) and a relatively low Eh environment (Eh = 198.4 mV). Pearson correlation and cluster analyses suggested that the enrichment of iodide could be attributed to the intensified redox process involving Mn(II), iodine (I2), or iodate (IO3-) in the soil. The strong affinity between Mn(II) and I2/IO3- facilitated their interaction, resulting in the formation and mobilization of I- from the soil to the groundwater. Leaching experiments further confirmed that reducing substances (such as sodium sulfides, ascorbic acids, and fulvic acids) in the soil with low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (< 1.0 mg/L) enhanced the dissolution of iodine species. Conversely, higher DO content (> 3.8 mg/L) promoted the oxidation of I- into I2 or IO3-, leading to its stabilization. This research provides new insights into the characteristics and mechanisms of I- enrichment in groundwater in South China, and emphasizes the significance of the redox reactions involving Mn(II) and I2/IO3-, as well as the influence of soil properties in regulating the occurrence and transportation of iodine species within groundwater systems.

Near-Infrared Light-Excited Quinolinium-Carbazole Small Molecule as Two-Photon Fluorescence Nucleic Acid Probe.

This article reports three new two-photon absorption (TPA) materials that are quinolinium-carbazole derivates. They are 3-(N-methyl-4-ethylquinolinium iodide)-9-ethylcarbazole (M4), 3-(N-methyl-4-ethylquinolinium iodide)-9-ethylcarbazole (H2), and 3-(N-methyl-4-ethylquinolinium iodide)-9-ethylcarbazole (H4). Their TPA cross-sections are 491, 515, and 512 GM, respectively. Under the excitation of near-infrared light, their fluorescence emission is about 650 nm. The compounds can stain nucleic acid DNA with the same level of nuclear localization as Hoechst 33342. Under continuous irradiation with a near-infrared laser, the three new compounds showed less fluorescence decay than DAPI, and the average fluorescence decay rates were 0.016%/s, 0.020%/s, and 0.023%/s. They are expected to become new two-photon fluorescent probes of nucleic acid DNA because of their excellent performance.

Efficacy of endoscopic surveillance for pharyngeal mucosa during endoscopic resection for pharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Since patients with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often have multiple pharyngeal lesions, evaluation of pharyngeal lesions before endoscopic resection (ER) is important. However, detailed endoscopic observation of the entire pharyngeal mucosa under conscious sedation is difficult. We examined the usefulness of endoscopic surveillance with narrow band imaging (NBI) and lugol staining for detection of pharyngeal sublesions during ER for pharyngeal SCC under general anesthesia (endoscopic surveillance during treatment; ESDT). METHODS: From January 2021 through June 2022, we examined 78 patients who were diagnosed with superficial pharyngeal SCC and underwent ER. They underwent the ESDT and for patients who were diagnosed with new lesions of pharyngeal SCC or high-grade dysplasia (HGD) that were not detected in the endoscopic examination before treatment, ER were performed simultaneously for new lesions and the main lesions. The primary endpoint of this study was the detection rate of new lesions of pharyngeal SCC or HGD in the ESDT. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 78 patients were diagnosed as having undetected new pharyngeal lesions in the ESDT and 10 (12.8%) (95% CI 6.9-22.2%) were histopathologically confirmed to have new lesions of pharyngeal SCC or HGD. Among the 13 lesions of SCC or HGD, 8 were found by NBI observation; however, 5 were undetectable using NBI but detectable by lugol staining. All of the 13 lesions had endoscopic findings of pink color sign on lugol staining. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic surveillance for pharyngeal sublesions during ER for pharyngeal SCC is feasible and useful.

Sodium iodide symporter immunolabelling as a predictor of clinical iodide uptake in canine thyroid carcinoma: A preliminary study.

Thyroid follicular tumours may take up iodide via the sodium-iodide symporter. Knowledge of iodide uptake could then allow treatment with I-131 in dogs with high-risk tumours. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between clinically detectable iodide uptake (as determined by scintigraphy and/or thyroxine concentrations) and sodium iodide symporter immunohistochemical labelling on histologically fixed thyroid tumours. Nineteen dogs were identified who were diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma and underwent surgery from November 2017 to July 2021. All had recorded thyroid hormone concentrations and were hyperthyroid and/or underwent preoperative nuclear imaging using planar scintigraphy (technetium-99m or I-123), or I-124 PET-CT. All dogs subsequently underwent surgery to remove the thyroid mass. Twenty-two tumours were submitted for histopathologic analysis immediately following surgery, which confirmed a diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma for each tumour. Images and/or thyroid hormone concentrations were reviewed for the included cases, and tumours were sorted into an avid/functional group (group 1) and a non-avid/functional group (group 2). The tumour tissues were re-examined histologically using sodium iodide symporter (NIS) immunohistochemistry (IHC). Group 1 contained 15 avid/functional tumours. Twelve of these tumours had membranous NIS IHC labelling. Group 2 contained 7 non-avid tumours. One of these tumours had membranous NIS IHC labelling. This resulted in an overall sensitivity and specificity for identification of avid/functional tumours with membranous NIS of 80.0% and 85.7%, respectively. NIS IHC may predict ion trapping in canine follicular thyroid tumours. Further studies using iodide-based imaging are warranted to better determine the clinical utility of this diagnostic modality.

Microfluidic Paper-Based Device Incorporated with Silica Nanoparticles for Iodide Quantification in Marine Source Dietary Supplements.

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for humans due to its fundamental role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. As a key parameter to assess health conditions, iodine intake needs to be monitored to ascertain and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodine is available from various food sources (such as seaweed, fish, and seafood, among others) and dietary supplements (multivitamins or mineral supplements). In this work, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) to quantify iodide in seaweed and dietary supplements is described. The developed µPAD is a small microfluidic device that emerges as quite relevant in terms of its analytical capacity. The quantification of iodide is based on the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iodine, which acts as the catalyst to produce the blue form of TMB. Additionally, powder silica was used to intensify and uniformize the colour of the obtained product. Following optimization, the developed µPAD enabled iodide quantification within the range of 10-100 µM, with a detection limit of 3 µM, and was successfully applied to seaweeds and dietary supplements. The device represents a valuable tool for point-of-care analysis, can be used by untrained personnel at home, and is easily disposable, low-cost, and user-friendly.