ABSTRACT
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and their aerobic transformation products (TPs) are widespread in the aquatic environment due to their persistent and mobile character. In a previous lab study, we have shown that the reductive (partial) deiodination of selected triiodobenzene derivatives increases the sorption to aquifer sand and loam soil, since iodine affects the compounds by steric hindrance, repulsive forces, resonance and inductive effects. These results suggest that the (partial) deiodination generally occurring to ICM and aerobic ICM TPs during anoxic/anaerobic bank filtration has a potential to increase their removal by sorption to natural sorbents. To basically assess the sorption potential to technically applied materials for drinking water treatment subsequent to bank filtration, we investigated the sorption of iopromide, diatrizoate and 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophtalic acid and their di, mono and deiodinated structures to used filter sand from a waterworks and different fresh powdered activated carbons in batch tests using Berlin drinking water. The filter material, coated by iron and manganese oxides as well as organic material (including biofilm), preferentially removed monoiodinated derivatives, but diffusion through the organic layer heavily slowed the sorption. Therefore, the removal potential by sorption in rapid sand filters of waterworks for (partially) deiodinated benzene derivatives is suggested to be low. The deiodination of iopromide and diatrizoate significantly increased the sorption affinity to activated carbon and the competitiveness with regard to drinking water DOC. Despite the large atom radius of iodine, no clear correlation was found between the pore characteristics of the activated carbons and the molecular size of the compounds. This study emphasises the importance of anoxic/anaerobic conditions for the removal of persistent and mobile ICM and ICM TPs during drinking water treatment.
Subject(s)
Charcoal , Contrast Media , Filtration , Silicon Dioxide , Water Purification , Contrast Media/chemistry , Charcoal/chemistry , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Water Purification/methods , Adsorption , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Iohexol/chemistry , Iodine/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Halogenation , Diatrizoate/chemistry , X-RaysABSTRACT
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has proven effective in blocking tumor-supplied arteries and delivering localized chemotherapeutic treatment to combat tumors. However, traditional embolic TACE agents exhibit certain limitations, including insufficient chemotherapeutic drug-loading and sustained-release capabilities, non-biodegradability, susceptibility to aggregation, and unstable mechanical properties. This study introduces a novel approach to address these shortcomings by utilizing a complex coacervate as a liquid embolic agent for tumor chemoembolization. By mixing oppositely charged quaternized chitosan (QCS) and gum arabic (GA), a QCS/GA polymer complex coacervate with shear-thinning property is obtained. Furthermore, the incorporation of the contrast agent Iohexol (I) and the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) into the coacervate leads to the development of an X-ray-opaque QCS/GA/I/DOX coacervate embolic agent capable of carrying drugs. This innovative formulation effectively embolizes the renal arteries without recanalization. More importantly, the QCS/GA/I/DOX coacervate can successfully embolize the supplying arteries of the VX2 tumors in rabbit ear and liver. Coacervates can locally release DOX to enhance its therapeutic effects, resulting in excellent antitumor efficacy. This coacervate embolic agent exhibits substantial potential for tumor chemoembolization due to its shear-thinning performance, excellent drug-loading and sustained-release capabilities, good biocompatibility, thrombogenicity, biodegradability, safe and effective embolic performance, and user-friendly application.
Subject(s)
Chemoembolization, Therapeutic , Chitosan , Doxorubicin , Animals , Rabbits , Chemoembolization, Therapeutic/methods , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Doxorubicin/chemistry , Chitosan/chemistry , Gum Arabic/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Iohexol/chemistry , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Iohexol/pharmacology , Contrast Media/chemistry , Contrast Media/pharmacology , MiceABSTRACT
Photo-catalyzing sulfite (S(IV)) for the generation of sulfate radical (SO4â¢-) has emerged as a novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) recently. However, both the potential of soil minerals as effective photocatalysts and the process of water acidification due to S(IV) oxidation have been overlooked. Herein, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), a typical soil iron oxide with excellent photocatalytic reactivity like hematite and magnetic-collectible property like magnetite, was successfully used to activate S(IV) for iohexol degradation under visible light irradiation. As a result, 91.3% of iohexol was eliminated within 15 min at 0.1 g/L maghemite and 0.5 mM S(IV) under neutral conditions. The influencing factors, including initial pH, catalyst dosage, S(IV) amount, co-existing substances and water matrix, were systematically investigated. The maghemite/S(IV)/vis system exhibited superior performance in iohexol degradation at a wide pH range (3-10). It was found that the released proton via S(IV) oxidation led to severe water acidification. Interestingly, a low dose of HCO3- could evidently resist water acidification with little influence on iohexol elimination. Radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis confirmed that SO4â¢-, â¢OH and â¢O2- were involved in iohexol abatement with SO4â¢- being the dominant reactive species. Compared with hydrogen peroxide, persulfate and peroxymonosulfate, the established maghemite/S(IV)/vis system achieved much more remarkable degradation performance. Furthermore, the reactivity of the catalyst was not obviously reduced even after 10 runs of reaction. This study expands the application of soil iron oxide mineral in S(IV) activation in water treatment and proposes an approach to regulate water acidification in S(IV)-based AOP.
Subject(s)
Ferric Compounds , Iohexol , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Iohexol/chemistry , Minerals , Oxidation-Reduction , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Sulfites/chemistry , Soil , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
As persistent and ubiquitous contaminants in water, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) pose a non-negligible risk to the environment and human health. In this study, we investigated the adsorption behavior of two typical ICM compounds, iohexol (IOH) and amidotrizoic acid (DTZ), on magnetic activated carbon. Theoretical investigations, using density functional theory, identified the molecule structures and calculated the molecular diameters of IOH (1.68 nm) and DTZ (1.16 nm), which revealed that ICM could be adsorbed by mesopores and larger micropores. Therefore, magnetic activated carbon with a porous structure was prepared by the co-precipitation method to investigate the adsorption mechanism of IOH and DTZ. MAC--5 (magnetic activated carbon with a theoretical iron oxide content of 37%) showed the best adsorption ability for both IOH and DTZ, with maximum adsorption capacities of 86.05 and 43.00 mg g-1, respectively. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were applied to explore the mechanisms involved, and the effects of solution pH, initial concentration, temperature, ionic strength, and natural organic matter were also investigated. The pore filling effect, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction, were found to be the main adsorption mechanisms. The co-adsorption data showed that competition may occur in ICM coexisting environments. Interestingly, the used MAC--5 could be successfully regenerated and its adsorption efficiency did not decrease significantly after five cycles, indicating that it is a promising adsorbent for ICM. The results from this study provide some new insights for the treatment of water containing ICM.
Subject(s)
Iohexol , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Adsorption , Charcoal/chemistry , Contrast Media/chemistry , Diatrizoate Meglumine , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Iohexol/chemistry , Kinetics , Water , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , X-RaysSubject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/blood , Centrifugation/methods , Equipment Contamination/prevention & control , Iohexol/adverse effects , Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis , Aged , Blood Specimen Collection/standards , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Contrast Media/adverse effects , Contrast Media/chemistry , Coronary Angiography/methods , Erythrocytes/chemistry , Hemolysis , Humans , Iohexol/administration & dosage , Iohexol/chemistry , Male , Osmolar Concentration , Stents , Transfusion Medicine/instrumentation , Transfusion Medicine/standardsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of our study is to investigate the impact of iodine quantification on image reconstruction when employing a vascular-specific contrast media phantom with varying iodine concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 30-cm phantom simulating arterial and venous blood vessel diameters was manufactured. Small (9 mm) and medium (12 mm) cylinders contained iodine concentrations from 10 to 100% while large (21 mm) cylinders were in quartiles from 25 to 100% diluted in blood equivalent medium. Each phantom was filled with either iohexol 350 mgI/mL (Group A) or iodixanol 320 mgI/mL (Group B) and then scanned separately. For each group, tube potential (80-140 kVp) and current (50-400 mAs) were changed and all image series were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid-based iterative reconstruction (HBIR) and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). Mean opacification was measured in all groups. All data were compared employing an independent t test and Pearson's correlation. Visual grading characteristic (VGC) and Cohens' kappa analyses were performed. RESULTS: At 80 kVp, mean opacification using HBIR was significantly higher in Group B (2165 ± 1108 HU) than in Group A (2040 ± 1036 HU) (p < 0.009). At 140 kVp, MBIR and HBIR were greater in Group A (1704 ± 1033 HU and 1685 ± 1023 HU) versus Group B (1567 ± 1036 HU and 1567 ± 1034 HU) (p < 0.022). CNR using FBP, HBIR and MBIR was higher in Group B (46 ± 42 HU, 70 ± 163 HU and 83 ± 74 HU, respectively) than in Group A (43 ± 39 HU, 174 ± 130 HU and 80 ± 65 HU, respectively) (p < 0.0001-0.035). Qualitative image analysis demonstrated no difference in Cohen's kappa analysis. VGC was higher in Group A at all image reconstruction groups. CONCLUSION: Iohexol outperforms iodixanol in observer performance when assessing image reconstruction techniques and iodine concentrations in a vascular-specific contrast media phantom.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media/chemistry , Iohexol/chemistry , Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Triiodobenzoic Acids/chemistry , Algorithms , Phantoms, ImagingABSTRACT
BACKGROUNDS: Due to the unexpected side effects of the iodinated contrast agents, novel contrast agents for X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging are urgently needed. Nanoparticles made by heavy metal elements are often employed, such as gold and bismuth. These nanoparticles have the advantages of long in vivo circulation time and tumor targeted ability. However, due to the long residence time in vivo, these nanoparticles may bring unexpected toxicity and, the preparation methods of these nanoparticles are complicated and time-consuming. METHODS: In this investigation, a small molecular bismuth chelate using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA) as the chelating agent was proposed to be an ideal CT contrast agent. RESULTS: The preparation method is easy and cost-effective. Moreover, the bismuth agent show better CT imaging for kidney than iohexol in the aspect of improved CT values. Up to 500 µM, the bismuth agent show negligible toxicity to L02 cells and negligible hemolysis. And, the bismuth agent did not induce detectable morphology changes to the main organs of the mice after intravenously repeated administration at a high dose of 250 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetics of the bismuth agent follows the first-order elimination kinetics and, it has a short half-life time of 0.602 h. The rapid clearance from the body promised its excellent biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS: This bismuth agent may serve as a potential candidate for developing novel contrast agent for CT imaging in clinical applications.
Subject(s)
Bismuth , Contrast Media , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Animals , Bismuth/chemistry , Bismuth/pharmacokinetics , Bismuth/toxicity , Contrast Media/chemistry , Contrast Media/pharmacokinetics , Contrast Media/toxicity , Iohexol/chemistry , Iohexol/pharmacokinetics , Kidney/diagnostic imaging , Kidney/metabolism , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Mice , Pentetic Acid/chemistry , Pentetic Acid/pharmacokinetics , Tissue Distribution , Whole Body ImagingABSTRACT
Aim: Iohexol plasma clearance is used as an indicator of kidney function in clinical and preclinical settings. To investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of iohexol, a rapid, simple method for measurement of iohexol in different matrices and species was needed. Materials & methods: Iohexol was separated on an Accucore C18 column (Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA, USA). Detection was performed on a Thermo Scientific Quantiva tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. The method was validated according to the requirements for bioanalytical methods issued by the US FDA and European Medicines Agency. Conclusion: We developed and validated a fast and efficient analytical method, suitable for analyzing iohexol in human EDTA plasma, human lithium-heparin plasma, human urine and goat- and pig EDTA plasma, using only one calibration line prepared in human EDTA plasma.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Edetic Acid/chemistry , Heparin/blood , Iohexol/chemistry , Lithium/blood , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Animals , Goats , Humans , Lithium/chemistry , SwineABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Determination of creatinine and estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) rapidly before injection of contrast media provides early detection of high-risk patients for acute kidney failure. Hence, a rapid point-of-care (POC) device (result in 30â¯s) allowing creatinine measurement and eGFR could be of interest. To validate this method, we considered a population referred for measuring GFR. METHODS: Iohexol plasma clearance was used to measure GFR. For each subject, enzymatic creatinine was quantified with two different devices: in plasma with the Roche Cobas analyzer and in capillary blood with the Nova Biomedical POC device. Both values of creatinine were used in the CKD-EPI equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR using POC was compared to eGFR using Cobas and to mGFR by Passing Bablok regression, calculation of bias, precision and accuracy (or concordance) within 30%. Also, we calculated the rate of discrepant staging (eGFR >60 orâ¯≤â¯60 when mGFR is actually ≤60 andâ¯>â¯60) with both creatinine methods. RESULTS: 120 subjects (52⯱â¯13â¯years, 49% of women) were included. Mean mGFR was 77⯱â¯27â¯mL/min/1.73m2 with 29 patients presenting mGFR <60â¯mL/min/1.73m2. Passing- Bablok regression comparing eGFR obtained with the POC and the Cobas was: eGFRPOCâ¯=â¯-0.1 (95% CI: -7.4; 3.0)â¯+â¯1.06 (95% CI: 1.00; 1.15) x eGFRCOBAS. Mean bias was 3.7⯱â¯14.1â¯mL/min/1.73m2. Concordance within 30% was 82%. Compared to mGFR, Passing-Bablok with POC was: eGFRPOCâ¯=â¯-11.5 (95% CI: -22.9; -0.7)â¯+â¯1.15 (95% CI: 1.02; 1.29) x mGFR. Mean bias was 0.1⯱â¯17.6â¯mL/min/1.73m2. Accuracy within 30% was 81%. Between eGFRCOBAS and mGFR, mean bias was -3.7⯱â¯12.5â¯mL/min/1.73m2. Accuracy within 30% was 95%. With POC (and Cobas), 3.3% (0.8%) of patients would have been considered with GFRâ¯>â¯60â¯mL/min/1.73m2 whereas mGFR it was ≤60 and 10% (9.2%) of them would have been considered with GFR ≤60â¯mL/min/1.73m2 when mGFR was >60. CONCLUSION: Creatinine measured with the POC has an acceptable performance when used with the CKD-EPI equation to estimate GFR. Its ability to detect GFR <60â¯mL/min/1.73m2 is not significantly different from the classical Roche assay. StatSensor Creatinine (Nova Biomedical) can be used for GFR screening before contrast media injection.
Subject(s)
Creatinine/blood , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Iohexol/chemistry , Point-of-Care Systems , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
All-in-one nanoagents with a single-component and all-required functions have attracted increasing attention for the imaging-guided therapy of tumors, but the design and preparation of such nanoagents remain a challenge. Herein, we report the introduction of oxygen vacancies to traditional semiconductors with heavy-metal elements for tuning photoabsorption in the near infrared (NIR) region, by using Bi2WO6 (band-gap: â¼2.7 eV) as a model. Bi2WO6-x nanodots with sizes of â¼3 or â¼8 nm have been prepared by a facile coprecipitation-solvothermal method assisted by citric acid (CA, 0.1-1.5 g) as the reduction agent. CA confers the removal of O atoms from the [Bi2O2]2+ layer during the solvothermal process, resulting in the formation of plenty of oxygen vacancies in the Bi2WO6-x crystal. As a result, NIR photoabsorption of Bi2WO6-x nanodots can be remarkably enhanced with the increase of the CA amount from 0 to 1.0 g. Under irradiation of a single-wavelength (808 nm, 1.0 W cm-2) NIR laser, black Bi2WO6-x-CA1.0 nanodots can not only efficiently produce a sufficient amount of heat with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 45.1% for photothermal therapy, but also generate singlet oxygen (1O2) for photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, due to the presence of heavy-metal (Bi and W) elements, Bi2WO6-x-CA1.0 nanodots have high X-ray attenuation ability for CT imaging. After the Bi2WO6-x-CA1.0 nanodot dispersion is injected into the tumor-bearing mice, the tumor can be imaged by using CT and an IR thermal camera. After irradiation with a single-wavelength (808 nm, 1.0 W cm-2, 10 min) NIR laser, the tumor can be completely suppressed by the synergic photothermal and photodynamic effects of Bi2WO6-x-CA1.0 nanodots, without recurrence and treatment-induced toxicity. Therefore, Bi2WO6-x nanodots have great potential as a novel all-in-one nanoagent for the imaging and phototherapy of tumors.
Subject(s)
Bismuth/chemistry , Nanostructures/chemistry , Oxygen/chemistry , Tungsten Compounds/chemistry , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Infrared Rays , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Iohexol/chemistry , Iohexol/pharmacology , Mice , Nanostructures/therapeutic use , Nanostructures/toxicity , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasms/therapy , Photochemotherapy , Phototherapy , Singlet Oxygen/chemistry , Singlet Oxygen/metabolism , Temperature , Tissue Distribution , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Efficient abatement of an iodinated X-ray contrast media iohexol by an emerging sulfite autoxidation advanced oxidation process is demonstrated, which is based on transition metal ion-catalyzed autoxidation of sulfite to form active oxidizing species. The efficacy of the combination of sulfite and transition metal ions (Ag(I), Mn(II), Co(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), or Ce(III)) was tested for iohexol abatement. Co(II) and Cu(II) are proven to show more pronounced catalytic activity than other metals at pH 8.0. According to the quenching studies, sulfate radical (SO4â¢-) is identified to be the primary species for oxidation of iohexol. Increasing dosages of metal ion or sulfite and higher pH values are favorable for iohexol abatement. Inhibition of iohexol abatement is observed in the absence of dissolved oxygen, which is vital for the production of SO5â¢- and subsequent formation of SO4â¢-. Overall, activation of sulfite to produce reactive radicals with extremely low Co(II) or Cu(II) concentrations (in the range of µg L-1) in circumneutral conditions is confirmed, which offers a potential SO4â¢--based advanced oxidation process in treatment of aquatic organic contaminants.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media/chemistry , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Iohexol/chemistry , Catalysis , Oxidation-Reduction , Sulfates , Sulfites/chemistry , Transition Elements/chemistry , X-RaysABSTRACT
The degradation rates and kinetics of one commonly used iodinated contrast medium, iohexol, were investigated and compared during ultraviolet (UV) photolysis, UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82- advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Results indicate that the iohexol degradation rate increased in the order of UV/H2O2â¯<â¯UV irradiationâ¯<â¯UV/S2O82- and followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Increasing persulfate concentration significantly increased iohexol degradation rate, whereas increasing H2O2 concentration caused reverse effect. Radical scavenging test results show that UV photolysis, OH and radicals all contributed to iohexol degradation during UV/S2O82-, but OH was the main contributor during UV/H2O2 and was consumed by excess H2O2. The kinetic models of iohexol degradation by both AOPs were developed, and the reaction rate constants with OH and were calculated as 5.73â¯(±0.02)â¯×â¯108 and 3.91 (±0.01)â¯×â¯1010â¯M-1â¯s-1, respectively. Iohexol degradation rate remained stable at pH 5-9 during UV irradiation and UV/H2O2, but gradually decreased at pH 5-7 and remained stable at pH 7-9 during UV/S2O82-. The presence of anions displayed inhibitory effects on iohexol degradation during UV/S2O82- in the order of Cl- >HCO3- â« SO42-. UV/S2O82- AOP exhibited high degradation efficiency and stability on the basis of UV irradiation, which can be applied as a promising degradation method for iohexol. UV/S2O82- AOP can effectively mineralize iohexol to CO2 but promoted the generation of toxic iodoform (CHI3), and the subsequent chlorination had the potential to reduce the content of disinfection by-products; therefore, further evaluation of possible environmental hazards is warranted.
Subject(s)
Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry , Iohexol/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Oxidation-Reduction , Photolysis , Sulfates/chemistry , Ultraviolet Rays , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Water Purification/methodsABSTRACT
Purpose: This study is aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration in the lipid-poor portion of the renal mass as a potential tool for the differentiation between angiomyolipoma (AML) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: There were eight cases of AML and eight cases of RCC. All patients received corticomedullary, nephrographic and excretory phase enhanced scanning. The regions of interest (ROI) were manually placed in the lipid-poor portion of the renal mass and in the abdominal aorta. Average iodine concentrations were obtained for the ROIs and abdominal aorta. Data were compared using repeated measures analysis with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results: At the unenhanced phase, the iodine concentration in the lipid-poor portion of the renal mass of RCC was not significantly different from that of AML (p = 0.298). At the three enhanced phases, the iodine concentrations in the renal mass of RCC were substantially elevated compared with those of AML. In addition, the CT values of the renal mass of RCC were significantly higher than those of AML at all the enhanced phases. Of note, there was a significant correlation between iodine concentrations and CT values (r = 0.919; p < 0.001) in the lipid-poor portion of the renal mass of RCC. Conclusions: Between RCC and AML there was significant difference in iodine concentrations in the lipid-poor portion of the renal masses. Iodine concentration holds promise as a diagnostic alternative to macroscopic fat for differentiation of AML from RCC.
Subject(s)
Angiomyolipoma/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnostic imaging , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Iodine/analysis , Kidney Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Aged , Angiomyolipoma/pathology , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Contrast Media/chemistry , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Iohexol/administration & dosage , Iohexol/chemistry , Kidney/diagnostic imaging , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Lipids , Male , Middle Aged , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
Iodinated radiographic contrast media is used in cancer radiography for cancer diagnosis. The aim of this present study was to examine five iodinated radiographic contrast media (IRCM) (i.e., iohexol, iopamidol, iobitridol, ioxaglate, and iodixanol) in terms of their cytotoxicity, mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm), and P-glycoprotein function in multidrug resistant K562/Dox cancer cells and corresponding sensitive cancer cells. The cytotoxicity was determined by colorimetric resazurin reduction assay. The ΔΨm and P-glycoprotein function was measured using a noninvasive functional spectrofluorometry. Rhodamine B, fluorescence probe, was used to estimate ΔΨm. The kinetic of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux pirarubicin was used to monitor P-glycoprotein function in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. The results showed that ioxaglate and iodixanol show similar efficacy in MDR cancer cells and for their corresponding sensitive cancer cells. Iopamidol, iohexol, and iobitridol showed higher efficacy in MDR cancer cells than for the corresponding sensitive cancer cells by approximately 2 fold. The results also showed no significant change in the |ΔΨm| values in treated K562 and K562/Dox cancer cells when compared to the non-treated K562 and K562/Dox cancer cells. However, there were notable changes detected for iobitridol and iodixanol at 50 mgI/mL. Similarly, the results showed significant differences in P-glycoprotein function of K562/Dox cancer cells after treatment with IRCM when compared to the non-treated K562/Dox cancer cells, with iohexol and iodixanol being the notable exceptions once again. In this present study, IRCM exhibited cytotoxicity on MDR cancer cells and their corresponding sensitive cancer cells. IRCM also showed potential as an anticancer agent in the future.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , Contrast Media/chemistry , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Mitochondria/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Contrast Media/pharmacology , Doxorubicin/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Humans , Iodine/chemistry , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Iohexol/chemistry , Iohexol/pharmacology , K562 Cells , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mitochondria/drug effects , Rhodamines/chemistry , Triiodobenzoic Acids/chemistry , Triiodobenzoic Acids/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Iodinated X-ray contrast media are known for their stability concerning deiodination in the aquatic environment under aerobic conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the abiotic reductive deiodination of the iodinated contrast media iopromide, iopamidol and diatrizoate in the presence of corrinoids. In addition, triiodinated benzoic acid derivatives with iodine atoms bound at different positions were investigated. Corrinoids like cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and dicyanocobinamide served as electron shuttles and as catalysts between the reducing agent (e.g., titanium (III) citrate) and the electron accepting iodinated compound. The concentration decrease of the iodinated compounds followed first-order kinetics with rate constant kobs depending on the iodinated compound. A linear correlation between the rate of iodide release and the corrinoid concentration was observed, with deiodination rates for dicyanocobinamide twice as high as for vitamin B12. Reducing agents with a less negative standard redox potential like dithiothreitol or cysteine caused slower deiodination as the cobalt center was only reduced to its CoII oxidation state. With a temperature increase from 11 to 23⯰C, the concentrations of released iodide doubled. A complete deiodination was only observed for the iodinated contrast media but not for structurally similar iodinated benzoic acid derivatives.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media/chemistry , Corrinoids/chemistry , Halogenation , X-Rays , Catalysis , Diatrizoate/chemistry , Iodine/chemistry , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Iohexol/chemistry , Iopamidol/chemistry , Kinetics , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the image quality of a double-low protocol (low tube voltage and low iodine concentration) for abdominal CT in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The double-low protocol was compared to the conventional protocol in pediatric patients weighing less than 40 kg from May 2016 to December 2016. Double-low protocol (Group A, n = 18): tube voltage, 70 kVp; and iodine concentration,: 250 mgI/mL versus Conventional protocol (Group B, n = 13): tube voltage, 80-100 kVp; and iodine concentration, 350 mgI/mL. Mean attenuation, noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were compared between the two groups. Image contrast, noise, beam-hardening artifacts, and overall image quality were subjectively scored. Reader performance for correctly differentiating two groups by visual assessment was evaluated. Radiation dose and total iodine load were recorded. RESULTS: The mean attenuations of the portal vein and liver and the mean image noise in Group A were higher than in Group B (p = 0.04, 0.03, 0.004, respectively). The mean SNR and CNR of the main portal vein and liver were lower in Group A without any statistically significant difference. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in qualitative analysis (image contrast, image noise, and overall image quality) with substantial agreement between the reviewers (weighted kappa values; 0.59-0.76). Significantly diminished radiation dose and iodine load were observed in Group A compared with Group B (25.0%, 36.8% reduction; p = 0.007, 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: The double-low protocol was feasible for pediatric abdominal CT and reduced both radiation dose and iodine load, while maintaining image quality.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media/chemistry , Radiography, Abdominal , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Artifacts , Child , Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Iohexol/administration & dosage , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Iohexol/chemistry , Iopamidol/administration & dosage , Iopamidol/chemistry , Male , Radiation Dosage , Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted , Retrospective Studies , Signal-To-Noise RatioABSTRACT
Drug coated balloons (DCBs) have proven to be a suitable alternative for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. They allow for uniform delivery of an antiproliferative drug to the stenotic site without permanent implantation of the device in the patient's body. There are, however, regulatory concerns regarding the lack of data associated with variable drug delivery to the target site, which can be related to the coating process. This study describes the process for an in-house micro-pipetting coating method that incorporates a laboratory-developed coating equation for determining optimal coating parameters. The coating solutions included a common drug of choice, paclitaxel, along with a hydrophilic excipient, such as iopromide. It was found that using a revolution rate of 240â¯rev/min, a flow rate of 25⯵L/min and a translational speed of 0.033â¯cm/s resulted in visually uniform coatings. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed for the determination of paclitaxel content on the balloon surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enabled analysis of coating thickness and texture at distal, middle, and proximal positions on the balloon; average thicknesses were determined to be 16.4⯱â¯5.8, 14.8⯱â¯1.4, and 18.1⯱â¯3.9⯵m, respectively. These optimized coating conditions have been confirmed by in vitro drug release kinetics studies. Overall this study generated a simple and reproducible micro-pipetting coating method for the sustained release of drugs from the drug coated balloons.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Excipients/chemistry , Iohexol/analogs & derivatives , Paclitaxel/administration & dosage , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/instrumentation , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Delayed-Action Preparations , Drug Liberation , Iohexol/chemistry , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods , Paclitaxel/chemistry , Reproducibility of Results , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common condition leading to numerous hospital admissions and operations. Standardized care of adhesive SBO patients has not been widely implemented in hospital systems. METHODS: A prospective cohort of SBO patients was compared to a historical cohort of SBO patients after implementation of a SBO protocol using evidence-based guidelines and Omnipaque, a low-osmolar water soluble contrast. Patients without a history of abdominal surgery were excluded and data was collected through chart review. RESULTS: Univariate analyses demonstrated a decrease in both LOS by 1.35 days and in the proportion of patients receiving surgery (37% vs 25%; pâ¯<â¯0.05). There was a decrease in time to surgery, rate of SBR, and rate of complications, yet an increase in readmission, although these findings were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing an evidence-based SBO protocol can lead to shorter LOS and may result in fewer operations for adhesive SBO patients.
Subject(s)
Clinical Protocols , Contrast Media/chemistry , Intestinal Obstruction/drug therapy , Intestine, Small , Iohexol/chemistry , Tissue Adhesions/drug therapy , Aged , Female , Humans , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Osmolar Concentration , Prospective StudiesSubject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced , Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects , Computed Tomography Angiography , Contrast Media/adverse effects , Dextrocardia/therapy , Iohexol/chemistry , Urinary Bladder/diagnostic imaging , Abdominal Cavity , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnostic imaging , Computed Tomography Angiography/adverse effects , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Iohexol/adverse effects , Male , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of air, CO2 and contrast medium-air on the dwell time (DT) stability of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of foam sclerosants (air-foam, CO2-foam, contrast-air-foam) were injected eight times into an inclined straight plastic tube (internal diameters 4 mm and 10 mm) filled with a blood substitute. Injections were captured by CCD camera, and images were transferred for digital analysis and calculation of DT. RESULTS: Contrast-air-foam and air-foam in a 4-mm tube showed 5.6-/3.3-fold greater DT compared to CO2-foam, respectively (P = 0.001). Contrast-air-foam in a 10-mm tube showed 2.1-fold greater DT compared to CO2-foam (P = 0.0167). CONCLUSION: A mixture of air and iodinated contrast improves the stability of STS foam compared to mixtures using only air or CO2. Further, animal and clinical studies are needed to validate this in vitro result.