Hipertermia maligna: a propósito de un caso / Malignant hyperthermia: a case report

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare neuromuscular hereditary disorder, triggered in susceptible individuals by exposure to inhalational agents or succinylcholine and manifested as a hypermetabolic state. We report the case of a 22 years old male patient anesthetized with Desflurane in whom MH was suspected because of unexplained increased levels of End-Tidal carbon dioxide. Dantrolene was administered with good response. Respiratory acidosis and hyperkalemia were also detected but could be easily controlled. The postoperative period was uneventful with the exception of a superficial venous thrombosis at the dantrolene’s injection site. The patient was discharged eight days after the episode without sequela. Successful management of a malignant hyperthemia episode must include: early suspicion, asking for help and early treatment with dantrolene.

La Hipertermia Maligna es un trastorno neuromuscular hereditario infrecuente, manifestado por un estado hipermetabólico desencadenado en individuos susceptibles por la exposición a anestésicos halogenados o Succinilcolina. Se reporta el caso de un hombre de 22 años anestesiado con Desflurano, en quien el diagnóstico de Hipertermia Maligna se sospechó por la presencia de elevación inexplicada del CO2 espirado, que respondió a la suspensión del Desflurano y administración de Dantroleno. Se observó además hiperkalemia y acidosis respiratoria, que fueron fácilmente compensadas. La evolución postoperatoria fue satisfactoria, a excepción de una trombosis venosa superficial en el sitio de inyección del Dantroleno. El paciente fue dado de alta al 8avo día postoperatorio, sin secuelas. Las claves del manejo exitoso de un episodio de hipertermia maligna están en: Sospecha precoz, solicitar ayuda e inició rápido del tratamiento con Dantroleno.

Early postoperative recovery after intracranial surgical procedures. Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane.

PURPOSE:: To compared the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on early anesthesia recovery in patients undergoing to craniotomy for intracranial lesions. METHODS:: After IRB approval, the study included 50 patients aged 18-70 years who had ASA physical statuses of I-II and were scheduled for intracranial surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: sevoflurane and desflurane. Anaesthesia was routinely induced in all patients followed by desflurane 5%-6% or sevoflurane 1%-2%. Moreover remifentanil infusion (0.05-0.2 mcg/kg/min) was adjusted to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) within 20% baseline and heart rate <90 bpm. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated over time for responses to painful stimulus, eye opening, hand squeezing, extubation, orientation and time required to achieve a Modified Aldrete Score of 9-10. Parametric and non-parametric data were assessed using Student's t- and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. A p<0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS:: The times to responses to painful stimuli (7.7±2.7 vs. 4.8±1.7 min.; p<0.001), emergence (9.5±2.81 vs. 6.3±2.2 min.; p<0.001), hand-squeezing (12.1±2.9 vs. 8.2±2.3 min.; p<0.001), extubation (10.1±2.87 vs. 7.1±1.6 min.; p<0.001), orientation (15.3±3.2 vs. 10.3±2.7 min.; p<0.001) and Aldrete score of 9-10 (23.3±6.1 vs. 15.8±3.8 min.; p<0.001) were significantly lower with desflurane-based anaesthesia vs. sevoflurane-based anaesthesia. CONCLUSION:: Desflurane yields early recovery functions and facilitates early postoperative neurologic examinations of intracranial surgery patients.

Early postoperative recovery after intracranial surgical procedures. Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compared the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on early anesthesia recovery in patients undergoing to craniotomy for intracranial lesions. METHODS: After IRB approval, the study included 50 patients aged 18-70 years who had ASA physical statuses of I-II and were scheduled for intracranial surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: sevoflurane and desflurane. Anaesthesia was routinely induced in all patients followed by desflurane 5%-6% or sevoflurane 1%-2%. Moreover remifentanil infusion (0.05-0.2 mcg/kg/min) was adjusted to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) within 20% baseline and heart rate <90 bpm. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated over time for responses to painful stimulus, eye opening, hand squeezing, extubation, orientation and time required to achieve a Modified Aldrete Score of 9-10. Parametric and non-parametric data were assessed using Student's t- and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. A p<0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: The times to responses to painful stimuli (7.7±2.7 vs. 4.8±1.7 min.; p<0.001), emergence (9.5±2.81 vs. 6.3±2.2 min.; p<0.001), hand-squeezing (12.1±2.9 vs. 8.2±2.3 min.; p<0.001), extubation (10.1±2.87 vs. 7.1±1.6 min.; p<0.001), orientation (15.3±3.2 vs. 10.3±2.7 min.; p<0.001) and Aldrete score of 9-10 (23.3±6.1 vs. 15.8±3.8 min.; p<0.001) were significantly lower with desflurane-based anaesthesia vs. sevoflurane-based anaesthesia. CONCLUSION: Desflurane yields early recovery functions and facilitates early postoperative neurologic examinations of intracranial surgery patients.

Can thiamine pyrophosphate prevent desflurane induced hepatotoxicity in rats?

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) against desflurane induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS: Thirty experimental animals were divided into groups as healthy (HG), desflurane control (DCG) , TPP and desflurane group (TDG). 20 mg/kg TPP was injected to intraperitoneally TDG. After one hour of TPP administration, desflurane was applied for two hours. After 24 hours, liver tissues of the animals killed with decapitation were removed. The oxidant/antioxidant levels and ALT, AST and LDH activities were measured. The histopathological examinations were performed in the liver tissues for all rats. RESULTS: Notwithstanding the levels of oxidants and liver enzymes were significantly increased (p<0.0001), antioxidant levels were significantly decreased in DCG (p<0.0001). On contrary to the antioxidant parameters were increased (p<0.05) the oxidant parameters and liver enzymes were decreased in TDG (p<0.0001). Whereas multiple prominent, congestion, hemorrhage and dilatation were observed in sinusoids and lymphocyte-rich inflammation results in the centrilobular and portal areas of liver tissue in DCG, these findings were observed less frequently in TDG. CONCLUSION : Thiamine pyrophosphate prevented liver oxidative damage induced with desflurane and may be useful in prophylaxis of desflurane induced hepatotoxicity.

Evaluation of genotoxicity of general anesthesia maintained with desflurane in patients under minor surgery.

There is controversy over the genotoxic effects of volatile anesthetics. The available literature on the genotoxicity of desflurane, one of the newest volatile halogenated agents used for general anesthesia maintenance, is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of desflurane in 15 patients without comorbidities, of both sexes, who underwent minor surgeries lasting at least 90 min. Patients enrolled in the study received desflurane anesthesia (6%); blood samples were collected before anesthesia induction (T0), 90 min after the beginning of anesthesia (T1), and on the day following surgery (T2). DNA damage was evaluated in lymphocytes using the alkaline comet assay. We found statistically significant increases in DNA damage in T2 samples compared to T0. The findings suggest that desflurane anesthesia induces DNA strand breaks/alkali-labile sites on the day after minimally invasive surgery in healthy patients.

Can thiamine pyrophosphate prevent desflurane induced hepatotoxicity in rats?

ABSTRACT PURPOSE : To investigate the effects of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) against desflurane induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS : Thirty experimental animals were divided into groups as healthy (HG), desflurane control (DCG) , TPP and desflurane group (TDG). 20 mg/kg TPP was injected to intraperitoneally TDG. After one hour of TPP administration, desflurane was applied for two hours. After 24 hours, liver tissues of the animals killed with decapitation were removed. The oxidant/antioxidant levels and ALT, AST and LDH activities were measured. The histopathological examinations were performed in the liver tissues for all rats. RESULTS : Notwithstanding the levels of oxidants and liver enzymes were significantly increased (p<0.0001), antioxidant levels were significantly decreased in DCG (p<0.0001). On contrary to the antioxidant parameters were increased (p<0.05) the oxidant parameters and liver enzymes were decreased in TDG (p<0.0001). Whereas multiple prominent, congestion, hemorrhage and dilatation were observed in sinusoids and lymphocyte-rich inflammation results in the centrilobular and portal areas of liver tissue in DCG, these findings were observed less frequently in TDG. CONCLUSİON : Thiamine pyrophosphate prevented liver oxidative damage induced with desflurane and may be useful in prophylaxis of desflurane induced hepatotoxicity.

Pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation under different inhaled concentrations of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in pigs undergoing hemorrhage

OBJECTIVES: Inhalant anesthesia induces dose-dependent cardiovascular depression, but whether fluid responsiveness is differentially influenced by the inhalant agent and plasma volemia remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation in pigs undergoing hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty-five pigs were randomly anesthetized with isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data were registered sequentially at minimum alveolar concentrations of 1.00 (M1), 1.25 (M2), and 1.00 (M3). Then, following withdrawal of 30% of the estimated blood volume, these data were registered at a minimum alveolar concentrations of 1.00 (M4) and 1.25 (M5). RESULTS: The minimum alveolar concentration increase from 1.00 to 1.25 (M2) decreased the cardiac index and increased the central venous pressure, but only modest changes in mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation were observed in all groups from M1 to M2. A significant decrease in mean arterial pressure was only observed with desflurane. Following blood loss (M4), pulse pressure variation, stroke volume variation and central venous pressure increased (p <0.001) and mean arterial pressure decreased in all groups. Under hypovolemia, the cardiac index decreased with the increase of anesthesia depth in a similar manner in all groups. CONCLUSION: The effects of desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane on pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation were not different during normovolemia or hypovolemia.

Pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation under different inhaled concentrations of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in pigs undergoing hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: Inhalant anesthesia induces dose-dependent cardiovascular depression, but whether fluid responsiveness is differentially influenced by the inhalant agent and plasma volemia remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation in pigs undergoing hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty-five pigs were randomly anesthetized with isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data were registered sequentially at minimum alveolar concentrations of 1.00 (M1), 1.25 (M2), and 1.00 (M3). Then, following withdrawal of 30% of the estimated blood volume, these data were registered at a minimum alveolar concentrations of 1.00 (M4) and 1.25 (M5). RESULTS: The minimum alveolar concentration increase from 1.00 to 1.25 (M2) decreased the cardiac index and increased the central venous pressure, but only modest changes in mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation were observed in all groups from M1 to M2. A significant decrease in mean arterial pressure was only observed with desflurane. Following blood loss (M4), pulse pressure variation, stroke volume variation and central venous pressure increased (p < 0.001) and mean arterial pressure decreased in all groups. Under hypovolemia, the cardiac index decreased with the increase of anesthesia depth in a similar manner in all groups. CONCLUSION: The effects of desflurane, sevoflurane and isoflurane on pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation were not different during normovolemia or hypovolemia.

Plasma levels of interleukin-10 and nitric oxide in response to two different desflurane anesthesia flow rates.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated interleukin-10 and nitric oxide plasma levels following surgery to determine whether there is a correlation between these two variables and if different desflurane anesthesia flow rates influence nitric oxide and interleukin-10 concentrations in circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients between 18 and 70 years and ASA I-II physical status who were scheduled to undergo thyroidectomy were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated into two groups to receive two different desflurane anesthesia flow rates: high flow (Group HF) and low flow (Group LF). MEASUREMENTS: Blood samples were drawn at the beginning (t0) and end (t1) of the operation and after 24h (t2). Plasma interleukin-10 and nitric oxide levels were measured using an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay and a Griess reagents kit, respectively. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were assessed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to interleukin-10 levels at the times of measurement. Interleukin-10 levels were increased equally in both groups at times t1 and t2 compared with preoperative concentrations. For both groups, nitric oxide circulating concentrations were significantly reduced at times t1 and t2 compared with preoperative concentrations. However, the nitric oxide value was lower for Group HF compared to Group LF at t2. No correlation was found between the IL-10 and nitric oxide levels. CONCLUSION: Clinical usage of two different flow anesthesia forms with desflurane may increase interleukin-10 levels both in Group HF and Group LF; nitric oxide levels circulating concentrations were significantly reduced at times t1 and t2 compared with preoperative concentrations; however, at 24h postoperatively they were higher in Group LF compared to Group HF. No correlation was detected between interleukin-10 and nitric oxide levels.

Plasma levels of interleukin-10 and nitric oxide in response to two different desflurane anesthesia flow rates / Níveis plasmáticos de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico em resposta a duas taxas de fluxo em anestesia com desflurano / Niveles plasmáticos de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico en respuesta a 2 tasas de flujo en anestesia con desflurano

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated interleukin-10 and nitric oxide plasma levels following surgery to determine whether there is a correlation between these two variables and if different desflurane anesthesia flow rates influence nitric oxide and interleukin-10 concentrations in circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients between 18 and 70 years and ASA I-II physical status who were scheduled to undergo thyroidectomy were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated into two groups to receive two different desflurane anesthesia flow rates: high flow (Group HF) and low flow (Group LF). MEASUREMENTS: Blood samples were drawn at the beginning (t 0) and end (t 1) of the operation and after 24 h (t 2). Plasma interleukin-10 and nitric oxide levels were measured using an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay and a Griess reagents kit, respectively. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were assessed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to interleukin-10 levels at the times of measurement. Interleukin-10 levels were increased equally in both groups at times t 1 and t 2 compared with preoperative concentrations. For both groups, nitric oxide circulating concentrations were significantly reduced at times t 1 and t 2 compared with preoperative concentrations. However, the nitric oxide value was lower for Group HF compared to Group LF at t 2. No correlation was found between the IL-10 and nitric oxide levels. CONCLUSION: Clinical usage of two different flow anesthesia forms with desflurane may increase interleukin-10 levels both in Group HF and Group LF; nitric oxide levels circulating concentrations were significantly reduced at times t 1 and t 2 compared with preoperative concentrations; however, at 24 h postoperatively they were higher in Group LF compared to Group HF. No correlation was detected between interleukin-10 and nitric oxide levels. .

OBJETIVO: este estudo investigou os níveis plasmáticos de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico após cirurgia para determinar se há correlação entre essas duas variáveis e se diferentes taxas de fluxo de anestesia com desflurano influenciam as concentrações de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico na circulação. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: quarenta pacientes, entre 18 e 70 anos de idade, estado físico ASA I-II, programados para tireoidectomia foram incluídos no estudo. INTERVENÇÕES: os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos para receber dois fluxos diferentes de anestesia com desflurano: fluxo alto (Grupo FA) e fluxo baixo (Grupo FB). MENSURAÇÕES: amostras de sangue foram colhidas no início (t 0 ) e final (t 1 ) da cirurgia e após 24 h (t 2 ). Os níveis plasmáticos de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico foram medidos usando um ensaio imunossorvente ligado à enzima um estojo de reagentes de Griess, respectivamente. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos em relação aos níveis de interleucina-10 níveis nos tempos de medição. Os níveis de interleucina-10 aumentaram igualmente em ambos os grupos nos tempos t 1 e t 2 em comparação com as concentrações no pré-operatório. Em ambos os grupos, as concentrações circulantes de óxido nítrico estavam significativamente reduzidas nos tempos t 1 e t 2 em comparação com as concentrações no pré-operatório. No entanto, o valor de óxido nítrico foi menor no Grupo FA que no Grupo FB no t 2 . Não houve correlação entre os níveis de IL-10 e óxido nítrico. CONCLUSÃO: o ...

OBJETIVO: este estudio investigó los niveles plasmáticos de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico después de la cirugía para determinar si hay alguna correlación entre esas 2 variables y si diferentes tasas de flujo de anestesia con desflurano influyen en las concentraciones de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico en la circulación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: cuarenta pacientes, entre 18 y 70 años de edad, estado físico ASA I-II, programados para tiroidectomía se incluyeron en el estudio. INTERVENCIONES: los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos para recibir 2 flujos diferentes de anestesia con desflurano: flujo alto (grupo FA) y flujo bajo (grupo FB). MEDICIONES: se extrajeron muestras de sangre al inicio (t 0 ) y al final (t 1 ) de la cirugía y después de 24 h (t 2 ). Los niveles plasmáticos de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico fueron medidos usando un ensayo de inmunoabsorción conectando un kit de reactivos de Griess, respectivamente. Se evaluaron los parámetros hemodinámicos y respiratorios. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los 2 grupos con relación a los niveles de interleucina-10 en los tiempos de medición. Los niveles de interleucina-10 aumentaron igualmente en ambos grupos en los tiempos t 1 y t 2 en comparación con las concentraciones en el preoperatorio. En ambos grupos, las concentraciones circulantes de óxido nítrico estaban significativamente reducidas en los tiempos t 1 y t 2 en comparación con las concentraciones en el preoperatorio. Sin embargo, el valor de óxido nítrico fue menor en el grupo FA que en el grupo FB en el t 2 . No hubo correlación entre los niveles de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico. CONCLUSIÓN: el uso clínico de 2 flujos diferentes en anestesia con desflurano puede aumentar los ...

Randomized, controlled trial comparing the effects of anesthesia with propofol, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane on pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Pain is the primary complaint and the main reason for prolonged recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The authors hypothesized that patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy will have less pain four hours after surgery when receiving maintenance of anesthesia with propofol when compared to isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized trial, 80 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were assigned to propofol, isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia. Our primary outcome was pain measured on the numeric analog scale four hours after surgery. We also recorded intraoperative use of opioids as well as analgesic consumption during the first 24h after surgery. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores four hours after surgery (p=0.72). There were also no statistically significant differences in pain scores between treatment groups during the 24h after surgery (p=0.45). Intraoperative use of fentanyl and morphine did not vary significantly among the groups (p=0.21 and 0.24, respectively). There were no differences in total morphine and hydrocodone/APAP use during the first 24h (p=0.61 and 0.53, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients receiving maintenance of general anesthesia with propofol do not have less pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy when compared to isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane.

Randomized, controlled trial comparing the effects of anesthesia with propofol, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane on pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy / Estudo randômico controlado que compara os efeitos da anestesia com propofol, isoflurano, desflurano e sevoflurano sobre a dor pós-colecistectomia videolaparoscópica / Estudio aleatorizado controlado comparando los efectos de la anestesia con propofol, isoflurano, desflurano y sevoflurano sobre el dolor poscolecistectomía videolaparoscópica

Background: Pain is the primary complaint and the main reason for prolonged recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The authors hypothesized that patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy will have less pain four hours after surgery when receiving maintenance of anesthesia with propofol when compared to isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane. Methods: In this prospective, randomized trial, 80 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were assigned to propofol, isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia. Our primary outcome was pain measured on the numeric analog scale four hours after surgery. We also recorded intraoperative use of opioids as well as analgesic consumption during the first 24 h after surgery. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores four hours after surgery (p = 0.72). There were also no statistically significant differences in pain scores between treatment groups during the 24 h after surgery (p = 0.45). Intraoperative use of fentanyl and morphine did not vary significantly among the groups (p = 0.21 and 0.24, respectively). There were no differences in total morphine and hydrocodone/APAP use during the first 24 h (p = 0.61 and 0.53, respectively). Conclusion: Patients receiving maintenance of general anesthesia with propofol do not have less pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy when compared to isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane. .

Justificativa e objetivo: a dor é a principal queixa e também o motivo principal de recuperação prolongada pós-colecistectomia laparoscópica. A nossa hipótese foi que os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica apresentariam menos dor quatro horas após a cirurgia se recebessem manutenção anestésica com propofol em comparação com isoflurano, desflurano ou sevoflurano. Métodos: neste estudo prospectivo e randômico, 80 pacientes agendados para colecistectomia laparoscópica foram designados para receber propofol, isoflurano, desflurano ou sevoflurano para manutenção da anestesia. Nosso desfecho primário foi dor mensurada em escala analógica numérica quatro horas após a cirurgia. Também registramos o uso intraoperatório de opiáceos, bem como o consumo de analgésicos durante as primeiras 24 horas pós-cirúrgicas. Resultados: não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos escores de dor quatro horas após a cirurgia (p = 0,72). Também não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nos escores de dor entre os grupos de tratamento durante as 24 horas pós-cirúrgicas (p = 0,45). O uso intraoperatório de fentanil e morfina não variou significativamente entre os grupos (p = 0,21 e 0,24, respectivamente). Não houve diferença no consumo total de morfina e hidrocodona/APAP durante as primeiras 24 horas (p = 0,61 e 0,53, respectivamente). Conclusão: os pacientes que receberam propofol para manutenção da anestesia geral não apresentaram menos dor pós-colecistectomia videolaparoscópica em comparação com os que receberam isoflurano, desflurano ou sevoflurano. .

Justificación y objetivo: el dolor es el principal motivo de queja y también la principal razón de una prolongada recuperación tras una colecistectomía laparoscópica. Nuestra hipótesis fue que los pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica tenían menos dolor 4 h después de la cirugía cuando recibían propofol para la anestesia en comparación con isoflurano, desflurano o sevoflurano. Métodos: en este estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado, 80 pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica fueron designados para recibir propofol, isoflurano, desflurano o sevoflurano para el mantenimiento de la anestesia. Nuestro primer resultado fue el dolor medido en escala analógica numérica 4 h después de la cirugía. También registramos el uso intraoperatorio de opiáceos y el consumo de analgésicos durante las primeras 24 h del postoperatorio. Resultados: no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones del dolor 4 h después de la cirugía (p = 0,72). Tampoco hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones del dolor entre los grupos de tratamiento durante las 24 h del postoperatorio (p = 0,45). El uso intraoperatorio de fentanilo y morfina no varió significativamente entre los grupos (p = 0,21 y 0,24 respectivamente). No hubo una diferencia en el consumo total de morfina e hidrocodona/APAP durante las primeras 24 h (p = 0,61 y 0,53 respectivamente). Conclusiones: los pacientes que recibieron propofol para el mantenimiento de la anestesia general no tenían menos dolor poscolecistectomía videolaparoscópica en comparación con los que recibieron isoflurano, desflurano o sevoflurano. .

Duration effect of desflurane anesthesia and its awakening time and arterial concentration in gynecologic patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the awakening arterial blood concentration of desflurane and its relationship with the end-tidal concentration during emergence from various durations of general anesthesia. METHOD: In total, 42 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class I-II female patients undergoing elective gynecologic surgery were enrolled. General anesthesia was maintained with fixed 6% inspiratory desflurane in 6 l min-1 oxygen until shutoff of the vaporizer at the end of surgery. One milliliter of arterial blood was obtained for desflurane concentration determination by gas chromatography at 20 and 10 minutes before and 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after the discontinuation of desflurane and at the time of eye opening upon verbal command, defined as awakening. Concentrations of inspiratory and end-tidal desflurane were simultaneously detected by an infrared analyzer. RESULTS: The mean arterial blood concentration of desflurane was 1.20% at awakening, which correlated with the awakening end-tidal concentration of 0.96%. The mean time from the discontinuation of desflurane to eye opening was 5.2 minutes (SD = 1.6, range 3-10), which was not associated with the duration of anesthesia (60-256 minutes), total fentanyl dose, or body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS: The mean awakening arterial blood concentration of desflurane was 1.20%. The time to awakening was independent of anesthetic duration within four hours. Using well-assisted ventilation, the end-tidal concentration of desflurane was proven to represent the arterial blood concentration during elimination and could be a clinically feasible predictor of emergence from general anesthesia.

Duration effect of desflurane anesthesia and its awakening time and arterial concentration in gynecologic patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine the awakening arterial blood concentration of desflurane and its relationship with the end-tidal concentration during emergence from various durations of general anesthesia. METHOD: In total, 42 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class I-II female patients undergoing elective gynecologic surgery were enrolled. General anesthesia was maintained with fixed 6% inspiratory desflurane in 6 l min-1 oxygen until shutoff of the vaporizer at the end of surgery. One milliliter of arterial blood was obtained for desflurane concentration determination by gas chromatography at 20 and 10 minutes before and 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after the discontinuation of desflurane and at the time of eye opening upon verbal command, defined as awakening. Concentrations of inspiratory and end-tidal desflurane were simultaneously detected by an infrared analyzer. RESULTS: The mean arterial blood concentration of desflurane was 1.20% at awakening, which correlated with the awakening end-tidal concentration of 0.96%. The mean time from the discontinuation of desflurane to eye opening was 5.2 minutes (SD = 1.6, range 3-10), which was not associated with the duration of anesthesia (60-256 minutes), total fentanyl dose, or body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS: The mean awakening arterial blood concentration of desflurane was 1.20%. The time to awakening was independent of anesthetic duration within four hours. Using well-assisted ventilation, the end-tidal concentration of desflurane was proven to represent the arterial blood concentration during elimination and could be a clinically feasible predictor of emergence from general anesthesia. .

Hyperventilation accelerates the rise of arterial blood concentrations of desflurane in gynecologic patients.

OBJECTIVES: Under a constant inspired concentration, the uptake of a volatile anesthetic into the arterial blood should mainly be governed by alveolar ventilation, according to the assumption that the patient's cardiac output remains stable during anesthesia. We investigated whether ventilation volume affects the rate of desflurane uptake by examining arterial blood concentrations. METHOD: Thirty female patients were randomly allocated into the following three groups: hyperventilation, normal ventilation and hypoventilation. Hemodynamic variables were measured using a Finometer, inspiratory and end-tidal concentrations of desflurane were measured by infrared analysis, and the desflurane concentration in the arterial blood (Ades) was analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS: During the first 10 minutes after the administration of desflurane, the Ades was highest in the hyperventilation group, and this value was significantly different from those obtained for the normal and hypoventilation groups. In addition, hyperventilation significantly increased the slope of Ades-over-time during the first 5 minutes compared with patients experiencing normal ventilation and hypoventilation, but there were no differences in these slopes during the periods from 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 minutes after the administration of desflurane. This finding indicates that there were no differences in desflurane uptake between the three groups after the first 5 minutes within desflurane administration. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperventilation accelerated the rate of the rise in Ades following desflurane administration, which was time-dependent with respect to different alveolar ventilations levels.

Hyperventilation accelerates the rise of arterial blood concentrations of desflurane in gynecologic patients

OBJECTIVES: Under a constant inspired concentration, the uptake of a volatile anesthetic into the arterial blood should mainly be governed by alveolar ventilation, according to the assumption that the patient's cardiac output remains stable during anesthesia. We investigated whether ventilation volume affects the rate of desflurane uptake by examining arterial blood concentrations. METHOD: Thirty female patients were randomly allocated into the following three groups: hyperventilation, normal ventilation and hypoventilation. Hemodynamic variables were measured using a Finometer, inspiratory and end-tidal concentrations of desflurane were measured by infrared analysis, and the desflurane concentration in the arterial blood (Ades) was analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS: During the first 10 minutes after the administration of desflurane, the Ades was highest in the hyperventilation group, and this value was significantly different from those obtained for the normal and hypoventilation groups. In addition, hyperventilation significantly increased the slope of Ades-over-time during the first 5 minutes compared with patients experiencing normal ventilation and hypoventilation, but there were no differences in these slopes during the periods from 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 minutes after the administration of desflurane. This finding indicates that there were no differences in desflurane uptake between the three groups after the first 5 minutes within desflurane administration. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperventilation accelerated the rate of the rise in Ades following desflurane administration, which was time-dependent with respect to different alveolar ventilations levels.

Hemodynamic effects of butorphanol in desflurane-anesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of butorphanol on cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs anesthetized with desflurane and breathing spontaneously. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized experimental trial. ANIMALS: Twenty dogs weighing 12 ± 3 kg. METHODS: Animals were distributed into two groups: a control group (CG) and butorphanol group (BG). Propofol was used for induction and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane (10%). Forty minutes after induction, the dogs in the CG received sodium chloride 0.9% (0.05 mL kg(-1) IM), and dogs in the BG received butorphanol (0.4 mg kg(-1) IM). The first measurements of body temperature (BT), heart rate (HR), arterial pressures (AP), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), central venous pressure (CVP), stroke volume index (SVI), pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), left ventricular stroke work (LVSW), systemic (SVR) and pulmonary (PVR) vascular resistances, respiratory rate (f(R) ), and arterial oxygen (PaO(2) ) and carbon dioxide (PaCO(2) ) partial pressures were taken immediately before the administration of butorphanol or sodium chloride solution (T0) and then at 15-minute intervals (T15-T75). RESULTS: In the BG, HR, AP, mPAP and SVR decreased significantly from T15 to T75 compared to baseline. f(R) was lower at T30 than at T0 in the BG. AP and f(R) were significantly lower than in the CG from T15 to T75. PVR was lower in the BG than in the CG at T30, while PaCO(2) was higher compared with T0 from T30 to T75 in the BG and significantly higher than in the CG at T30 to T75. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At the studied dose, butorphanol caused hypotension and decreased ventilation during desflurane anesthesia in dogs. The hypotension (from 86 ± 10 to 64 ± 10 mmHg) is clinically relevant, despite the maintenance of cardiac index.