ABSTRACT
We describe the synthesis and biological testing of ruthenium-bipyridine ruxolitinib (RuBiRuxo), a photoreleasable form of ruxolitinib, a JAK inhibitor used as an antitumoral agent in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). This novel caged compound is synthesized efficiently, is stable in aqueous solution at room temperature, and is photoreleased rapidly by visible light. Irradiation of RuBiRuxo reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a light- and time-dependent manner in a CTCL cell line. This effect is specific and is mediated by a decreased phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Our results demonstrate the potential of ruthenium-based photocompounds and light-based therapeutic approaches for the potential treatment of cutaneous lymphomas and other pathologies.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Apoptosis , Cell Proliferation , Nitriles , Pyrazoles , Pyrimidines , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Nitriles/chemistry , Nitriles/pharmacology , Nitriles/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Apoptosis/drug effects , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Cell Line, Tumor , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Ruthenium/chemistry , Ruthenium/pharmacology , Light , Molecular Structure , Janus Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Janus Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
JAK inhibitors have been considered as useful targets for the treatment of related diseases. However, first-generation JAK inhibitors have side effects such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and headaches which have been suggested to result from high JAK2 inhibition. Second-generation JAK inhibitors with more specific JAK isozyme inhibition have been studied to eliminate these adverse effects. In this study, novel 4-(1,5- or 2,5-triazole)-pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives with aromatic moieties were synthesized as JAK1 inhibitors, and an in vitro enzyme assay was used to evaluate the JAK inhibitory effects. Among these JAK1 inhibitors, the compound 23a showed an IC50 level of 72 nM, as well as being selective against other JAKs by 12 times or more: the results of molecular docking studies suggested that the high JAK1 selectivity resulted from a key interaction between the iodine atom of compound 23a and His-885 of hJAK1.
Subject(s)
Janus Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Triazoles/pharmacology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Janus Kinase 1/metabolism , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrroles/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Triazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
The Janus family of tyrosine kinases (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2) play an essential role in the receptor signaling of cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, and there is emerging interest in the development of small-molecule-inhaled JAK inhibitors as treatments. Here, we describe the optimization of a quinazoline series of JAK inhibitors and the results of mouse lung pharmacokinetic (PK) studies where only low concentrations of parent compound were observed. Subsequent investigations revealed that the low exposure was due to metabolism by aldehyde oxidase (AO), so we sought to identify quinazolines that were not metabolized by AO. We found that specific substituents at the quinazoline 2-position prevented AO metabolism and this was rationalized through computational docking studies in the AO binding site, but they compromised kinome selectivity. Results presented here highlight that AO metabolism is a potential issue in the lung.
Subject(s)
Aldehyde Oxidase/metabolism , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Lung/metabolism , Administration, Intranasal , Administration, Intravenous , Animals , Binding Sites , Drug Delivery Systems , Female , Humans , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Models, Molecular , Molecular Docking Simulation , Quinazolines/chemical synthesis , Quinazolines/pharmacokinetics , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The mechanisms of inflammation and cancer are intertwined by complex networks of signaling pathways. Dysregulations in the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway underlie several pathogenic conditions related to chronic inflammatory states, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Historically, the potential application of JAK inhibition has been thoroughly explored, thus triggering an escalation of favorable results in this field. So far, five JAK inhibitors have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of different diseases. Considering the complexity of JAK-depending processes and their involvement in multiple disorders, JAK inhibitors are the perfect candidates for drug repurposing and for the assessment of multitarget strategies. Herein we reviewed the recent progress concerning JAK inhibition, including the innovations provided by the release of JAKs crystal structures and the improvement of synthetic strategies aimed to simplify of the industrial scale-up.
