Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction with Probing, Experience in a Mexican Eye Center.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management, complications and prognosis of lacrimalprobing in patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational and analytical study. We studied the prevalence, symptoms and signs, both before and after probing, in patients with CNLDO diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 at Instituto Fundación Conde deValenciana. RESULTS: The prevalence at our hospital of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children less than 1 year of age was 16.1%. 71 eyes of 56 patients undergoing probing were analyzed. 61% of patients were male. The right eye was affected in 46.4%.The average age of diagnosis of CNLDO was 10.2±7.6 months. 84.5% consulted for excessive tearing and 73.2% because of eye discharge. On ophthalmological examination, 71.8% had increased tear meniscus and 45.1% had discharge from punctum when digital pressure was applied to the lacrimal sac. The average age at the time of probing was 14.1±8.4 months. Subsequent to the probing, only 21.1% reported presence of tearing and 5.6% reported ocular discharge, both with a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05 from pre-op). After probing, only 16.9% of eyes had increased tear meniscus and 11.3% presented discharge from punctum after pressure at the lacrimal sac. Both decreases were statistically significant (p<0.05). 2 eyes (2.82%)of 2 patients required a second probing to obtain full resolution. CONCLUSION: Probing was successful in 76.1% of eyes. Success was observed even inpatients over 2 years of age. There was a statistically significant decrease of both signs and symptoms of CNLDO with lacrimal probing.

Prevalence and associated factors of external punctal stenosis among elderly patients in Turkey.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of external punctal stenosis (EPS) in the elderly population and investigate associated factors. METHODS: A total of 278 patients ≥65 years of age were evaluated for evidence of EPS from January to July 2016. Associated systemic, ocular, demographic, and lifestyle factors were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the factors related to having EPS. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of EPS in this study population was 63.3%, with a mean age of 70.67 ± 7.85 (65-92 years). The ocular factor that was most commonly related to EPS was chronic blepharitis (48.9%). EPS was also associated with taking glaucoma medications (95% CI, 0.08-0.96, p=0.043), smoking history (95% CI, 0.13-0.84, p=0.021), ectropion (95% CI, 0.004-0.26, p=0.001), complaints of tearing (95% CI, 1.11-3.52, p=0.02), and outdoor occupational activity (95% CI, 3.42-9.97, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: EPS is more common in elderly patients than in the general population. Outdoor occupational activity, taking antiglaucomatous medications, ectropion, and smoking are significantly associated with EPS. In addition, surgical treatment decisions should be made after complete evaluation and interviewing the patients.

Prevalence and associated factors of external punctal stenosis among elderly patients in Turkey / Prevalência e fatores associados à estenose externa do ponto lacrimal em pacientes idosos na Turquia

ABSTRACT Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of external punctal stenosis (EPS) in the elderly population and investigate associated factors. Methods: A total of 278 patients ≥65 years of age were evaluated for evidence of EPS from January to July 2016. Associated systemic, ocular, demographic, and lifestyle factors were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the factors related to having EPS. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of EPS in this study population was 63.3%, with a mean age of 70.67 ± 7.85 (65-92 years). The ocular factor that was most commonly related to EPS was chronic blepharitis (48.9%). EPS was also associated with taking glaucoma medications (95% CI, 0.08-0.96, p=0.043), smoking history (95% CI, 0.13-0.84, p=0.021), ectropion (95% CI, 0.004-0.26, p=0.001), complaints of tearing (95% CI, 1.11-3.52, p=0.02), and outdoor occupational activity (95% CI, 3.42-9.97, p<0.05). Conclusions: EPS is more common in elderly patients than in the general population. Outdoor occupational activity, taking antiglaucomatous medications, ectropion, and smoking are significantly associated with EPS. In addition, surgical treatment decisions should be made after complete evaluation and interviewing the patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de estenose externa do ponto lacrimal (EEPL) na população idosa e investigar os fatores associados. Métodos: Foram avaliados 278 pacientes ≥65 anos com estenose externa do ponto lacrimal de janeiro a julho de 2016. Todos os fatores sistêmicos, oculares, demográficos e de estilo de vida associados foram investigados. Foram utilizadas análises de regressão logística múltipla para avaliar os fatores relacionados a estenose externa do ponto lacrimal, valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A prevalência de estenose externa do ponto lacrimal foi de 63,3%, com idade média de 70,67 ± 7,85 (65-92 anos). O fator ocular mais relacionado com estenose externa do ponto lacrimal foi blefarite crônica. (IC de 95%, 0,08-0,96, p=0,043), história de tabagismo (IC 95%, 0,13-0,84, p=0,021), ectrópio (IC 95%, 0,004-0,26, p=0,001), queixa de lacrimejamento (95% IC, 1,11-3,52, p=0,02) e atividade ocupacional ao ar livre (IC 95%, 3,42-9,97, p<0,05). Conclusão: A estenose externa do ponto lacrimal é um distúrbio mais comum em pacientes idosos do que na população em geral. Atividade ocupacional ao ar livre, medicação antiglaucomatosa, ectrópio e tabagismo foram significativamente associados com estenose externa do ponto lacrimal. A decisão sobre tratamento cirúrgico deve ser dada após a avaliação completas dos fatores associados em cada paciente.

[Lacrimal sac tumors presenting as lacrimal obstruction. Retrospective study in Mexican patients 2007-2012]. / Tumores del saco lagrimal que se presentan como obstrucción de la vía lagrimal. Estudio retrospectivo en la población mexicana durante 2007-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the demographic and clinical data of primary tumors of the lacrimal sac presenting as lacrimal obstruction. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study was conducted between the years 2007 to 2012 on all patients undergoing surgery for low lacrimal obstruction at Dr. Luis Sanchez Bulnes Hospital, an Association for the prevention of blindness in Mexico IAP. RESULTS: Primary tumors of the lacrimal sac represented 2.5% of all lacrimal obstructions, being more common in women than in men (8:1). The large majority (89%) of the cases were non-epithelial, with lymphoid lesions being the most frequent. Benign tumors were presented at a younger age (50 years old) than malignant (70 years old). One-third (33%) of cases were unexpected findings during surgery (100% benign). Just over half (55%) were malignant tumors (1.4% of obstructions), all of them lymphoproliferative lesions. The most frequent clinical tumor was in the inner edge, either with or without epiphora. The progression time varied according to the degree of aggressiveness of the lymphoma (3 months-10 years). CONCLUSIONS: Lacrimal sac tumors are rare, but they must be taken into account in patients with an unusual clinical presentation of lacrimal obstruction.

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in premature children.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in premature and full-term children. METHODS: Medical records of 200 premature and 200 full-term children from July 2004 to November 2009 at the Peri-Peri Health Center were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-three nasolacrimal ducts in 32 premature children (21 patients were bilateral) and 9 nasolacrimal ducts in 7 full-term children (2 patients were bilateral) diagnosed as having CNLDO were retrospectively examined. RESULTS: Of the 200 premature children, 32 (16%) had CNLDO compared with 7 (3.5%) of the 200 full-term infants (P < .0001). Thirty premature infants and five full-term children underwent conservative treatment. Bilateral obstruction was found in all 3 extremely premature children (gestational age < 28 weeks), in 9 (69.23%) moderately premature children (gestational age of 28 to 31 weeks), in 9 (56.25%) mildly premature children (gestational age of 32 to 36 weeks), and in 2 (28.57%) full-term children (gestational age > 37 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: This study reported a higher incidence of CNLDO in preterm infants when compared to full-term infants. This might be expected in light of the normal development of the nasolacrimal duct system, the patency of which normally occurs after the preterm infant is born.

[Management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction]. / Tratamento das obstruções congênitas do ducto nasolacrimal.

PURPOSE: To present the success rate in treating congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with hydrostatic pressure (Crigler method). METHODS: Clinical data from 186 children aged up to 32 months treated from 1990 until 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The procedure was repeated up to 3 times at a one week interval. Using EPI INFO version 6.04 software for analysis, data were tabulated and statistical significance was evaluated by applying chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Leading age group was 1 to 5 months old (56.4%) for males and females. Affection was bilateral in 36.3%, 34.1% on right side and 29.6% on the left side. All cases had epiphora and 56.5% presented mucopurulent discharge. Cure was achieved with one massage for 43.6%, 23.3% with two, 17.4% with three and, with 4 and 5+ sessions in respectively 5.8% and 9.0%. Those 14 cases who did not respond to massage were treated with probing. CONCLUSION: The Crigler method was effective in managing congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction cases.

Tratamento das obstruções congênitas do ducto nasolacrimal / Management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados do tratamento da obstrução nasolacrimal congênita com a massagem hidrostática de Crigler. MÉTODOS: Cento e oitenta e seis crianças com idade de até 32 meses com obstrução nasolacrimal congênita foram estudadas retrospectivamente de 1990 a 2005. O procedimento foi repetido três vezes em cada sessão, com intervalo de uma semana entre as sessões. A análise foi realizada com o programa informatizado EPI INFO versão 6.04. A significância estatística foi avaliada pela aplicação dos testes do qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: A faixa de idade predominante nos dois sexos foi de 1 a 5 meses (56,4 por cento), a localização foi bilateral em 36,3 por cento, do lado direito em 34,1 por cento e do lado esquerdo em 29,6 por cento. A epífora estava presente em 100 por cento dos casos e secreção em 56,5 por cento. Curaram com uma sessão 43,6 por cento dos casos, com duas 23,3 por cento, com três 17,4 por cento e com 4 e 5 ou mais sessões 5,8 por cento e 9,0 por cento dos pacientes, respectivamente. Os 14 pacientes que não responderam a massagem foram tratados com sondagem. CONCLUSÃO: A massagem hidrostática de Crigler é efetiva para a obstrução nasolacrimal congênita.

PURPOSE: To present the success rate in treating congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with hydrostatic pressure (Crigler method). METHODS: Clinical data from 186 children aged up to 32 months treated from 1990 until 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The procedure was repeated up to 3 times at a one week interval. Using EPI INFO version 6.04 software for analysis, data were tabulated and statistical significance was evaluated by applying chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Leading age group was 1 to 5 months old (56.4 percent) for males and females. Affection was bilateral in 36.3 percent, 34.1 percent on right side and 29.6 percent on the left side. All cases had epiphora and 56.5 percent presented mucopurulent discharge. Cure was achieved with one massage for 43.6 percent, 23.3 percent with two, 17.4 percent with three and, with 4 and 5+ sessions in respectively 5.8 percent and 9.0 percent. Those 14 cases who did not respond to massage were treated with probing. CONCLUSION: The Crigler method was effective in managing congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction cases.

[Congenital nasolacrimal obstruction: successful treatment factors]. / Obstrução nasolacrimal congênita: fatores relacionados com a possibilidade de cura.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the possibility of epiphora relief in congenital nasolacrimal obstruction according to the age of the beginning of epiphora complaint and treatment effectiveness. METHODS: Forty children with congenital nasolacrimal obstruction underwent treatment between 1997 and 1999 and were evaluated according to: age of start of epiphora, the results of the treatment and the possibility of successful outcome. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by the binomial proportional test between and within populations. RESULTS: The success rate was worst when the epiphora started after the age of 4 months and results were similar on massage and probing, cure occurring even beyond 3 years of age. CONCLUSION: According to our results, the relief of epiphora was worst when starting at age over 4 months. Massage and probing may have good results even in children older than 3 years.

Obstrução nasolacrimal congênita: fatores relacionados com a possibilidade de cura / Congenital nasolacrimal obstruction: successful treatment factors

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a chance de cura da obstrução nasolacrimal congênita de acordo com a idade em que se deu o início da epífora e o tratamento efetuado. MÉTODOS: Quarenta crianças portadoras de obstrução nasolacrimal congênita, atendidas no período de 1997 a 1999, foram estudadas retrospectivamente, avaliando-se: idade do início da epífora, tratamento efetuado e possibilidade de cura. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística e usou-se o teste de proporções binomiais para contrastes entre e dentro de populações. RESULTADOS: A proporção de cura foi menor quando a epífora se iniciou em idade superior a 4 meses de vida, havendo possibilidade de cura com massagem e/ou sondagem em mesmas proporções, sendo possível obter cura também em crianças com idade superior a 3 anos de vida. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados mostram que a possibilidade de cura sofre a influência da época do início da epífora e que o tratamento com massagem ou sondagem pode ser efetivo, mesmo em crianças com idade superior a 3 anos de idade.

Ocular findings in Down's syndrome.

PURPOSE: To identify the most common ocular findings in a pediatric group of patients with Down's syndrome. METHODS: A total of 152 children with Down's syndrome between two months and 18 years of age prospectively underwent ocular examination, including visual acuity assessment, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ocular motility, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS: Ocular findings in decreasing prevalence were the following: upward slanting of the palpebral fissure with the outer canthus 2 mm or higher than the inner canthus (82%), epicanthal folds (61%), astigmatism (60%), iris abnormalities (52%), strabismus (38%), lacrimal system obstruction (30%), blepharitis (30%), retinal abnormalities (28%), hyperopia (26%), amblyopia (26%), nystagmus (18%), cataract (13%), and myopia (13%). Visual acuity was assessed, and the Teller acuity cards were the most useful method of examination. The patients younger than five years old had a higher prevalence of hyperopia than did those in other age groups; patients between five and 12 years old had a higher prevalence of astigmatism; and patients older than 12 years of age had more iris abnormalities, strabismus, and cataract. Myopia and myopic astigmatism were more common in the patients with cardiac malformations. CONCLUSION: The early diagnosis of the ocular abnormalities in patients with Down's syndrome, by using Teller acuity cards in assessing visual acuity facilitates the treatment of refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia and may minimize handicaps.

Frequência de obstruçäo congênita do ducto nasolacrimal na Clínica Pediátrica da Santa Casa de Säo Paulo / Frequency on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction at the department of pediatrics of Santa Casa Central Hospital

Cento e doze pacientes com idade entre 15 dias e 3 meses foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico para verificaçäo da ocorrência de obstruçäo sintomática do ducto nasolacrimal. Foram encontrados 3 caso, 2 unilaterais e 1 bilateral, correspondendo a 2,7 por cento