[A Study on the Entering and Out-going Trends at Japan's National Hansen's Disease Sanatoriums].

A Hansen's disease (HD) policy began in Japan with the enactment of the No. 11 Act on Leprosy (1907 law No. 11), which was the first leprosy prevention law in Japan in 1907. Results of the law included the enforcement of regulations of the stated law and the establishment of Prefectural Allied (National) HD Sanatoriums in 1909. This policy continued until the "leprosy prevention law" abolition in 1996, and about 35,000 people were placed in isolation; however, its entering and out-going trends are not clear yet. The purpose of this research is to clarify the actual condition of the Japanese HD policy. We added up the number of individuals entering and leaving the sanatorium from 1909 to 2010. This information was collected from annual reports and the internal material from each national sanatorium. In the results, the number of general residents (new, re-entering, transferring from other sanatoriums) and the number of general out-going persons (transferring to another sanatorium, formal discharge, informal discharge including escape and wrong diagnosis, and others) were all totaled as the running number during the 102 year span, in addition to being added to the deaths. The results show that the number of general residents was 56,575 people and the number of general out-going persons was 54,047 people (death: 25,200 people; change of sanatorium: 4,350 people; formal discharge: 7,124 people; informal discharge including escape: 12,378 people; wrong diagnosis: 310 people; others: 4,685 people). Based on the details of each leprosy prevention law, the results for the first "1907 law No. 11" show that the number of general residents was 12,673 people and the number of general out-going persons was 9,070 people. The "1931 leprosy prevention law" results show that the number of general residents was 31,232 people and the number of general out-going persons was 23,354 people. The "1953 leprosy prevention law" results show that the number of general inmates was 12,098 people and the number of general out-going persons was 18,159 people. The "1996 law about repeal of leprosy prevention law" results show that the number of general residents was 572 people and the number of general out-going persons was 3,464 people. We can clarify the number of general residents and the number of general out-going persons in the National HD Sanatoriums in Japan.

[Learning from the history of leprosy--looking back at one hundred years of medicine at the leprosaria].

This year is the centennial anniversary of the five national leprosaria in Japan. It means that the official accommodation of leprosy patients who were wandering on the streets started in 1909. At that time, the existence of these leprosy patients on the streets was considered as a national shame and also an evidence of falling behind the Western cultured countries. Japanese people and the government were hypersensitive of such notoriety, especially from the Western countries. Some doctors, politicians and bureaucrats were really concerned about the situation and made great efforts to establish the leprosy separation law. It was implemented in 1907, but it took two more years for the preparation of the sanatoria for accommodation. The leprosy separation law has persisted until 1996. It has been revised to the leprosy segregation law in 1931, and to the leprosy isolation law in 1953. Although the law underwent two revisions, the main ideology of isolation has been abundant for almost ninety years. This law has been infamous for its misery and pointed out to be abolished by the WHO. This paper will focus attention on the doctors, politicians and bureaucrats who have worked for the institution of this cruel law, and also discuss the reason why this law had prevailed.

Ouvidoria: o sentido ético da participação / Ombudsman: the ethical sense of participation

A intencao de realizar esta pesquisa sobre o tema "Ouvidoria: o sentido etico da participacao", é contribuir com a qualidade dos servicos prestados à população usuária do ILSL. O setor ouvidoria, desde que implantado, constitui-se como instrumento de transformação considerando importante a opinião e a participação do cliente/ usuário na identificação de pontos que possam ser melhorados, tornando-se democrático. O estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as representações e a participação dos usuários do ILSL na ouvidoria e quantificar essas representações, bem como conhecer as atribuições do ouvidor, que deve agir sempre de acordo com o código de ética profissional. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como quali-quantitativa, descrevendo e correlacionando os dados obtidos. O universo da pesquisa contemplou-se por profissionais que compõem ou fizeram parte da ouvidoria entre os anos de 2000 a 2006. Percebe-se, com a pesquisa, que a procura pelos serviços da ouvidoria tem aumentado e que ela esta sendo gradativamente conhecida, devido a divulgação dos seus serviços.

[The history of Yunosawa village and the policy of leprosy of Japan III].

There was a village which was called Yunosawa, lots of leprosy patients lived, existed from 1887 to 1941, Kusatu town, Gunnma Prefecture, Japan. It was the only place continued securing self-government to the last as area was free from the isolation policy of State in prewar days there. The aim of this study will make clear the dynamism of "The protection from the tension of the society of leprosy patient currently persecuted" to "The defense of the society from the leprosy patient who is a source of infection". In this study, explained the history of the Yunosawa village and the shift of the policy of leprosy by State had relation to the village. In addition, showed worth of free medical-treatment area here.

[The history of Yunosawa village and the policy of leprosy of Japan. I].

There was a village which was called Yunosawa, lots of leprosy patients lived, existed from 1887 to 1941, Kusatu town, Gunma Prefecture, Japan. It was the only place continued securing self-government to the last as area was free from the isolation policy of State in prewar days there. The aim of this study will make clear the dynamism of "The protection from the tension of the society of leprosy patient currently persecuted" to "The defense of the society from the leprosy patient who is a source of infection". In this study, it outlined what community of Yunosawa village. This seen here was not an image called the illness person's group but the advanced community, and was equipped fully with an autonomous system, institution, etc.

[The history of Yunosawa village and the policy of leprosy of Japan. II].

There was a village which was called Yunosawa, lots of leprosy patients lived, existed from 1887 to 1941, Kusatu town, Gunma Prefecture, Japan. It was the only place continued securing self-government to the last as area was free from the isolation policy of State in prewar days there. The aim of this study will make clear the dynamism of "The protection from the tension of the society of leprosy patient currently persecuted" to "The defense of the society from the leprosy patient who is a source of infection". In this study, explained the history of the Yunosawa village and the shift of the policy of leprosy by State had relation to the village. In addition, the effort of residents and Christianity persons' activity are drawn in this paper. Moreover also drew what is desired how it is going to live under adverse circumstances, and showed worth of free medical-treatment area here.

Comentários e sugestões de uma campanha anti-leprótica, baseados em nossa experiência de 21 anos no dispensário de Uruguaiana

O autor, baseado na sua experiência de 21 anos como único médico encarregado do Dispensário de Lepra de Uruguaiana, estudando 101 hansenianos, apresenta uma série de comentários, conclusões e sugestões. Destacou especialmente que em 67,4% dos doentes não pôde determinar a fonte aparente de contágio e que o Serviço de Moléstias da Pele diagnosticou 63 dos 101 enfermos da endemia, enquanto que pelo método dos exames periódicos dos comunicantes, só isolou 23, apesar de 81,3% do contrôle total dos mesmos. Os casos restantes foram obtidos por notificações, concluindo que sòmente o contrôle dos conviventes, especialmente nas zonas cujos censos não são apreciáveis, não satisfaria uma campanha anti-leprótica, em conseqüência do reduzido número de fichamentos que seriam obtidos por êste método, em confronto com o número real de doentes. O autor friza ainda que a conclusão acima ‚ reforçada pela quantidade extraordinária de hansenianos novos em que o inquérito não revela relação epidemiológica com os casos existentes e mesmo com nenhum foco aparente no âmbito de seus comunicantes. Preconiza o emprêgo indiscriminado de BCG na população, bem como nos comunicantes e doentes. Nos contatos, depois do uso desta vacina, em 250 testados, apenas 4 são lepromino-negativos atualmente. Pelas constatações documentadas no presente trabalho julga poder concluir que sómente os indivíduos lepromino-negativos ‚ que podem ser acometidos da hansenose, e que ‚ uma raridade um comunicante calmetizado adoecer se a vacina fôr usada antes do período de incubação da moléstia. Baseia-se esta última conclusão por ter observado em Uruguaiana, que apenas 3 por mil dos imunizados tornaram-se doentes, em confronto com os 239 por mil entre os não becegeizados, que foram acometidos de lepra...