Boletim epidemiológico: frequência de contatos não examinados de casos novos de hanseníase virchowiana e dimorfa com baciloscopia positiva - Goiás, 2017 a 2021 / Epidemiological bulletin: frequency of unexamined contacts of new cases of Virchowian and borderline leprosy with positive bacilloscopy - Goiás, 2017 to 2021

A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, um bacilo com tropismo pela pele e pelos nervos periféricos, com potencial de provocar deformidades físicas e incapacidades. O período de incubação da doença é longo, de 2 a 7 anos, podendo chegar a 20 anos ou mais. Este estudo consiste em uma análise retrospectiva, quantitativa, descritiva, das fichas de notificação do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN dos pacientes com diagnóstico de hanseníase (CID A30), nos anos de 2017 a 2021 e os Boletins de acompanhamento das referidas fichas

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a bacillus with tropism for the skin and peripheral nerves, with the potential to cause physical deformities and disabilities. The incubation period of the disease is long, from 2 to 7 years, and can reach 20 years or more. This study consists of a retrospective, quantitative, descriptive analysis of the notification of the Notifiable Diseases Information System - SINAN of patients diagnosed with leprosy (ICD A30), in the years 2017 to 2021 and the follow-up Bulletins of the referred forms

Nueva forma de presentación de la lepra lepromatosa en forma de patrón Prurigoide: descripción de un caso / No disponible

La lepra puede presentar diversas y complejas manifestaciones clínicas. Las lesiones cutáneas más frecuentemente encontradas son: máculas, pápulas, placas, nódulos y tubérculos. El propósito de esta comunicación es resaltar una forma de presentación atópica de lepra lepromatosa, en un adulto joven de sexo masculino, cuya lesiones iniciales eran pápulas excoriadas en superficie simulando una urticaria papular/prurigo simple. En este caso en particular, la anatomía patológica fue determinante para el diagnóstico correcto. Hacemos hincapié en que la lepra lepromatosa es una «gran simuladora» y los clínicos deberían estar alertas ante estas formas de manifestación rara, que ocurren en ciertas regiones endémicas

Leprosy may have diverse and complex clinical manifestations. Skin lesions most commonly found are: macules, papules, plaques, nodules and tubers. The purpose of this communication is to highlight a form of atypical presentation of lepromatous leprosy, in a young adult male, whose initial lesions were excoriated papules on surface simulating a prurigo/papular urticaria. In this particular case, the pathology was decisive for correct diagnosis. We emphasize that lepromatous leprosy is a great imitator and clinicians should be aware of these rare forms of manifestation, occurring in certain endemic areas

Inoculation site leprosy in a tattoo as a paradoxical reaction following tuberculosis treatment.

We present a patient who developed inoculation site leprosy in a tattoo, which was confirmed by Mycobacterium leprae DNA sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction product from a skin biopsy. His leprosy became manifest as a paradoxical reaction only after 8 weeks of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Úlcera de Buruli. Una enferfermad "menos" olvidada / No disponible

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El Proyecto de la fundación fotilles en la región del norte araguaia: desde 1996 a 2013 / No disponible

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Control de la lepra y contagionismo en suriman / No disponible

La lepra, aunque actualmente está desapareciendo, no ha sido derrotada todavía en Surinam. En la época colonial fue un gran problema para el gobierno colonial y la población, siendo la mayoría de pacientes (en la época pre-abolicionista) esclavos. En el siglo XVIII se estableció un sistema de control que ya incluía la en la legislación la detección y el confinamiento como métodos importantes. Los médicos holandeses que ejercían en Surinam durante el siglo XVIII y primera mitad del siglo XIX propusieron modelos contagionistas de contención que sugieren que la lepra era causada por una mezcla de factores, siendo la infección uno de ellos. Pero durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, los investigadores europeos rechazaron mayoritariamente la infección y prevaleció el anti-contagionismo, considerando la herencia y los factores medioambientales como su causa. Al mismo tiempo, en Surinam - puesto que la lepra estaba incontrolada - la lucha contra la lepra se reforzó promulgando leyes implacables para perseguir e identificar a los leprosos. A su vez, Charles Louis Drognat-Landré defendió el punto de vista (tesis Utrecht) de que solamente la infección es la causa de la lepra. Su argumento sobre el contagionismo fue rechazado en Holanda, pero posteriormente publicó sus ideas en francés y así llegaron a ser más conocidas internacionalmente e influyeron en el noruego Hansen. Este descubrió algunos años después el microorganismo causal. Se afirma que hay una relación entre el desarrollo de una forma de contagionismo típico surimanés, un sistema de control de la lepra brutal y la estructura política autocrática, no liberal (hacia los esclavos) de la colonia holandesa de Surinam

Leprosy is nowadays a disappearing but not yet defeated disease in Suriname. In colonial times it was a burden for colonial government and people, the majority of patients (in preabolition times) being slaves. In the 18th century a control system was established, with detection and isolation, anchored in legislation, as major methods. Dutch physicians working in Suriname in the 18th and first half of the 19th century proposed contingent contagionistic models, according to which leprosy was caused by a mixture of factors, infection being one of them. But in the first half of the 19th century European researchers generally denied infection as the cause of leprosy and the paradigm of anti-contagionism prevailed, considering heredity and environmental factors as its cause. At the same time in Suriname - because leprosy appeared uncontrollable - the fight against the disease was reinforced by promulgating more relentless laws to hunt and identify lepers. In line with this, the Suriname born Charles Louis Drognat-Landré defended the view (thesis Utrecht) that infection is the one and only cause of leprosy. His extreme contagionism was sharply rejected in The Netherlands, but then he published his ideas in French and so could reach the international scene and influence the Norwegian Hansen. The latter discovered the culpable micro-organism a few years later. We claim a correlation between the development of a typical Surinamese form of contagionism, the brutal leprosy control system and the autocratic, non-liberal (towards the slaves) political structure of the Dutch colony Suriname

La lepra infantil en la era post-eliminación de la lepra: análisis retrospectivo de la lepra: análisis retrospectivo de las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la enfermedad durante once años en un hospital de referencia en el norte de la India / No disponible

Antecedentes: Los niños son el grupo más vulnerable a la lepra y la lepra infantil refleja la transmisión de la enfermedad en la comunidad, así como la eficacia de sus programas de control. Objetivos: Estudiar las tendencias epidemiológicas y clínicas de los casos de lepra infantil en un hospital del norte de la India durante 2001-2011. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo analizando las historias clínicas de niños con lepra de 18 años o menores, registrados en los archivos de esta institución durante un período de 11 años. Las características demográficas y de la enfermedad, incluyendo edad, sexo, historia de contacto, duración de la enfermedad, patrón clínico, parámetros bacteriológicos e histopatológicos, reacciones y discapacidades fueron registradas mediante un formato prediseñado. Resultados: Durante este período se registraron 1225 casos de lepra, de los cuales 59 (4·81%) eran niños. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 10·06 ± 3·35 años con mayor cantidad de hombres (3·9:1). La historia de contactos con un caso de lepra estaba presente en 15 (25·4%) pacientes. La duración media de la enfermedad antes del diagnóstico fue de 18·5 meses (rango: 1 - 70 meses). La forma más típica fue la borderline tuberculoide (BT) en 40 niños (67·8%), seguida por la lepromatosa (LL) en 7 (11·9%), la borderline lepromatosa (BL) en 6 (10·1%), neurítica pura (PNL) en 2 (3·4%), tuberculoide (TT), borderline-borderline (BB), histioide y lepra indeterminada con 1 paciente cada una (1·7%). Las lesiones se localizaron en las extremidades superiores en 32 (54·2%), en extremidades inferiores en 29 (49·2%), en la cara en 27 (45·8%) y en el tronco en 26 (44·1%) pacientes. Se detectó una lesión única en 23 (39%), 2 - 5 lesiones en 12 (20·3%) y más de cinco lesiones en 22 (37·3%) niños. La baciloscopia fue positiva en 17 (28·8%) pacientes. Las leprorreacciones se detectaron en 20 pacientes (33·9%), de los cuales 14 (70%) presentaron tipo 1, y seis (30%) tipo 2. Se detectó engrosamiento del tronco nervioso periférico en 48 (81·4%) niños, de los cuáles 27 (56·3%) presentaron más de un nervio engrosado y 21 (43·7%) solamente un nervio. Hubo neuritis en 9 (15·3%) y discapacidad (tanto grado 1 como 2) al confirmar el diagnóstico en 24 (40·7%) pacientes. Seis (10·2%) niños no completaron el tratamiento. Se observaron tres casos (5·1%) de recidivas. Conclusiones: Los casos de lepra infantil y sus complicaciones siguen estando presentes en cantidades preocupantes en la India y esto sugiere la existencia de posibles deficiencias en los programas nacionales con el objetivo de la eliminación. Enfatizamos la importancia de los esfuerzos continuados y sostenidos para la detección precoz en la comunidad en general y seguimiento de los niños susceptibles entre los convivientes de casos de lepra en la era post-eliminación

Background: Children are believed to be the most vulnerable group for leprosy and childhood leprosy reflects disease transmission in the community as well as the efficiency of ongoing disease control programmes. Objectives: To study the epidemiological and clinical trends of childhood cases of leprosy at a tertiary care hospital in North India during 2001 - 2011. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken analysing the clinic records of children with leprosy less than or equal to 18 years registered at the leprosy clinic of this institute over an 11- year period. Demographic and disease characteristics including age, sex, history of contact, duration of disease, clinical pattern, bacteriological and histopathological parameters, reactions and disabilities were noted from a predesigned format. Results: A total of 1225 cases of leprosy were registered during this period, of whom 59 (4·81%) were children. The mean age of the patients was 10·06 ± 3·35 years with a male preponderance (3·9:1). History of close contact with a leprosy case was present in 15 (25·4%) patients. Mean duration of illness before diagnosis was 18·5 months (range: 1 - 70 months). Borderline tuberculoid (BT) was the commonest clinical type in 40 children (67·8%), followed by lepromatous (LL) in 7 (11·9%), borderline lepromatous (BL) in 6 (10·1%), pure neuritic (PNL) in 2 (3·4%), tuberculoid (TT), mid-borderline (BB), histoid and indeterminate leprosy in 1 patient (1·7%) each. Lesions were located over upper extremity in 32 (54·2%), lower extremity in 29 (49·2%), face in 27 (45·8%) and trunk in 26 (44·1%) patients. A single lesion was observed in 23 (39%), 2 - 5 lesions in 12 (20·3%) and more than five lesions in 22 (37·3%) children. The slit skin smear was positive in 17 (28·8%) patients. Lepra reactions were observed in 20 patients (33·9%), of whom 14 (70%) had Type 1, and six (30%) had Type 2 lepra reaction. Thickened peripheral nerve trunks were present in 48 (81·4%) children, of which, 27 (56·3%) had more than one thickened nerve and 21 (43·7%) had only a single nerve involved. Neuritis occurred in 9 (15·3%) and disability (both grade 1 and 2) at the time of diagnosis was noted in 24 (40·7%) patients. Six (10·2%) children defaulted from treatment. Three cases (5·1%) of relapse were observed

Constatación del papel de la búsqueda de contactos y estrategias de prevención en a interrupción de la transmisión de la Lepra - quimio profilaxis: llamamiento para pedir una mayor investigación / No disponible

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Transepidermal elimination of Mycobacterium leprae in histoid leprosy: a case report suggesting possible participation of skin in leprosy transmission.

An Indian patient of histoid leprosy presenting de novo, having numerous solid staining bacilli inside the intact epidermis and eliminating bacilli from the intact and the eroded epidermis, is reported. The diagnosis, suggested by the clinical features, was confirmed histopathologically. This unusual report indicates possible participation of skin in leprosy transmission.

Conjugal leprosy: A rarity.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease but conjugal leprosy in India is a rarity. Various hypotheses have been postulated to explain this rare phenomenon. Here we describe a family in South India, three members of which have been confirmed to be suffering from leprosy.

Leprosy: recognizing red flags.

A 28-year-old man from the Philippines presented with multiple papules and plaques symmetrically distributed on the arms and legs. This was associated with worsening paraesthesia of the hands and feet. A right common peroneal nerve decompression had been performed 2 years earlier. He was diagnosed with multibacillary leprosy on skin biopsy and subsequently treated with oral rifampicin, clofazamine and dapsone.

Localized lepromatous leprosy in household contact of multibacillary disease.

BACKGROUND: Lepromatous leprosy (LL) is a generalized disease, usually with numerous papules, nodules, or plaques containing abundant Mycobacterium leprae and affecting wide areas of the skin. AIM: To report on an LL patient presenting with two lesions on the face and to discuss its epidemiologic significance in the current context of leprosy elimination. METHODS: A 52-year-old housewife presented to our department with erythematous lesions over her face for 2 months. Her husband and son were treated for multibacillary leprosy 15 years previously. An infiltrated erythematous nodule was located over the right supraorbital area, and a single papule was present on the right eyelid. The rest of the examination was normal. RESULTS: A slit skin smear from the lesion revealed a bacillary index of 6+ and a morphologic index of 6%. A skin biopsy showed atrophic epidermis with an underlying clear grenz zone; the dermis showed massive infiltration of foamy macrophages, filled with bacilli and a few lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The presentation of LL or borderline lepromatous leprosy (BL) as a single cutaneous lesion (or localized lesions) is a rare presentation of multibacillary disease, and such cases can be undertreated. This case also highlights the need to further explore the role of immunoprophylaxis or chemoprophylaxis in the contacts of multibacillary cases.

Familial transmission of leprosy in post-war Britain--discrimination and dissent.

A Polish immigrant, who was resident in the United Kingdom (UK), presented with lepromatous leprosy and was detained in two hospitals against his wishes in the late 1940s. The public reaction to his diagnosis was remarkable, with street riots and questions in the Houses of Parliament about 'this leper'. His wife was persecuted and had to change her name. The index patient died of tuberculosis during enforced isolation in hospital, and several years later his daughter (who had never left the UK) presented with a left median nerve palsy and probable lepromatous dactylitis of the left third finger, eventually requiring amputation and prolonged dapsone treatment. Her disease resolved slowly but completely. We believe these two familial cases represent the first documented episode of autochthonous leprosy transmission in the UK since the early 1920s. They also demonstrate the ability of this disease to engender fear, dissent and discrimination amongst the public. Parallels are drawn with reactions to the cholera epidemics in nineteenth century Britain, and to HIV/AIDS, SARS and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in more recent times.

[Conjugal leprosy]. / Lepra conyugal.

OBJECTIVES: Determining the occurrence of leprosy amongst couples and establishing the type of leprosy in index and secondary cases. METHODS: The characteristics of leprosy were studied between 1980 and 2000 in Atlántico Department located on the Colombian Caribbean Coast. Clinical histories of patients registered in the Leprosy Control Programme were reviewed. Clinical exams were performed and personal interviews carried out with couples suffering from leprosy. RESULTS: Twenty-six married couples were found to be suffering from leprosy, representing 5.4% of leprosy cases detected during the study period. They were aged from 20 to 89. 65.4% of the index cases were men and 22 (84.6%) were multibacillary, lepromatous cases; two had indeterminate leprosy and two were suffering from tuberculoid leprosy. Sixty-one percent of the secondary cases were paucibacillary patients, 42% of them being tuberculoid. No paucibacillary cases were associated with multibacillary leprosy in the couples. Only two couples had consanguinity. None of the couples had had leprosy at the time of being married. The time between leprosy being detected in index cases and the disease being detected in secondary patients varied from 5 to 40 years. Disabilities were more common in the feet and to a higher degree in lepromatous index cases who had had the disease for a longer time than the secondary cases because these were more frequently paucibacillary patients who had a disease having shorter evolution. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of ongoing, prolonged contact, conjugal leprosy is not frequent and requires several years to develop in the second person. Lepromatous leprosy in index cases was more frequently associated with leprosy in the couple. When the primary case was paucibacillary, no multibacillary leprosy occurred in the secondary case.

Lepra Conyugal / Conjugal leprosy

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la ocurrencia de lepra entre cónyuges y precisar las características de la enfermedad en el caso índice y en el secundario. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos sus características en una zona de la Costa Caribe colombiana (Departamento del Atlántico), durante 1980-2000, a través de la revisión de las historias clínicas del Programa Control de Lepra, del examen clínico y de entrevistas con los afectados. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 26 parejas con lepra conyugal, que representan el 5,4 % de los casos diagnosticados durante el periodo, con edades entre 20 y 89 años. El 65,4 % de los casos índices fueron hombres y 22 (84,6 %) lepromatosos; dos tenían lepra indeterminada y dos tuberculoide. Los casos secundarios fueron tuberculoides en su mayoría (42,3 %) y, en conjunto, 61 % paucibacilares. Ningún caso índice paucibacilar se asoció con lepra multibacilar en el cónyuge. Sólo dos parejas tenían consanguinidad. Ninguno de los cónyuges llegó enfermo al matrimonio y su convivencia entre la aparición de la enfermedad en el caso índice y el secundario, varió entre 5 y 40 años. La convivencia de los cónyuges varió entre 5 y 44 años. Las discapacidades se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en los pies y fueron más graves en los casos índices lepromatosos, con enfermedad de larga evolución, que en los secundarios, porque éstos fueron paucibacilares con mayor frecuencia y se detectaron cuando su enfermedad tenía menor tiempo de evolución. CONCLUSIONES: La lepra conyugal es poco frecuente, requiere varios años de convivencia para presentarse en el segundo cónyuge y es más común cuando el caso primario es lepromatoso. Cuando un cónyuge es paucibacilar su pareja no desarrollara lepra multibacilar.

Infection by Mycobacterium leprae of household contacts of lepromatous leprosy patients from a post-elimination leprosy region of Colombia

The Leprosy Control Program of Antioquia, (post-elimination leprosy state of Colombia), had registered by 1999, 56 lepromatous leprosy patients and their household contacts (HHC). Our interest was to detect Mycobacterium leprae infection in these HHC. Clinical examination, acid-fast bacillary staining (AFB) in nasal secretions, and slit skin samples, IgM anti-PGL-I in serum and Lepromine A (Mitsuda) reactivity were tested. Two hundred forty eight HHC were studied, 49 percent were male. After clinical examination, two HHC were diagnosed as multi bacillary patients; 13 percent showed positive IgM anti-PGL-I titers; Mitsuda reaction (> 4 mm) was positive in 59 percent; AFB was negative in all samples, except in the two new patients. HHC were classified according to test results.Group 1: two new multi bacillary patients. Group 2: 15 HHC seropositive, Mitsuda-negative. Group 3: 13 HHC seropositive, Mitsuda-positive. Group 4: 130 HHC seronegative, Mitsuda-positive. Group 5: 88 HHC seronegative, Mitsuda-negative. These results are an indication that the transmission of the infection is still happening in a region considered in the post elimination phase. The two new patients represent an infection source for others contacts, and groups 2 and 3 are infected HHC that could develop the disease in future. Follow up of high risk population is necessary to achieve real elimination of leprosy.

Infection by Mycobacterium leprae of household contacts of lepromatous leprosy patients from a post-elimination leprosy region of Colombia.

The Leprosy Control Program of Antioquia, (post-elimination leprosy state of Colombia), had registered by 1999, 56 lepromatous leprosy patients and their household contacts (HHC). Our interest was to detect Mycobacterium leprae infection in these HHC. Clinical examination, acid-fast bacillary staining (AFB) in nasal secretions, and slit skin samples, IgM anti-PGL-I in serum and Lepromine A (Mitsuda) reactivity were tested. Two hundred forty eight HHC were studied, 49% were male. After clinical examination, two HHC were diagnosed as multi bacillary patients; 13% showed positive IgM anti-PGL-I titers; Mitsuda reaction (> or = 4 mm) was positive in 59%; AFB was negative in all samples, except in the two new patients. HHC were classified according to test results. Group 1: two new multi bacillary patients. Group 2: 15 HHC seropositive, Mitsuda-negative. Group 3: 13 HHC seropositive, Mitsuda-positive. Group 4: 130 HHC seronegative, Mitsuda-positive. Group 5: 88 HHC seronegative, Mitsuda-negative. These results are an indication that the transmission of the infection is still happening in a region considered in the post elimination phase. The two new patients represent an infection source for others contacts, and groups 2 and 3 are infected HHC that could develop the disease in future. Follow up of high risk population is necessary to achieve real elimination of leprosy.

A case study in Hansen's disease acquired after heart transplant.

Hansen's disease, leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium leprae. There are multiple forms of the disease ranging from the relatively benign to the progressive, malignant lepromatous leprosy. There is effective antimicrobial treatment available that is capable of curing the disease. We report the case of a post heart transplant patient acquiring Hansen's disease.

Nine-banded armadillo and leprosy research

In this presentation an attempt has been made to describe the nine-banded armadillo as an animal model, probably the only one in which lepromatous leprosy similar to that found in humans can be experimentally produced. Some unique features of the physiology of the animal are mentioned. The pathology and the microbiology of leprosy in the armadillo are described in detail. The discovery of lepromatous leprosy in the wild armadillos in the southern parts of United States, the transmission of disease among them through trauma and thorn pricks and the pathogenesis of the disease are presented. The impact of leprosy in the wild animals may have on human leprosy is discussed.