ABSTRACT
AIMS: Prednisolone is the cornerstone of treatment for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children, but is associated with marked side-effects. Therapeutic drug monitoring using saliva would be a patient-friendly option to monitor prednisolone treatment. To assess the feasibility of saliva monitoring, we described the pharmacokinetics (PK) of unbound prednisolone in plasma and saliva of children with first onset steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). METHODS: Children (age 2-16 years) with SSNS participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with levamisole were treated with an 18-week tapering schedule of prednisolone. Five serial samples were collected at 4 (saliva) and 8 weeks (saliva and plasma) after first onset. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the PK parameters of unbound prednisolone and the saliva-to-plasma ratio. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the predictive performance of saliva monitoring. RESULTS: From 39 children, 109 plasma and 275 saliva samples were available. Estimates (relative squared error) of unbound plasma clearance and volume of distribution were 93 (5%) L h-1 70 kg-1 and 158 (7%) L 70 kg-1, respectively. Typical saliva-to-plasma ratio was 1.30 (8%). Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that on basis of 4 saliva samples and a single plasma sample unbound plasma area-under-the-concentration-time curve can be predicted within 20% imprecision in 79% of the patients compared to 87% based on 4 plasma samples. CONCLUSION: Saliva proved to be a reliable and patient-friendly option to determine prednisolone plasma exposure in children with SSNS. This opens opportunities for further PK and pharmacodynamics studies of prednisolone in a variety of paediatric conditions.
Subject(s)
Drug Monitoring , Nephrotic Syndrome , Prednisolone , Saliva , Humans , Prednisolone/pharmacokinetics , Prednisolone/administration & dosage , Child , Nephrotic Syndrome/drug therapy , Saliva/chemistry , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Male , Female , Drug Monitoring/methods , Levamisole/pharmacokinetics , Levamisole/administration & dosage , Levamisole/analysis , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Glucocorticoids/pharmacokinetics , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Monte Carlo MethodABSTRACT
AIM OF THE STUDY: The growing resistance of helminth parasites to currently available commercial anthelmintic drugs, combined with apprehensions regarding detrimental chemical residues in livestock products, has sparked an interest in exploring medicinal plants as an alternative strategy for treating helminthiasis. As a result, this study was designed to investigate the anthelmintic activity of crude methanolic extracts (CME) of Saussurea costus root on Ascaridia.galli, a pathogenic nematode of poultry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro, the anthelmintic effect of Saussurea costus root was evaluated in comparison to commercial anthelmintic, levamisole on the adult nematode parasites, A.galli using worm motility inhibition (WMI) test. The CME of S.costus was also evaluated for in vivo anthelmintic activity in chickens experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli. For the in vivo study, one hundred-day-old chickens were orally infected with embryonated eggs of A. galli worms. The efficacy of the plant extract as an anthelmintic was assessed through two tests: faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test and worm count reduction (WCR) test. The study investigated three distinct doses of plant extract under in vivo setup: 500 mg kg-1 body weight (bw), 1000 mg kg-1 bw, and 2000 mg kg-1 bw. RESULTS: In vitro, all the tested concentrations of S.costus (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml) showed a significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic effects on live adult A. galli worms in terms of inhibition of worm motility at different hours post-treatment. At the highest concentration of the extract, we observed worm motility inhibition of 100% at 24 h post-exposure. On day 14 post-treatment, all birds were slaughtered, and adult A. galli worms were subsequently retrieved from their small intestines. Birds treated with CME extract of S. costus root exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in faecal egg count. However, the administration of the extract at the dosage of 500 mg kg-1bw to the birds did not reveal any significant (P > 0.05) differences in the worm count compared to the negative control group. The CME of S. costus at a dose of 2000 mg kg-1bw showed the highest anthelmintic activity by inducing 83.10% FECR and 76.47% WCR. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the root extract of S. costus has a promising anthelmintic activity on A. galli as demonstrated by the results of the present experiment.
Subject(s)
Anthelmintics , Ascaridia , Ascaridiasis , Chickens , Plant Extracts , Poultry Diseases , Saussurea , Animals , Ascaridia/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Poultry Diseases/parasitology , Poultry Diseases/drug therapy , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Chickens/parasitology , Saussurea/chemistry , Ascaridiasis/veterinary , Ascaridiasis/drug therapy , Ascaridiasis/parasitology , Parasite Egg Count , Feces/parasitology , Plant Roots/chemistry , Levamisole/pharmacology , Levamisole/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis are the most important gastrointestinal nematodes causing serious losses in sheep production of tropical and subtropical regions. Prophylaxis of gastrointestinal nematode infections is based on anthelmintics use, but their frequent administration selects multiple-resistant parasites. To evaluate how the situation has changed over the last decades, the anthelmintic resistance status of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep flocks was assessed in the current study and compared to previous surveys. In each one of the 15 flocks evaluated, animals (n ≥ 7) were allocated into at least five groups and treated as follows: 1) untreated control; 2) albendazole; 3) levamisole; 4) ivermectin; and 5) monepantel. If more animals were available, two additional groups were included: 6) closantel, and 7) moxidectin. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was carried out to evaluate the pre- and post-treatment using the SHINY tool. Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent nematode from faecal cultures. The mean efficacy of albendazole was 40%. Only in two farms, levamisole presented a relatively high percentage of reduction in the FECRT about 90%, while ivermectin and moxidectin presented the worst mean efficacy of 34% and 21% among all farms, respectively. Like other anthelmintics, closantel demonstrated low efficacy (63%) across all farms evaluated. Monepantel presented an overall mean efficacy of 79%, but it was the only anthelmintic that presented efficacy ≥95%, in five farms. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes with multiple anthelmintic resistance were prevalent in all 15 sheep herds. The research suggests that nematodes are becoming more and more resistant to various anthelmintic compounds, which has made the problem worse. This circumstance highlights the necessity to put into practice sustainable and long-lasting methods to prevent gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep husbandry.
Subject(s)
Aminoacetonitrile/analogs & derivatives , Anthelmintics , Haemonchus , Macrolides , Nematoda , Nematode Infections , Salicylanilides , Sheep Diseases , Animals , Sheep , Levamisole/pharmacology , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Albendazole/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Nematode Infections/drug therapy , Nematode Infections/epidemiology , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Feces/parasitology , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/parasitology , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Drug ResistanceABSTRACT
Our understanding of anthelmintic resistance in the gastrointestinal nematodes of Australian cattle relies exclusively on small-scale phenotypic reports utilising traditional faecal egg count reduction tests. This approach is not readily scalable to establish the national prevalence of resistance, nor is it conducive of routine longitudinal surveillance for the emergence of resistance in its early stages. This study introduces the benefits of applying mixed amplicon metabarcoding longitudinally for timely and cost-efficient molecular surveillance of multiple anthelmintic resistance mutations, as they emerge on farms. Using opportunistically collected faecal samples from a cattle herd in central west New South Wales (2019-2023), we detected the early emergence of Haemonchus spp. levamisole-resistant S168T shortly after levamisole introduction, while benzimidazole-resistant allele frequencies remained constant. Additionally, we observed the possible spill-over of resistant Haemonchus contortus from sheep, along with variations in faecal burdens and species diversity influenced by climate stochasticity and host immunity. This study emphasises the power of molecular diagnostics for farm-level anthelmintic resistance management, providing essential evidence to support its integration into routine surveillance programmes.
Subject(s)
Anthelmintics , Cattle Diseases , Haemonchus , Sheep Diseases , Animals , Cattle , Sheep , Levamisole/therapeutic use , New South Wales/epidemiology , Australia , Anthelmintics/pharmacology , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Feces , Haemonchus/genetics , Drug Resistance/genetics , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Cattle Diseases/drug therapy , Cattle Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
AIMS: To determine the concentration, in comparison with the maximum residue limit (MRL), of anthelmintic marker residues in the target tissues (liver and fat) of sheep treated concurrently with two oral drenches, one containing monepantel and abamectin and the other oxfendazole and levamisole. METHODS: On day 0 of the study, 12 sheep (six male and six female; 8-9-months old) were dosed according to individual body weight determined the day prior. Zolvix Plus (dual-active oral drench containing 25 g/L monepantel and 2 g/L abamectin) was administered to all animals prior to administration of Scanda (dual-active oral drench containing 80 g/L levamisole hydrochloride and 45.3 g/L oxfendazole). Six sheep (three male and three female) were slaughtered 21 and 28 days after treatment and renal fat and liver samples were collected.Using validated methods, analyses for monepantel sulfone, abamectin, levamisole and oxfendazole (expressed as total fenbendazole sulfone following conversion of the combined concentrations of oxfendazole, fenbendazole and fenbendazole sulfone) were performed on liver samples while renal fat specimens were analysed for monepantel sulfone and abamectin residues only. Detected concentrations were compared to the established MRL in sheep for each analyte determined by the Ministry for Primary Industries. RESULTS: All residues detected in samples of liver and fat collected 21 and 28 days after treatment were below the MRL for each analyte. All liver samples collected on day 21 had detectable monepantel sulfone (mean 232 (min 110, max 388) µg/kg) and oxfendazole (mean 98.7 (min 51.3, max 165) µg/kg) residues below the MRL (5,000 and 500 µg/kg, respectively). Monepantel sulfone (mean 644 (min 242, max 1,119) µg/kg; MRL 7,000 µg/kg) residues were detected in 6/6 renal fat samples. Levamisole residues were detected in 3/6 livers (mean 40.0 (min 14.3, max 78.3) µg/kg; MRL 100 µg/kg), and abamectin residues in 1/6 livers (0.795 µg/kg; MRL 25 µg/kg) and 2/6 fat samples, (mean 0.987 (min 0.514, max 1.46) µg/kg; MRL 50 µg/kg) 21 days after treatment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that concurrent administration of Zolvix Plus and Scanda to sheep is unlikely to result in an extended residue profile for any of the active ingredients, with all analytes measured being under the approved New Zealand MRL 21 days after treatment. This work was not completed in line with guidance for establishing official residue profiles, nor is it sufficient to propose a new withholding period.
Subject(s)
Aminoacetonitrile/analogs & derivatives , Anthelmintics , Benzimidazoles , Ivermectin/analogs & derivatives , Sheep Diseases , Animals , Male , Female , Sheep , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Fenbendazole/therapeutic use , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Sulfones/therapeutic use , Sheep Diseases/drug therapyABSTRACT
In this study, we compared the effectiveness of various methods used in the treatment of cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis. Ivermectin, Tarantula cubensis extract, levamisole, autovaccine, and a combination of T. cubensis extract + levamisole were administered to the animals. The animals were divided into six equal groups. Animals in the control group (n = 10) did not receive any treatment. The animals in the experimental group were administered Ivermectin [three times a week, n = 10, subcutaneous, (SC)], Tarantula cubensis extract (twice a week, n = 10, SC), autologous vaccine (three times at 10-day intervals, n = 10, SC), levamisole [twice at one-week intervals, n = 10, intramuscular (IM)], and levamisole + Tarantula cubensis extract (concurrently). All animals used in the study were monitored for three months at an interval of 15 days. No regression was detected in the papillomas of the control group animals, but recovery was recorded in animals treated with ivermectin at a rate of 70% (7/10), while it was 60% (6/10) in those treated with T. cubensis extract, 100% (10/10) in those treated with autovaccine, 50% (5/10) in those treated with levamisole, and 90% (9/10) in those treated with the combination of T. cubensis extract + levamisole. Significant differences were found between the control group and all treatment groups. Recovery mostly occurred within 45-60 days (P < 0.05). The five treatment modalities applied for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis were statistically evaluated and all methods of treatment were effective at different rates. The most precise and effective treatment method was the autovaccine one.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Papilloma , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/drug therapy , Cattle Diseases/therapy , Papilloma/veterinary , Papilloma/drug therapy , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Levamisole/therapeutic use , FemaleSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Ascaridida Infections/diagnosis , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thiabendazole/therapeutic use , Biopsy , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Ascaridida Infections/surgery , Ascaridida Infections/pathology , Ascaridida Infections/drug therapy , Rare Diseases/diagnosis , Rare Diseases/parasitology , Diagnosis, Differential , Drug Therapy, Combination , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Neck/pathologyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Nephrotic Syndrome/drug therapy , Nephrotic Syndrome/physiopathology , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Abstract The objective was to evaluate the action of D. flagrans pellets in association with Levamisole Hydrochloride 5% for controlling sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in the northeastern Brazil. Three groups of six sheep each were formed: group 1 received 3 g of the pellets (0.6 g of D. flagrans mycelium) for each 10 kg b.w., twice a week for six months, and deworming with Levamisole Hydrochloride 5% when EPG ≥ 1500; group 2 received a dosage of Levamisole Hydrochloride 5% when EPG ≥ 1500; and group 3 received 3 g of pellets without fungi for each 10 kg b.w., twice a week for six months. EPG counts, larval cultures, packed cell volume (PCV) and weighing were performed every 15 days; monthly, samples of grass from each paddock were collected. The mean EPG of the groups began to statistically differ from day 30 (p < 0.05). Group 1 required less deworming with Levamisole Hydrochloride 5% and showed superiority of PCV values throughout the experiment (p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in L3 recovery in the group 1 paddock from day 30 onwards. The use of D. flagrans pellets in association with Levamisole Hydrochloride 5% was effective for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes.
Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a ação de péletes de Duddingtonia flagrans em associação ao Cloridrato de Levamisole 5% no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram formados três grupos de seis animais cada: grupo 1 recebeu 3 g de péletes (0,6 g de micélio de D. flagrans) para cada 10 kg p.v., duaz vezes por semana durante seis meses, e vermifugações com Cloridrato de Levamisole 5% quando OPG > 1500; grupo 2 recebeu uma dosagem de Cloridrato de Levamisole 5% quando OPG ≥ 1500; e grupo 3 recebeu 3 g de péletes sem fungos para cada 10 kg de p.v., duas vezes por semana durante seis meses. Contagens de OPG, coproculturas, de volumes globulares (VG) e pesagens foram realizadas a cada 15 dias. Mensalmente, amostras de pasto de cada piquete eram coletadasa. A média de OPG dos grupos começou a diferir estatisticamente a partir do dia 30 (p < 0,05). O grupo 1 necessitou de menos vermifugações com Cloridrato de Levamisole 5% e demonstrou superioridade nos valores de VG durante todo o experimento (p < 0,05). Houve redução significativa (p < 0,05) nas L3 recuperadas no piquete do grupo 1 a partir do dia 30. Em conclusão, a utilização de péletes de D. flagrans em associação ao Cloridrato de Levamisole 5% foi eficaz no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Sheep Diseases/parasitology , Sheep Diseases/therapy , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Duddingtonia , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil , Sheep , Combined Modality Therapy , Gastrointestinal Diseases/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy , Nematode Infections/therapyABSTRACT
El síndrome de Roberts es una enfermedad genética de transmisión autosómica recesiva extremadamente rara. Se caracteriza clínicamente por retardo pre y posnatal del crecimiento, acortamiento severo de los miembros con defectos radiales, oligodactilia y anomalías craneofaciales, causada por mutación en el gen ESCO2, el cual codifica para una acetiltransferasa involucrada en la regulación de la cohesión de las cromátides hermanas. Hasta donde se conoce, no se ha descrito en este síndrome ningún déficit del sistema inmunológico. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 1 año y medio de edad, con síndrome de Roberts, con procesos infecciosos recurrentes, algunos severos, desde el primer año de vida. En los estudios inmunológicos se observó disminución de los niveles de IgA, del número de linfocitos T CD3 positivos y de los CD4 positivos, con cuantificación normal de células B, así como alteración de la función opsonofagocítica. Se diagnosticó una inmunodeficiencia combinada asociada con un defecto de la fagocitosis. La identificación de una inmunodeficiencia asociada con este síndrome genético sugiere que corresponde con una enfermedad genéticamente heterogénea y la utilidad de la valoración inmunológica en los pacientes con defectos genéticos e infecciones recurrentes
Roberts syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disease of autosomal recessive. It is clinically characterized by pre and postnatal growth delaying, severe limb shortening, radial defects, oligodactyly, and craniofacial anomalies caused by mutation in the ESCO2 gene. This mutation encodes an acetyltransferase involved in regulating cohesion of sister chromatids. To our knowledge, no deficit of the immunological system has been described in this syndrome. We present here, a case of a one year and a half boy, with Roberts syndrome, recurrent infectious processes, some of them severe, since his first year of life. Immunological studies showed decreased levels of IgA, decreased number of CD3 positive T lymphocytes and decreased CD4 positive; they also showed cells with normal B quantification and opsonophagocytic function impairment. A combined immunodeficiency associated with defective phagocytosis was diagnosed. Identifying an immunodeficiency associated with this genetic syndrome suggests that it corresponds to a genetically heterogeneous disease. This also shows the usefulness of the immunological assessment in patients with genetic defects and recurrent infections
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Ectromelia/complications , Ectromelia/genetics , Immune System Diseases/complications , Phagocytosis/genetics , Case Reports , Levamisole/therapeutic useABSTRACT
La enfermedad de Behçet es una enfermedad inflamatoria multisistémica crónica que evoluciona por brotes. Es más común en Asia y en los países de la cuenca mediterránea oriental (Ruta de la Seda). En España la prevalencia es de 5 a 10 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Es una enfermedad de difícil diagnóstico por las numerosas y variadas manifestaciones clínicas y porque no se dispone de pruebas de laboratorio patognomónicas. El retraso en el diagnóstico, frecuente en países de baja prevalencia como España, aumenta la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes con enfermedad de Behçet (AU)
Behçet's disease is an inflammatory multisystemic chronic disease that progresses by outbreaks. It is more common in Asia and countries in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Silk Route). In Spain the prevalence is between 5 and 10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. It is a difficult disease to diagnose because of the multiple and varied clinical manifestations, and because there are not pathognomonic laboratory tests available. The delay in the diagnosis, which is frequent in countries of low prevalence like Spain, increases the morbidity and the mortality of patients with Behçetìs disease (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Behcet Syndrome/complications , Stomatitis, Aphthous/complications , Erythema Nodosum/complications , Indomethacin/therapeutic use , Omeprazole/therapeutic use , Colchicine/therapeutic use , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Ulcer/complications , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/therapeutic use , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Behcet Syndrome/physiopathology , Behcet Syndrome/therapy , Ulcer/diagnosis , Stomatitis, Aphthous/diagnosis , Behcet Syndrome/diagnosis , Erythema Nodosum/diagnosis , Primary Health Care , Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality , Diagnosis, Differential , Radiography, ThoracicABSTRACT
A pesar de los años transcurridos desde la descripción del síndrome nefrótico, del desarrollo de la industria farmacéutica y de los medicamentos con que se cuenta para enfrentar esta glomerulopatía, todavía existen pacientes de muy difícil tratamiento, que obligan a utilizar diferentes fármacos sin que se pueda asegurar con exactitud la respuesta en cada caso. Los pacientes que no responden a los esteroides constituyen un grupo especial y de difícil control, pero los que presentan recaídas frecuentes o corticodependencia también obligan en muchas ocasiones al empleo de otros medicamentos con toxicidad especial y respuesta no precisa. Por tal motivo se considera de interés esta revisión sobre los fármacos que con mayor frecuencia se pueden utilizar y sobre la indicación de cada uno de ellos. Sin pretender agotar el tema, se trata de llevar al pediatra una posible guía para el tratamiento de los casos de difícil control(AU)
Despite the years passed from the description of nephrotic syndrome, the development of pharmaceutical industry and of the drugs available to face this glomerulopathy, still there are patients very difficult to treat, who oblige us to use different drugs without achieve exactly the response in each case. Patients non-respondent to steroids are a special group and of difficult control, but those having frequent relapses or cortico-dependent also oblige us to use another drugs with a special toxicity and non-precise response. Thus, this is considered an interesting review on drugs more frequent used and on prescription of each of them. Without exhaust the subject, we try to offer the pediatricians a possible guide for treatment of cases of difficult control(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Nephrotic Syndrome/diagnosis , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Nephrotic Syndrome/drug therapyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança do levamisol no tratamento profilático da afta recorrente, utilizando um protocolo de estudo duplo-cego. MÉTODOS: Quatorze pacientes receberam doses decrescentes de levamisol por via oral por seis meses (dose inicial de 150mg três vezes por semana). Dez pacientes receberam placebo. As avaliações foram mensais. RESULTADOS: Houve tendência à diminuição do número de crises nos dois grupos, mas sem diferenças entre ambos. O número de lesões diminuiu significantemente nos grupos levamisol e placebo, mas na comparação entre eles a diferença não foi significante. A duração das lesões diminuiu significantemente no grupo placebo, porém ao compará-lo com o grupo levamisol a diferença não foi significante durante todo o tratamento. A intensidade da dor foi significantemente menor nos dois grupos, mas ao compará-los a dor foi significantemente menor no grupo placebo. A avaliação global final mostrou melhora em 50 por cento dos pacientes do grupo levamisol e em 70 por cento do Placebo, sem diferença significante entre os dois tratamentos. Não foi observada diferença na frequência de efeitos colaterais entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Levamisol, como usado nesse protocolo, é uma droga segura. Comparado ao placebo, levamisol não é efetivo no tratamento profilático da afta recorrente. O efeito placebo é importante em desordens nas quais fatores emocionais afetam a recorrência ou a expressão de sintomas.
OBJECTIVE: to utilize a double-blind protocol to provide clarification about the safety and effectiveness of levamisole in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. METHODS: Fourteen patients took a decreasing dose of oral levamisole for six months (initial dose 150mg three times a week) and ten others were placebo control patients. All were evaluated monthly. RESULTS: The number of crises had a tendency to decrease in both groups, but without a difference between groups. The number of lesions diminished significantly in the two groups, but upon comparison the difference was not significant. Duration of the lesions diminished significantly in the placebo, however when compared to the levamisole group, difference was not significant during treatment. The intensity of pain was significantly lower in the two groups, but upon comparison, pain was significantly lower in the placebo group. The final global evaluation showed improvement in 50 percent of patients of the levamisole group and in 70 percent of the placebo, without a significant difference between treatments. No difference in the frequency of collateral effects was observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Levamisole, as used in this protocol, is a safe drug. When compared with the placebo, levamisole is not effective in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The placebo effect is important in diseases where emotional factors affect recurrence or expression of symptoms.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Stomatitis, Aphthous/prevention & control , Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Levamisole/adverse effects , Recurrence/prevention & control , Stomatitis, Aphthous/drug therapy , Young AdultABSTRACT
Levamisol es una droga antihelmíntica con propiedades inmunomoduladoras que estimula la formación de anticuerpos y aumenta la respuesta T, la respuesta neutrofílica y laquimiotaxis. Se utiliza en dermatología para el tratamiento de verrugas planas, eritema multiforme, úlceras aftosas, vitíligo y,conjuntamente con prednisolona, en el liquen plano.Con el uso prolongado del medicamento se han comunicadoefectos adversos dermatológicos, como erupciones liquenoides,ulceraciones y vasculitis.Comunicamos el caso de una niña de 9 años que desarrolló uncuadro de erupción cutánea y leucoencefalopatía reversible con un tratamiento breve de levamisol pero con dosis elevadas.
Levamisole is an antihelmintic drug that stimulates antibodies formation increasing both T response, and neutrophilic response, and quimiotaxis. It is used in dermatology for the treatment of plane warts, erythema multiforme, aphtous ulcers and, with prednisone, in lichen planus. With prolonged use this drug has been implicated in adverse dermatological reactions as lichenoid eruptions, ulcers and vasculitis. We present a 9-years old girl who developed a cutaneous eruption and a reverse leucoencephalopathy with a short treatment but high doses of the drug.
Subject(s)
Child , Levamisole/adverse effects , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Seizures , WartsABSTRACT
Levamisol es una droga antihelmíntica con propiedades inmunomoduladoras que estimula la formación de anticuerpos y aumenta la respuesta T, la respuesta neutrofílica y laquimiotaxis. Se utiliza en dermatología para el tratamiento de verrugas planas, eritema multiforme, úlceras aftosas, vitíligo y,conjuntamente con prednisolona, en el liquen plano.Con el uso prolongado del medicamento se han comunicadoefectos adversos dermatológicos, como erupciones liquenoides,ulceraciones y vasculitis.Comunicamos el caso de una niña de 9 años que desarrolló uncuadro de erupción cutánea y leucoencefalopatía reversible con un tratamiento breve de levamisol pero con dosis elevadas.(AU)
Levamisole is an antihelmintic drug that stimulates antibodies formation increasing both T response, and neutrophilic response, and quimiotaxis. It is used in dermatology for the treatment of plane warts, erythema multiforme, aphtous ulcers and, with prednisone, in lichen planus. With prolonged use this drug has been implicated in adverse dermatological reactions as lichenoid eruptions, ulcers and vasculitis. We present a 9-years old girl who developed a cutaneous eruption and a reverse leucoencephalopathy with a short treatment but high doses of the drug.(AU)
Subject(s)
Child , Levamisole/adverse effects , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Warts , SeizuresABSTRACT
En el departamento de ultrasonido diagnóstico fue atendida una paciente, de tres años de edad, que presentaba inflamación de ambas glándulas parótidas y que había presentado varios episodios de dolor, tumefacción unilateral o bilateral y fiebre. Había sido valorada en varias ocasiones por pediatría y había recibido múltiples tratamientos con antibióticos. Se le indicó ultrasonido de partes blandas y se valoró por inmunología. Se encontró un retardo en la fagocitosis y una disminución de la inmunidad celular. Se puso tratamiento con inmunomoduladores y antihistamínicos.
A 3-year-old female patient with swelling of both parotid glands that had presented various episodes of pain, unilateral or bilateral tumefaction and fever was seen at the diagnostic ultrasound department. She had been evaluated on several occasions by the pediatric department and had received multiple treatments with antibiotics. An ultrasound of soft tissues was indicated and she was assessed at the immunology service. A phagocytosis retardation and a reduction of cellular immunity were found. A treatment with immunomodulators and antihistamines was applied.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Chlorpheniramine/therapeutic use , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Parotitis/drug therapy , Parotitis , Thiamine/therapeutic use , /therapeutic useABSTRACT
The study presents an interactive descriptive tool (MONRATE) for calculating and predicting reinfection rates and time of Ascaris lumbricoides following mass chemotherapy. The implementation was based on the theoretical equation published by Hayashi in 1977, for time-prevalence: Y=G [1-(1-X)N-R] as modified by Jong-Yil in 1983. Using the Psuedo-Code of the MONRATE tool, the calculated monthly reinfection rates (X) for the LGAs are (names are locations in Nigeria in a region predominately populated by the Yoruba speaking tribes of Nigeria whose traditional occupations are agriculture and commerce): Ewekoro (1.6 %), Odeda (2.3 %), Ado-odo/Otta (2.3 %), Ogun Waterside (3.8 %) and Obafemi/Owode (4.2 %). The mathematical mean of X values in the study areas for Ogun State was 2.84. The calculated reinfection time (N months) for the LGAs are varied such as Ado-odo/Otta (12.7), Ogun Waterside (21.8), Obafemi/Owode (22.92), Odeda (25.45), and Ewekoro (25.9). The mean value for N in Ogun State was 21.75. The results obtained from MONRATE were compared with those obtained using the mathematical equation and found to be the same. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 755-760. Epub 2007 December, 28.
Se presenta una herramienta descriptiva e interactiva (MONRATE) para calcular y predecir las tasas y tiempo de reinfección con Ascaris lumbricoides tras un tratamiento de quimioterapia. Nos basamos en la ecuación propuesta por Hayashi en 1977 para el tiempo de prevalencia: Y=G [1- (1-X)N-R], según la modificó Jong-Yil en 1983. Utilizando el código Psuedo de la herramienta de MONRATE, las tasas de reinfección mensuales (X) para varios sitios de Nigeria, África, son: Ewekoro (1.6 %), Odeda (2.3 %), Ado-odo/Otta (2.3 %), Ogun Waterside (3.8 %) y Obafemi/ Owode (4.2 %). El promedio matemático de los valores de "X" en el área de estudio del Estado de Ogun fue 2.84. El tiempo de reinfección calculado (N meses) para LGAs es variado: Ado-odo/Otta (12.7), Ogun Waterside (21.8), Obafemi/Owode (22.92), Odeda (25.45) y Ewekoro (25.9). El valor promedio para N en el Estado de Ogun fue 21.75. Los resultados del programa MONRATE son iguales a los producidos por la ecuación.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use , Ascariasis/epidemiology , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolation & purification , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Ascariasis/drug therapy , Feces/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Nigeria/epidemiology , Prevalence , Probability , Recurrence , Severity of Illness Index , Time FactorsABSTRACT
En el departamento de ultrasonido diagnóstico fue atendida una paciente, de tres años de edad, que presentaba inflamación de ambas glándulas parótidas y que había presentado varios episodios de dolor, tumefacción unilateral o bilateral y fiebre. Había sido valorada en varias ocasiones por pediatría y había recibido múltiples tratamientos con antibióticos. Se le indicó ultrasonido de partes blandas y se valoró por inmunología. Se encontró un retardo en la fagocitosis y una disminución de la inmunidad celular. Se puso tratamiento con inmunomoduladores y antihistamínicos(AU)
A 3-year-old female patient with swelling of both parotid glands that had presented various episodes of pain, unilateral or bilateral tumefaction and fever was seen at the diagnostic ultrasound department. She had been evaluated on several occasions by the pediatric department and had received multiple treatments with antibiotics. An ultrasound of soft tissues was indicated and she was assessed at the immunology service. A phagocytosis retardation and a reduction of cellular immunity were found. A treatment with immunomodulators and antihistamines was applied(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Case Reports , Parotitis/drug therapy , Parotitis , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Thiamine/therapeutic use , Vitamin B 6/therapeutic use , Chlorpheniramine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
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