Extragenital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus-morphea overlap as an initial presentation of genital lichen sclerosus.

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, most often characterized by atrophic skin plaques located on female genitalia. Infrequently, LSA may present extragenitally; however, much is unknown about the temporal relationship between genital and extragenital LSA. Morphea, also known as localized scleroderma, is a rare inflammatory skin condition characterized by sclerotic plaques. Investigators debate whether LSA and morphea exist on the same spectrum of disease, with LSA representing a superficial variant of morphea involving genitalia, or if they are distinct but coincidental entities. Although researchers have described LSA and morphea occurring in different locations on the same patient, few reports describe LSA and morphea occurring in the same lesion and in the inguinal folds. Herein, we report a case of a 62-year-old woman with extragenital LSA-morphea overlap in the inguinal folds, who three months later developed genital LSA. Extragenital LSA-morphea in the same plaque, with no signs of genital lesions on initial exam, with later development of genital LSA, is especially uncommon. The temporal progression of extragenital LSA-morphea overlap to genital LSA over a three-month period is an important contribution to the literature, as the temporal relationship between extragenital and genital LSA is not previously discussed.

Lichen Sclerosus: A Survey of Diagnosis and Management Among Pediatric Dermatologists and Gynecologists.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic condition that warrants close follow-up due to the risk of scarring. The optimal long-term management of pediatric vulvar and perianal lichen sclerosus (PVPLS) is unknown. This study aimed to identify diagnostic, treatment, and maintenance regimens among pediatric dermatologists and pediatric/adolescent gynecologists, as well as assess provider confidence and desire for guidance on long-term PVPLS management. METHODS: A cross-sectional 35-question survey was administered through the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance (PeDRA) and the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (NASPAG) between 7/13/2021 and 8/30/2021 to ascertain PVPLS diagnostic and management regimens. RESULTS: Most responders were attending-level pediatric/adolescent gynecologists (46%) and pediatric dermatologists (41%). Although 85% of participants felt completely or very confident in diagnosing PVPLS, the majority (86%) desired further management guidelines. While the initial treatment was similar among providers, maintenance regimens and follow-up varied considerably, with only 42% recommending lifelong monitoring despite potential persistence into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: While initial treatment was similar among practitioners, there was variation by specialty in subsequent management and a lack of uniformity in long-term follow-up. Additional studies are needed to clarify the optimal management of PVPLS and to provide evidence-based guidelines regarding long-term follow-up.  J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(6):450-455.     doi:10.36849/JDD.8084.

Treatment algorithm for the comprehensive management of severe lichen sclerosus in boys based on the pathophysiology of the disease.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that approximately one out of 200 boys has the diagnosis of lichen sclerosus (LS), previously referred to as BXO (balanitis xerotica obliterans). Severe progressive disease is rare however, mismanagement of urethral tissues may contribute to progression of LS. STUDY DESIGN: The current literature regarding the management of severe lichen sclerosus was reviewed alongside our management of seven patients with ages ranging from six to ten years of age with severe lichen sclerosus who required surgical intervention. These patients were identified out of a busy pediatric practice that saw 5507 patients during the four-year span. Based on the pathophysiology of lichen sclerosus, urethral anatomy, and our management an algorithm was developed for medical and surgical management. RESULTS: All patients received initial medical treatment with topical steroids. Three patients underwent urethral mobilization and serial biopsy. One of these patients with severe disease required a second distal urethral mobilization. Three patients were treated with circumcision, and one is responding well to topical steroids after complex reconstruction. None developed postoperative urethral disease. DISCUSSION: Lichen sclerosus affects squamous epithelium but can extend to unaffected tissue if traumatized via the Koebner phenomenon. There are no randomized control trials for the management of the disease. Thus, appropriate early management with avoidance of urethral dilation or incision may prevent extension down the urethra that can lead to severe stricture disease. Several authors identified this as one of the worst forms of stricture diseases to manage. Based on the pathophysiology of the disease and our 4-year experience treating patients, we propose an algorithm for management of severe lichen sclerosus in boys. The diagnosis of lichen sclerosus in boys requires a high level of suspicion, and early biopsies should be obtained if suspected. If identified before circumcision or meatotomy, initial treatment should be medical. If the patient fails topical steroid therapy, circumcision and biopsy are the initial recommended surgical approach. Optimally, a biopsy with the first meatotomy establishes the diagnosis. If the disease persists, urethral mobilization may represent a curative treatment as it advances healthy urethra and allows complete removal of distal squamous epithelium instead of traumatic repeated dilations or incisions. CONCLUSION: This paper summarizes the available literature on the management of severe LS and provides a flow diagram based on the pathophysiology of the disease and our experience sever cases.

A Mimicker of Differentiated Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Reactive Atypia From Noncompliance With Lichen Sclerosus Therapy.

ABSTRACT: Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (d-VIN) is an HPV-independent precursor to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. The histology of d-VIN lesions is difficult to differentiate from that of non-neoplastic epithelial disorders, especially lichen sclerosus (LS). The authors present a case of LS, where relying on histopathology alone could have led to misdiagnosis. The patient was a 17-year-old female patient with clinical features of vulvar dermatitis and LS for 2 years. She was counseled to apply clobetasol 0.05% to the affected area daily but reported no improvement after 6 months. A biopsy of the right labia majora revealed histologic findings typical of d-VIN and near-contiguous p53 expression. These features are characteristic of d-VIN. However, d-VIN is exceedingly rare in young patients. The case was reviewed by 6 dermatopathologists and gynecologic pathologists, who observed that the degree of inflammation would be unusual postclobetasol therapy and could be due to noncompliance. A review of the patient's chart revealed that she "does not always remember to apply" clobetasol. The patient's clinician confirmed that there were compliance issues, and the follow-up biopsy was negative for d-VIN. The case was signed out as LS, with a note describing the above, and to rebiopsy if concern persisted. The authors conjecture that inflammatory infiltrates in the biopsied area caused reactive atypia due to lack of adherence to treatment. Although the patient's age helped rule out d-VIN, similar cases in elderly patients may be occurring. Pathologists must be aware that reactive forms of untreated LS can mimic d-VIN, to avoid misdiagnosis.

Risk Factors for Lichen Sclerosus: A Case-Control Study of 43,000 Finnish Women.

OBJECTIVES: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory skin disease probably arising from an interplay of genetics, local irritation, and autoimmune processes. We identified potential risk factors for the disease using data from nationwide Finnish registries. METHODS: We identified all women diagnosed with LS within specialized health care during 1998-2016 (n = 10,692) and selected 3 age-matched population control women for each case. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for possible risk factors using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Dermatological autoimmune conditions were strongly associated with LS (OR = 15.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.6-16.7 for morphea; OR = 10.3, 95% CI = 5.02-19.0 for lichen planus; OR = 6.86, 95% CI = 5.65-8.33 for alopecia; OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.88-2.56 for vitiligo). A diagnosis of Crohn or celiac disease increased the odds of LS (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.71-1.89; OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.28-1.73, respectively) as did urge and stress incontinence (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.71-1.87; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.22-1.35, respectively).The odds of LS were lower in women after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.41-0.45), coronary artery disease (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.38-0.43), and rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.36-0.41).Parous women had higher odds of LS (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04-1.17) than nulliparous ones, but increasing number of births decreased the risk. Lichen sclerosus was not associated with socioeconomic status nor the urbanicity level of the place of residence. CONCLUSIONS: Certain autoimmune diseases and urinary incontinence were associated with LS.

Peri-clitoral Epidermal Inclusion Cyst as Initial Presentation of Lichen Sclerosus in a Pediatric Patient.

BACKGROUND: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, presenting with pruritis and hypopigmentation of the vulvar and anogenital skin. LS presenting as a peri-clitoral mass has not been previously described. CASE: A 5-year-old patient with vulvar pruritis and ultrasound showing a homogenous mass was referred for suspected clitoromegaly with normal labs. Examination demonstrated a prepubertal patient with a mobile, soft, peri-clitoral mass and surrounding hypopigmentation consistent with LS. The cyst was excised surgically; pathology revealed an epidermal inclusion cyst. Postoperatively, she began using topical steroids for LS with symptom resolution. CONCLUSION: Thorough workup of clitoromegaly negative for hormonal causes requires further investigation to determine an alternative etiology of the mass. We suspect that inflammatory changes of LS and pruritus resulted in the peri-clitoral inclusion cyst.

Photodynamic therapy for male genital lichen sclerosus with urethral stricture-Case report.

Male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc) typically impacts the external genitalia, resulting in balanitis, erectile pain, urination symptoms, and/or urinary retention. Urethral stricture develops in up to 20 % of these patients, which is usually found in the distal part of the urethra but can, in severe instances, impact the entire urethra and cause structural changes. Patients with skin lesions limited to the foreskin and partially extending to the glans can typically be cured by circumcision, but the recurrence rate of stricture is high when the glans or urethra is extensively involved. In the following case report, we describe a 45-year-old man with a history of MGLSc for 3 years and urethral stricture for 2 years, and these conditions remained untreated after circumcision. We emphasize that treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) may further improve outcomes in such severe cases.

Lesiones ampollares en una paciente con morfea panesclerótica discapacitante de la infancia / Bullous lesions in a patient with panesclerotic morphea of the childhood

La morfea ampollar es un tipo enfrecente de esclerodermia localizada que se caracteriza por presentar ampollas sobre placas escleróticas. La presencia de este tipo de lesiones obliga a descartar la variante extraenital de liquen esclerodemias localizadas, es posible hallar ambas afecciones. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 19 años con diagnóstico de morfea panesclerótica y liquen escleroso ampollar.

Bollous morphea is an infreqent type of morphea characterized for developing bullae on sclerodermiformic plaques. The presence of bullae forces to discard lichen sclerosus, a disease that usually develops in the genital zone, the extragenital variant could belong to the same spectrum that localized sclerodermiformic diseases. We present a 19 year old female patient with the diagnosis of panesclerotic morphea and bullous lichen sclerosus.

Liquen escleroso en los párpados / Lichen Sclerosus on the Eyelids

No disponible

Morfea y liquen escleroatrófico extragenital generalizados tras vacuna antigripal / Morphea and Extragenital Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus After Influenza Vaccination

No disponible

Liquen escleroso genital y extragenital en la infancia: a propósito de un caso clínico / Lichen sclerosus in childhood

El liquen escleroso es una dermatosis inflamatoria crónica de piel y semimucosas que afecta princi-palmente vulva y región perianal, la localización extragenital vista sólo en 15 a 20% de los casos es rara en la infancia. La presentación más frecuente es la anogenital con pápulo-placas blanco marfil, atrofia, erosiones, púrpura y esclerosis. En mujeres afecta simétricamente zona interna de vulva, pe-rianal y periné adquiriendo forma típica en ocho, sin afectar vagina o himen. El liquen escleroso ex-tragenital se localiza principalmente en el dorso, cuello, periumbilical, muñecas y axilas con lesiones similares a las descriptas. Presentamos el caso clínico de una escolar de 11 años, sin patologías previas, que consulta por der-matosis situada en piel y mucosas topografiada en tronco y genitales. En piel, zona escapular bilate-ral, se observan placas blanco-nacaradas de cen-tro atrófico, sin esclerosis palpable. En mucosas, afectaba labios mayores, menores y zona perianal en forma de ocho, con atrofia y coloración blanco-brillosa. Refiere un año de evolución, con prurito vulvar y constipación. Se realiza diagnóstico de li-quen escleroso genital y extragenital y tratamiento con buena evolución.La importancia de conocer su diagnóstico radica en que es una patología que afecta la calidad de vida de los pacientes, por su sintomatología, su po-sible repercusión sexual y urinaria, y su potencial riesgo de carcinoma espinocelular. Es importante tener un alto índice de sospecha, ya que, debido a su baja frecuencia en la edad pediátrica, muchas veces el diagnóstico es tardío.

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory der-matosis of skin and semi-mucosae, important for its sexual and urinary repercussion, and its poten-tial risk of squamous cell carcinoma.Mainly affects vulva and perianal region, extrage-nital localization seen only in 15 to 20% of cases is rare in childhood. The most frequent presenta-tion is anogenital with white ivory papule-plates, atrophy, erosions, purpura and sclerosis. In women it affects the inner area of the vulva, peria-nal and perineum, acquiring a typical shape in eight, without affecting the vagina or hymen. The extragenital sclerosus lichen is located mainly on the back, neck, periumbilical, wrists and armpits with lesions similar to those described.We present the case of a schoolgirl of 11 years, without previous pathologies, who consulted for dermatosis located on the skin and mucous mem-branes on the trunk and genitals. In skin, bilateral scapular area, white-nacreous plates of atrophic center are observed, without palpable sclerosis. In mucous membranes, it affected the labia mi-nora, majora and perianal zone in eight form, with atrophy and white-shiny coloration. She referred a year of evolution, with vulvar pruritus and constipation. Genital and extragenital lichen sclerosus diagnosis was made and had a good evolution with treatment.

Liquen esclero atrófico extragenital / Extra-Genital Atrophic Lichen Sclerosus

El Liquen esclero atrófico es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de la piel que afecta la epidermis y la dermis, la causa es desconocida, aunque se considera que la génesis es multifactorial. Los principales factores con los que se ha relacionado, incluyen los genéticos, inmunológicos, infecciosos, traumáticos y hormonales. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 24 años de edad con diagnóstico de Liquen esclero atrófico extra genital, con antecedentes de asma bronquial desde la infancia, hace 5 años presenta múltiples lesiones en placas acrómicas, de aspecto nacarado, algunas atróficas en su región central, asintomáticas(AU)

Atrophic Lichen Sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that affects the epidermis and dermis, the cause is unknown, although the genesis is considered to be multifactorial. The main associated factors have been genetic, immunological, infectious, traumatic and hormonal. A case of a 24-year-old male patient is presented here. He has a diagnosis of extra-genital atrophic lichen sclerosus, with a history of bronchial asthma since infancy. For 5 years, this patient has multiple lesions on acrylic plaques, pearly in appearance, some atrophic in the central region, asymptomatic(AU)

Liquen escleroso extragenital: Presentación de un caso / Lichen scleros extragenital: presentation of a case

El liquen escleroso es una enfermedad crónica inflamatoria de causa desconocida. En hombres su presentación es infrecuente y se observa más comúnmente en la cuarta década de la vida. Asimismo, las lesiones extragenitales son inusuales y asientan más comúnmente en extremidades y tronco. A continuación, presentamos un paciente de sexo masculino adolescente con diagnóstico de liquen escleroso en dorso

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Appearance in men is unusual and is most seen at fourth decade of life. Also extragenital lesions are rare and most commonly settle in extremities and trunk. A case of a male adolescent patient with lichen sclerosus in trunk is reported.

Fenómeno de Koebner en un liquen escleroso tras una picadura de medusa: una morfología excepcional / Koebner Phenomenon in a Patient With Lichen Sclerosus Following a Jellyfish Sting: An Exceptional Morphology

No disponible

Liquen escleroso y atrófico: revisión de una dermatosis con múltiples manifestaciones / Lichen sclerosus and atrophic: review of a dermatosis with multiple manifestations

El liquen escleroso y atrófico (LEA) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica poco frecuente, de causa desconocida, con tendencia a la atrofia epidérmica y cicatrización destructiva. Predomina en mujeres, en la región anogenital, asociándose a un importante deterioro funcional y, en ocasiones, transformación maligna a carcinoma espinocelular. El tratamiento de elección es aún controvertido, siendo los corticoides tópicos de alta potencia y los inhibidores tópicos de la calcineurina los más utilizados. Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos de LEA; uno en una niña de 8 años, con una placa blanquecina atrófica localizada en tórax anterior; un segundo caso, un paciente de sexo masculino de 31 años con una placa blanquecina atrófica localizada en el glande, prepucio y cuerpo del pene; un tercer caso, un paciente de sexo masculino de 24 años con pápulas blanquecinas de 1 mm de diámetro, localizadas en el cuerpo del pene; y finalmente, una paciente de sexo femenino de 53 años con placas blanquecinas, atróficas e induradas en la axila derecha. Todos con hallazgos histopatológicos característicos que permitieron confirmar el diagnóstico de LEA. A partir de estos casos destacamos las diferentes localizaciones y edades de presentación que puede tener esta enfermedad junto con la importancia de un diagnóstico e inicio precoz del tratamiento. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo actualizar los conocimientos sobre los datos demográficos, clínicos, fisiopatológicos y terapéuticos en torno a LEA. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura utilizando los buscadores de PubMed y la Colaboración Cochrane. Resultados de la búsqueda incluyen bibliografía publicada hasta julio de 2014.

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause, prone to produce epidermal atrophy and destructive scarring. It predominates in women, in the anogenital region, usually associated with significant functional impairment and sometimes malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The treatment of choice is still controversial, with topical high potency steroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors being actually the most used. Four clinical cases are presented: one from an 8 year-old girl with a whitish atrophic plaque located on the chest; another is a male patient, aged 31, with a whitish atrophic plaque located on the glans, foreskin and body of the penis; a third case, 24 year-old male, with whitish papules of 1 mm in diameter located on the body of the penis and; finally, a female patient aged 53, with white atrophic and indurated plaques at the right axilla. All of them had characteristic histopathologic findings, confirming the diagnosis of LSA. From these cases we pretend to highlight the different locations and ages of presentation of LSA, and the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment. This review update the current understanding of the demographic, clinical, pathogenic and therapeutic data on LSA. For this, a comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library. Search results include published references until july 2014.

Liquen escleroso en niños: el gran simulador / Lichen sclerosus in children: the great simulator

El liquen escleroso es un trastorno mucocutáneo que afecta típicamente a mujeres en la etapa posmenopáusica. Aunque es una entidad poco conocida por los pediatras, hasta un 7-15% de los casos se dan en niñas prepuberales. Presentamos 3 casos de niñas diagnosticadas de liquen escleroso. En todos los casos, el diagnóstico inicial fue erróneo; de ahí la importancia de conocer este cuadro (AU)

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder that affects typically post-menopausical women. Although it's not well known by pediatricians, up to 7-15% of all cases happen in pre-puberal girls. We reported three cases of lichen esclerosus. In all three cases, the initial diagnosis was wrong, so the importance of knowing this cutaneous disorder (AU)

Liquen escleroso genitaly extragenital: a propósito de 4 casos / Genital and extragenital lichen sclerosus: report of 4 cases

El liquen escleroso (LE) es una enfermedad mucocutánea inflamatoria crónica de etiología desconocida. Se lo ha vinculado con diversos factores inmunológicos, genéticos, hormonales, infecciosos y traumáticos. Se presenta generalmente en mujeres entre la cuarta y quinta década de la vida y su localización habitual es la genital. Las formas extragenitales son poco frecuentes y asientan en tronco, cuello y extremidades. Debido a que los síntomas que provoca en el área genital, como el prurito, dispareunia, dolor y disuria alteran la calidad de vida del paciente, es fundamental realizar un diagnóstico en forma temprana y el tratamiento adecuado. Presentamos cuatro casos de LE genital y extragenital.

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of unknown aetiology. It has been linked to various immunological, genetic, hormonal, infectious and traumatic factors. It usually appears in women between fourth and fifth decade of life and usual location is genital area. Extragenital forms are rare and located on trunk, neck and extremities. Because the symptoms affecting genital area, such as itch, dyspareunia, pain and dysuria, may cause a high impact on the quality of life of patients, early diagnosis and appropiate treatment are essential. Four cases of genital and extragenital lichen sclerosus are reported.