Molecular decoding a meat-like aroma generated from Laetiporus sulphureus-mediated fermentation of onion (Allium cepa L.).

The organoleptic properties of plant-based meat alternatives do not meet consumer expectations due to the lack of characteristic flavors resembling meat. To address this challenge, a fermentation system utilizing Laetiporussulphureus was developed to generate a meat-like and fatty flavor from a vegetable source, onion. By means of multiple stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry, an unsaturated aldehyde, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, which imparts a tallow-like and fatty odor, and a sulfurous compound benzothiazole, with a broth-like odor were identified, which well contributed to the characteristic odor of the supernatant. (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal as the most important odorant (odor activity value = 206) was biosynthesized by transformation of linoleic acid with L.sulphureus, as revealed by isotopic tracing experiments. For the first time in Basidiomycota, the biogenetic pathway of (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal from linoleic acid was proposed.

Chemical Composition and Lipid Bioactive Components of Centaurea thracica Dwelling in Bulgaria.

Centaurea thracica (Janka) Hayek is a plant common in southern Bulgaria. The inflorescences were collected during June and September 2021, while their seeds were obtained in September 2021. The chemical and lipid composition of the inflorescences during the vegetation process of the plant were established. A significant decrease in total proteins (from 8.7 to 7.4%), glyceride oils (2.0-1.7%), and ash (4.5-4.2%) content was observed, while the amount of carbohydrates (72.3-77.2%) and fibers (28.7-35.8%) increased. During the vegetation of the plant, the content of oleic and linoleic acids increased up to 2-3 times, while the level of palmitic acid decreased. The lipids from the seeds were rich in oleic (53.0%) and palmitic (36.2%) acids. The tocopherol content in the oils of the inflorescences during vegetation increased from 58 to 110 mg/kg, and the content in the oil from the seeds was 260 mg/kg. The phospholipid content decreased during vegetation, and differences were observed in the composition between the inflorescences and the seeds. The high content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, tocopherols, and phospholipids determine the nutritional and biological value of the oils isolated from Centaurea thracica, and contribute to their potential use in various directions.

Comprehensive Analysis of Biomass from Chlorella sorokiniana Cultivated with Industrial Flue Gas as the Carbon Source.

Chlorella sorokiniana, isolated from a pond adjacent to a cement plant, was cultured using flue gas collected directly from kiln emissions using 20 L and 25000 L photobioreactors. Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides were analyzed to understand their overall composition for potential applications. The lipid content ranged from 17.97% to 21.54% of the dry biomass, with carotenoid concentrations between 8.4 and 9.2 mg/g. Lutein accounted for 55% of the total carotenoids. LC/MS analysis led to the identification of 71 intact triacylglycerols, 8 lysophosphatidylcholines, 10 phosphatidylcholines, 9 monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, 12 digalactosyldiacylglycerols, and 1 sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid were the main fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid covers ≥ 56% of total fatty acids. Protein isolates and polysaccharides were also extracted. Protein purity was determined to be ≥75% by amino acid analysis, with all essential amino acids present. Monomer analysis of polysaccharides suggested that they are composed of mainly D-(+)-mannose, D-(+)-galactose, and D-(+)-glucose. The results demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on the metabolite profile of C. sorokiniana biomass cultured using flue gas as the primary carbon source, revealing the possibility of utilizing such algal biomass in industrial applications such as animal feed, sources of cosmeceuticals, and as biofuel.

Comparative Study of Camellia oleifera Seed Oil on Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant Activities and Physicochemical Characteristics from Southern China.

Eleven kinds of Camellia oleifera seed oils (CSOs) were evaluated in terms of chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, acid value (AV) as well as peroxide value (POV). These CSOs contained abundant ß-sitosterol, squalene, α-tocopherol and phenolics, in which the squalene was the distinct constituent with the content between 45.8±0.8 and 184.1±5.5 mg/kg. The ß-sitosterol ranging from 143.7±4.8 to 1704.6±72.0 mg/kg contributed a considerable content to total accompaniments. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were present in these CSOs, in which the dominant fatty acid was oleic acid with the content between 59.66±0.72 and 82.89±2.16 g/100 g. The AV ranged from 0.1±0.0 to 1.3±0.0 mg KOH/g, and the POV was between 0.1±0.0 and 1.0±0.0 g/100 g. These CSOs showed antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Both α-tocopherol and ß-sitosterol contents showed a positive correlation with DPPH and ABTS values, respectively, while the α-tocopherol content showed a negative correlation with AV. These results suggested that CSO can be categorized into high oleic acid vegetable oil with abundant active constituents, of which the quality presented variation among different origins. These accompaniments may contribute to the delay of its quality deterioration.

Extraction and preconcentration of lead (II) in various water and food samples by orbital shaker-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction method using a new magnetic poly linoleic acid-polystyrene-PDMS block copolymer.

The aim of this study was to develop a practical orbital shaker-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction (OSA-MSPE) method for the determination of lead by FAAS. A new magnetic poly linoleic acid-polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane (PSt-PLina-PDMS) hydrophobic graft copolymer was synthesized and characterized by NMR, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, DSC, TGA, BET and used as adsorbent for the extraction of Pb (II). This adsorbent can be used at least 50 times without any decrease of its adsorption properties for the adsorption and elution of analyte ions. Several analytical parameters including pH, adsorbent amount, sample volume, shaking time, etc. were optimized. Multivariate optimization was used for the investigation of different parameters. The linear range at optimum operating condition was 1.7-84 µg L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.5 µg L-1, 1.7 µg L-1, respectively. Intraday and interday relative standard deviation (RSD %), enhancement factor (EF) and adsorbent capacity were found as 1.9%, 3.3%, 166.7, 50 mg g-1, respectively. OSA-MSPE method was tested with certified reference materials including LGC-6010 (Hard Drinking Water), NCS ZC73032 Celery and CS-M-3 Control Sample Microelements in Mushroom Powder for the accuracy. Experimental results for lead were confirmed with certified values. Present method was successfully applied to various liquid and solid food samples. The OSA-MSPE method has some important features such as selective, sensitive, low LOD, LOQ and RSD, pre-concentration factor (PF) and high enhancement factor (EF). High tolerance limits against matrix ions were achieved.

The potential of Paeonia lactiflora pall seeds oil as a pure natural cosmetics raw material: In Vitro findings.

BACKGROUND: As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Paeonia lactiflora Pall is rich in various active ingredients such as polysaccharides and total flavonoids while having ornamental value. It has potential application value in the development of food and cosmetics. OBJECTIVE: To study the in vitro efficacy of Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil. METHODS: Firstly, the levels of linolenic acid and linoleic acid in Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil were quantified using gas chromatography. The impact of Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil on the proliferation rate of B16F10 cells was assessed through the CCK-8 method, while the melanin content of B16F10 cells was determined using the sodium hydroxide lysis method. The inhibitory effects of Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil on elastase, collagenase and hyaluronidase were evaluated by biochemical techniques in vitro. Lastly, the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM) was conducted to confirm the absence of eye irritation caused by Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil. RESULTS: Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil within a certain volume concentration range (0.5%-4%) had no effect on the proliferation of B16F10 cells. Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil showed significant inhibition of elastase, collagenase and hyaluronidase. Notably, the highest concentration tested, 4% Paeonia lactiflora Pall seed oil, yielded the most pronounced outcomes without causing any irritation. CONCLUSION: A certain concentration of Paeonia lactiflora Pall seeds oil has a significant effect on decreasing the melanin content in B16F10 cells and inhibiting the activities of elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase, which can provide a reference for the development of pure natural cosmetics raw materials.

[Analysis of contents of different kinds of fatty acids in carotid atherosclerotic plaques].

Objective: To analyze the contents of different kinds of fatty acids in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Methods: A total of 24 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from October 2021 to September 2022 due to moderate and severe carotid artery stenosis were retrospectively enrolled, including 20 males and 4 females, with a median age[M(Q1, Q3)] of 68.5 (63.5, 72.3) years. According to the symptoms of cerebral ischemia, the patients were divided into a symptomatic group (12 cases) and an asymptomatic group (12 cases). Regarding the pathological characteristics, the patients were divided into a stable group (14 cases) and a vulnerable group (10 cases) according to carotid plaque pathology scores. The expression differences of different types of fatty acids in carotid plaques were analyzed by targeted fatty acid metabolomics technology based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Results: In the 24 samples, the median amount of fatty acids [M (Q1, Q3)] was 1 113 (330, 5 897) ng/g. A total of 13 medium and long-chain fatty acids were detected, including saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The content of saturated fatty acids was 584 (290, 9 888) ng/g, accounting for the highest proportion of 51.8%. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 1 444 (393, 4 264) ng/g, accounting for 44.4%. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids was 2 793 (1 558, 3 247) ng/g, accounting for 3.8%. The contents of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and oleic acid in carotid plaques in the symptomatic group were 1 760 (581, 3 006), 682 (527, 886) and 2 081 (1 358, 2 907) ng/g, respectively, which were lower than those in the asymptomatic group 3 149 (2 226, 4 683), 1 423 (964, 2 270) and 3 178 (2 352, 3 993) ng/g (all P<0.05). The contents of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and oleic acid in carotid plaques in the vulnerable group were 1 537 (588, 2 921), 649 (477, 850) and 2 081 (1 129, 2 831) ng/g, respectively, which were lower than those in the stable group 3 149 (2 047, 4 416), 1 423 (940, 2 184) and 3 091 (2 201, 3 973) ng/g (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of 11, 14-eicosadienoic acid, γ-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, erucic acid, margaric acid, pentadecanoic acid, stearic acid, dodecanoic acid and palmitic acid (all P>0.05). Conclusions: Saturated fatty acids are the main type in carotid plaques. The contents of oleic acid, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid decrease in vulnerable plaques.

Cholesterol-linoleic acid liposomes induced extracellular vesicles secretion from immortalized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for in vitro cell migration.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles that are naturally released by cells and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, tissue repair and regeneration. As naturally secreted EVs are limited, liposomes with different physicochemical properties, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and linoleic acid (LA) with modifications have been formulated to improve EVs secretion for in vitro wound healing. Various analyses, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to monitor the successful preparation of different types of liposomes. The results showed that cholesterol-LA liposomes significantly improved the secretion of EVs from immortalized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) by 1.5-fold. Based on the cell migration effects obtained from scratch assay, both LA liposomal-induced EVs and cholesterol-LA liposomal-induced EVs significantly enhanced the migration of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line. These findings suggested that LA and cholesterol-LA liposomes that enhance EVs secretion are potentially useful and can be extended for various tissue regeneration applications.

Evaluation of Properties of Chenopodium pallidicaule (Cañihua) Oil for Possible Use in Cosmetic Formulations.

In this study, Chenopodium pallidicaule (Cañihua) oilseed was investigated to determine the composition, and main physico-chemical properties to establish its potential cosmetic applications. The results were compared with well-known vegetable oils. The extraction yield was 2.14±0.01 g of extracted oil/100 g of dry-weight seeds. Unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant in Cañihua oil. The major unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid (42.1%), followed by oleic acid (24.7%) and linolenic acid (3.0%). The specific gravity was 0.897±0.01 (20°C), the average acid value was 0.48±0.14 mg / KOH, the peroxide value was 5.0±1.34 mEqO2/kg, the iodine value was 175.3±18.63 g I2/100 g, and the saponification number was 190.0±0.01 mg KOH / g oil. Other properties for use in cosmetic formulations like surface tension, viscosity, spreadability, and pour and cloud points were similar to those of other vegetable oils used in these formulations. A stable cosmetic emulsion was formulated using Cañihua oil (5%). All results demonstrated the potential of Cañihua oil as an ingredient for cosmetic emulsions for skin treatment.

A mutant cotton fatty acid desaturase 2-1d allele causes protein mistargeting and altered seed oil composition.

BACKGROUND: Cotton (Gossypium sp.) has been cultivated for centuries for its spinnable fibers, but its seed oil also possesses untapped economic potential if, improvements could be made to its oleic acid content. RESULTS: Previous studies, including those from our laboratory, identified pima accessions containing approximately doubled levels of seed oil oleic acid, compared to standard upland cottonseed oil. Here, the molecular properties of a fatty acid desaturase encoded by a mutant allele identified by genome sequencing in an earlier analysis were analyzed. The mutant sequence is predicted to encode a C-terminally truncated protein lacking nine residues, including a predicted endoplasmic reticulum membrane retrieval motif. We determined that the mutation was caused by a relatively recent movement of a Ty1/copia type retrotransposon that is not found associated with this desaturase gene in other sequenced cotton genomes. The mutant desaturase, along with its repaired isozyme and the wild-type A-subgenome homoeologous protein were expressed in transgenic yeast and stably transformed Arabidopsis plants. All full-length enzymes efficiently converted oleic acid to linoleic acid. The mutant desaturase protein produced only trace amounts of linoleic acid, and only when strongly overexpressed in yeast cells, indicating that the missing C-terminal amino acid residues are not strictly required for enzyme activity, yet are necessary for proper subcellular targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. CONCLUSION: These results provide the biochemical underpinning that links a genetic lesion present in a limited group of South American pima cotton accessions and their rare seed oil oleic acid traits. Markers developed to the mutant desaturase allele are currently being used in breeding programs designed to introduce this trait into agronomic upland cotton varieties.

Detection of walnut oil adulterated with high-linoleic acid vegetable oils using triacylglycerol pseudotargeted method based on SFC-QTOF-MS.

Authentication of walnut oil (WO) is challenging due to the adulteration of high-linoleic acid vegetable oils (HLOs) with similar fatty acid composition. To allow the discrimination of WO adulteration, a rapid, sensitive and stable scanning method based on supercritical fluid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SFC-QTOF-MS) was established to profile 59 potential triacylglycerol (TAGs) in HLOs samples within 10 min. Limit of quantitation of the proposed method is 0.002 µg mL-1 and the relative standard deviations range from 0.7% to 12.0%. TAGs profiles of WO samples from various varieties, geography origins, ripeness, and processing methods were used to construct orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and OPLS models that were highly accurate in both qualitative and quantitative prediction at adulteration levels as low as 5% (w/w). This study advances the TAGs analysis to characterize vegetable oils and holds promise as an efficient method for oil authentication.

assessment of antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase capacities of leaves extracts.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the chemical profile of methanolic crude extract and its fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, to evaluate their biological and pharmacological properties: antioxidant (1, 1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and ß carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays), enzymes inhibitory ability against several enzymes [acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), buthyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and tyrosinase]. METHODS: Secondary metabolites were extracted from Tamarix africana air-dried powdered leaves by maceration, the crude extract was fractionated using different solvents with different polarities (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous). The amount of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) were determined using colorimetric assays. A variety of biochemical tests were carried out to assess antioxidant and oxygen radical scavenging properties using DPPH, ABTS, galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and ß carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. Neuroprotective effect was examined against acetylcholinesterase and buthy-rylcholinesterase enzymes. The anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities were performed against urease and tyrosinase enzymes respectively. The extract's components were identified using LC-MS and compared to reference substances. RESULTS: The results indicated that Tamarix africana extracts presented a powerful antioxidant activity in all assays and exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE as well as urease and tyrosinase enzymes. LC-MS analysis identified amount of eight phenolic compounds were revealed in this analysis; Apigenin, Diosmin, Quercetin, Quercetine-3-glycoside, Apigenin 7-O glycoside, Rutin, Neohesperidin and Wogonin in methanolic extract and its different fractions of Tamarix africana from leaves. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is reasonable to assume that Tamarix africana could be considered as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries to create innovative health-promoting drugs.

Extraction and trapping of truffle flavoring compounds into food matrices using supercritical CO2.

A supercritical fluid extraction methodology was used to extract flavoring and bioactive compounds from truffles. Some parameters such as CO2 flow rate (1-3 mg/mL), extraction time (15-90 min) and different trapping food matrices (grape seed oil, gelatin, agar agar and water) were optimized using response surface methodology to enhance extraction and trapping yields. The optimal conditions (2.27 mg/mL CO2 flow rate, 82.5 min when using 40 °C and 30 MPa, with 1 mL grape seed oil as trapping matrix) obtained with Tuber melanosporum were applied to three different truffle species: Terfezia claveryi, Tuber aestivum and Tuber indicum. A total of 32 metabolites were profiled in the extracts using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compounds such as brassicasterol ergosta-7,22-dienol, oleic and linoleic acid were found at similar amounts in all the extracts but other molecules (e.g. fungal sterols) showed a particular distribution depending on the specie studied and whether a trapping matrix was used at the SFE outlet.

Evaluation of the Amazonian fruit Ambelania acida: Chemical and nutritional studies.

Ambelania acida is native to the Amazon region, with few published studies of its fruits. We examined the proximate composition of its fruits, including minerals, fatty acids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as its antioxidant capacity. The protein contents (2.61%) of the pulp and seeds (13.6%) were higher than observed in other taxa of the family or in other tropical fruits. Peel and pulp showed high contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the potassium content in the pulp was 1125 mg/100 g. The peel had higher contents of total phenolics, tannins, and ortho-diphenols than the pulp, as well as better antioxidant activity as evidenced by 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Fe2+ chelating activity assays. GC-MS analyses identified 42 VOCs in the peel and pulp, with more than 90% being classified as terpenes. Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in the lipid fractions of the peel, pulp, and seeds. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid for humans, was the principal fatty acid in the edible portion of the fruit, therefore, evidencing its nutritionally significant profile for the fruits when considering the relationship among polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The information gathered here indicates that this native fruit is a healthy food source and its cultivation and consumption should be stimulated.

Regulatory mechanisms of fatty acids biosynthesis in Armeniaca sibirica seed kernel oil at different developmental stages.

Background: Armeniaca sibirica seed kernel oil is rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid, thus holding potential value as a source of high-quality edible oils. However, some regulatory factors involved in fatty acids accumulation in A. sibirica seed kernels remain largely elusive. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying fatty acids biosynthesis in A. sibirica developing seed kernels. Methods: Seed kernels from six plants from a single A. sibirica clone were taken at five different developmental stages (days 30, 41, 52, 63, and 73 after anthesis). Fatty acid composition in seed kernel oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, transcriptome analysis was conducted using second-generation sequencing (SGS) and single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT). Results: Rapid accumulation of fatty acids occurred throughout the different stages of seed kernels development, with oleic acid and linoleic acid as the main fatty acids. A total of 10,024, 9,803, 6,004, 6,719 and 9,688 unigenes were matched in the Nt, Nr, KOG, GO and KEGG databases, respectively. In the category lipid metabolism, 228 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated into 13 KEGG pathways. Specific unigenes encoding 12 key enzymes related to fatty acids biosynthesis were determined. Co-expression network analysis identified 11 transcription factors (TFs) and 13 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which putatively participate in the regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. This study provides insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of fatty acids biosynthesis in A. sibirica developing seed kernels, and enabled the identification of novel candidate factors for future improvement of the production and quality of seed kernel oil by breeding.

Chemical Composition Assessment of Structural Parts (Seeds, Peel, Pulp) of Physalis alkekengi L. Fruits.

In recent years there has been an extensive search for nature-based products with functional potential. All structural parts of Physalis alkekengi (bladder cherry), including fruits, pulp, and less-explored parts, such as seeds and peel, can be considered sources of functional macro- and micronutrients, bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietetic fiber. The chemical composition of all fruit structural parts (seeds, peel, and pulp) of two phenotypes of P. alkekengi were studied. The seeds were found to be a rich source of oil, yielding 14-17%, with abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 88%) and tocopherols, or vitamin E (up to 5378 mg/kg dw; dry weight). The predominant fatty acid in the seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. The seeds contained most of the fruit's protein (16-19% dw) and fiber (6-8% dw). The peel oil differed significantly from the seed oil in fatty acid and tocopherol composition. Seed cakes, the waste after oil extraction, contained arginine and aspartic acid as the main amino acids; valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were present in slightly higher amounts than the other essential amino acids. They were also rich in key minerals, such as K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. From the peel and pulp fractions were extracted fruit concretes, aromatic products with specific fragrance profiles, of which volatile compositions (GC-MS) were identified. The major volatiles in peel and pulp concretes were ß-linalool, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene. The results from the investigation substantiated the potential of all the studied fruit structures as new sources of bioactive compounds that could be used as prospective sources in human and animal nutrition, while the aroma-active compounds in the concretes supported the plant's potential in perfumery and cosmetics.

The MAP-Kinase HOG1 Controls Cold Adaptation in Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae by Promoting Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RKHog1 in the cold adaptation of Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain YM25235 and elucidate the correlation of biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and glycerol with its cold adaptation. The YM25235 strain was subjected to salt, osmotic, and cold stress tolerance analyses. mRNA levels of RKhog1, Δ12/15-fatty acid desaturase gene (RKD12), RKMsn4, HisK2301, and RKGPD1 in YM25235 were detected by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of PUFAs, such as linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (ALA) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, followed by determination of the growth rate of YM25235 and its glycerol content at low temperature. The RKHog1 overexpression, knockout, and remediation strains were constructed. Stress resistance analysis showed that overexpression of RKHog1 gene increased the biosynthesis of glycerol and enhanced the tolerance of YM25235 to cold, salt, and osmotic stresses, respectively. Inversely, the knockout of RKHog1 gene decreased the biosynthesis of glycerol and inhibited the tolerance of YM25235 to different stresses. Fatty acid analysis showed that the overexpression of RKHog1 gene in YM25235 significantly increased the content of LA and ALA, but RKHog1 gene knockout YM25235 strain had decreased content of LA and ALA. In addition, the mRNA expression level of RKD12, RKMsn4, RKHisK2301, and RKGPD1 showed an increase at 15 °C after RKHog1 gene overexpression but were unchanged at 30 °C. RKHog1 could regulate the growth adaptability and PUFA content of YM25235 at low temperature and this could be helpful for the cold adaptation of YM25235.

Bioavailability and biotransformation of linolenic acid from basil seed oil as a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids tested on a rat experimental model.

Basil is an aromatic herb with a high concentration of bioactive compounds. The oil extracted from its seeds is a good source of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and also provides substantial amounts of linoleic acid (LA). This study aimed to test the bioavailability of the oil derived from basil seeds and its effects on different physiological parameters using 7-15% dietary inclusion levels. Furthermore, the assimilation of LA and ALA and their transformation in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have been studied. Digestive utilization of total fat from basil seed oil (BSO) was high and similar to that of olive oil used as a control. Consumption of BSO resulted in increased LA and ALA levels of the plasma, liver, and erythrocyte membrane. In addition, the transformation of LA to arachidonic acid (ARA) was decreased by the high dietary intake of ALA which redirected the pathway of the Δ-6 desaturase enzyme towards the transformation of ALA into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). No alterations of hematological and plasma biochemical parameters were found for the 7 and 10% dietary inclusion levels of BSO, whereas a decrease in the platelet count and an increase in total- and HDL-cholesterol as well as plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found for a 15% BSO dose. In conclusion, BSO is a good source of ALA to be transformed into EPA and decrease the precursor of the pro-inflammatory molecule ARA. This effect on the levels of EPA in different tissues offers potential for its use as a dietary supplement, novel functional food, or a constituent of nutraceutical formulations to treat different pathologies.

Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Kernel Oil from Eight Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) Cultivars.

New plant oils as a potential natural source of nutraceutical compounds are still being sought. The main components of eight cultivars ('Koral', 'Lucyna', 'Montmorency', 'Naumburger', 'Wanda', 'Wigor', 'Wolynska', and 'Wróble') of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) grown in Poland, including crude fat, protein, and oil content, were evaluated. The extracted oils were analysed for chemical and biological activity. The oils had an average peroxide value of 1.49 mEq O2/kg, acid value of 1.20 mg KOH/g, a saponification value of 184 mg of KOH/g, and iodine value of 120 g I2/100 g of oil. The sour cherry oil contained linoleic (39.1-46.2%) and oleic (25.4-41.0%) acids as the major components with smaller concentrations of α-eleostearic acid (8.00-15.62%), palmitic acid (5.45-7.41%), and stearic acid (2.49-3.17%). The content of sterols and squalene varied significantly in all the studied cultivars and ranged between 336-973 mg/100 g and 66-102 mg/100 g of oil. The contents of total tocochromanols, polyphenols, and carotenoids were 119-164, 19.6-29.5, and 0.56-1.61 mg/100 g oil, respectively. The cultivar providing the highest amounts of oil and characterised by the highest content of PUFA (including linoleic acid), plant sterols, α-and ß-tocopherol, as well as the highest total polyphenol and total carotenoids content was been found to be 'Naumburger'. The antioxidant capacity of sour cherry kernel oils, measured using the DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods, ranged from 57.7 to 63.5 and from 38.2 to 43.2 mg trolox/100 g oil, respectively. The results of the present study provide important information about potential possibilities of application of Prunus cerasus kernel oils in cosmetic products and pharmaceuticals offering health benefits.

Changes in Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Virgin Olive Oil of 'Cornicabra' According to Fruit Maturation in Longnan, China.

This work aims to study the influence of olive fruit maturity on physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity which determine the quality of virgin olive oils (VOO). According to the results, the values of all parameters were within the range specified by the Codex Alimentarius (2017). With the increase of fruit maturity, the oil content continued to increase until reached the maximum value (20.05%) in the 7th maturity (M7). K232, K270 and peroxide value (PV) decreased with the increase of maturity, while ΔK increased linearly with the increase of maturity. Free fatty acidity (FFA) first decreased and then increased, until reached the maximum value of (0.52 ± 0.03) % in M7. The total polyphenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) that characterized the antioxidant properties of olive oil increased with the increase of fruit maturity, which indicated that the oxidative stability (OS) of VOO of 'Cornicabra' increased with the increase of fruit maturity. The oleic acid (C18:1) content remained above 70 % and reached the maximum of (76.68 ± 0.17) % at M7. The values of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) / polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and oleic acid (C18:1) / linoleic acid (C18:2) showed a decreasing trend with the maturity stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the quality of FFA, PV, K232, K270, TP, TF and OS were higher at the 5th maturity (M5), the quality of fatty acid were higher at M7. It can be seen from the analysis that the olive fruit maturity was an important parameter to characterize and distinguish olive oil.