Lipid profiling suggests species specificity and minimal seasonal variation in Pacific Green and Hawksbill Turtle plasma.

In this study, we applied multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-profiling to explore the relative ion intensity of lipid classes in plasma samples from sea turtles in order to profile lipids relevant to sea turtle physiology and investigate how dynamic ocean environments affect these profiles. We collected plasma samples from foraging green (Chelonia mydas, n = 28) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata, n = 16) turtles live captured in North Pacific Costa Rica in 2017. From these samples, we identified 623 MRMs belonging to 10 lipid classes (sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, free fatty acid, cholesteryl ester, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, ceramide, and triacylglyceride) and one metabolite group (acyl-carnitine) present in sea turtle plasma. The relative ion intensities of most lipids (80%) were consistent between species, across seasons, and were not correlated to body size or estimated sex. Of the differences we observed, the most pronounced was the differences in relative ion intensity between species. We identified 123 lipids that had species-specific relative ion intensities. While some of this variability is likely due to green and hawksbill turtles consuming different food items, we found indications of a phylogenetic component as well. Of these, we identified 47 lipids that varied by season, most belonging to the structural phospholipid classes. Overall, more lipids (n = 39) had higher relative ion intensity in the upwelling (colder) season compared to the non-upwelling season (n = 8). Further, we found more variability in hawksbill turtles than green turtles. Here, we provide the framework in which to apply future lipid profiling in the assessment of health, physiology, and behavior in endangered sea turtles.

Influence of spermatozoal lipidomic profile on the cryoresistance of frozen spermatozoa from stallions.

The membrane of spermatozoa, which contributes to cellular cryoresistance, contains numerous lipids with a composition that directly affects membrane fluidity and the fertilization process. In light of variations in the degree of sensitivity in equine seminal freezing, this study aimed to correlate equine semen lipids with post-thawing characteristics of spermatozoa. We used ejaculates from 34 stallions, which were evaluated (total motility ≥ 60%), frozen and thawed and reevaluated for motility of spermatozoa, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation. Lipid extraction of the fresh semen samples was performed by liquid-liquid extraction, and fingerprinting lipid analysis was conducted by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Based on the characteristics of spermatozoa after thawing, the animals could be separated into two groups: resistant (Good Freezers, n = 5) and sensitive (Bad Freezers, n = 6) to freezing, and their MALDI-MS data were then compared. The Good Freezers group showed a higher abundance of phosphatidylcholines (m/z 796.6, 846.6, 810.6, 854.6 and 732.6). The ions of m/z 812.6, 832.6, 836.6 and 838.6 belonging to the phosphatidylcholine lipid class were also positively correlated with motility of spermatozoa, whereas that of m/z 794.6 was negatively correlated with lipid peroxidation in thawed semen. The Bad Freezer group, displayed higher abundance of one phosphatidylcholines (m/z 806.6), as well as a sphingomyelins (m/z 703.5), which were negatively correlated (univariate analysis) with kinetics of spermatozoa after thawing (m/z 703.5) and with membrane integrity (m/z 792.6). The ion of m/z 717.5, assigned to phosphatidic acid, was negatively correlated with lipid peroxidation. In general therefore, the phosphatidylcholines are associated with higher quality of spermatozoa after thawing, especially in functional capacity, and that lipid semen composition was found to influence the resistance of spermatozoa to cryopreservation and may interfere with motility, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation in stallions.

Solubilization of binary lipid mixtures by the detergent Triton X-100: the role of cholesterol.

The solubilization of lipid bilayers of different composition and phase by the detergent Triton X-100 (Triton X-100) was investigated using optical and fluorescence microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and light scattering of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). The compositions explored were 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), in the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase, sphingomyelin (SM), in the gel phase, and binary mixtures of these phospholipids with 30 mol % cholesterol (chol), resulting in bilayers in the Ld and liquid-ordered (Lo) phases, respectively. We show that the phospholipid bilayers are completely soluble in TX-100, but optical microscopy reveals that whereas fluid POPC is gradually solubilized by TX-100, gel SM is first shattered in bilayer fragments. Incorporation of TX-100 in the membrane leads to increase in GUV area, which was quantified and expressed as bound detergent-to-lipid molar ratio. The partition of TX-100 in POPC is very high, decreases in POPC/chol, and is negligible in SM/chol. Fluorescence microscopy shows that TX-100 induces Lo/Ld phase separation in previously homogeneous POPC/chol GUVs, and insoluble bilayer fragments/vesicles are detected with optical microscopy and light scattering. Vesicles of SM/chol, in the Lo phase, are virtually insoluble in TX-100. Taken together, our results show that the presence of cholesterol is the origin of membrane resistance to solubilization, which depending on the specific lipid mixture can result in either partially (POPC/chol) or completely (SM/chol) insoluble mixtures.

Perfil lipídico da dieta consumida por mulheres de duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde / Dietary Lipid Profile of women assisted at two Primary Health Care Units

The aim of this study was to analyze the intake of total lipids, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) among women attended at two primary health care units (PHUs) in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais. Female users who received individual nutritional care between October 2008 and February 2011 were evaluated using information from the first contact, including: socio-demographic, health and anthropometric assessments; and dietary analysis by means of a 24-hour food recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Through the latter, we sought to identify the main foods that marked inadequate intake of total lipids and SFAs. Evaluations were conducted with 238 female users: 56.3% assisted at the PHU 1 and 43.7% at the PHU 2, with a mean age of 50.9 years (±12.3). Among the non-elderly adult female users (n=172), 89.0% were considered obese, while all of the elderly women (n=66) were overweight. There was high prevalence of morbid conditions (arterial hypertension: 53.0%; dyslipidemia: 29.1%), excessive total lipid intake (40.0%), PUFA intake (46.7%) and SFA intake (32.6%), and insufficient intake of MUFAs (62.2%). The intake of MUFAs was lower among women who reported having dyslipidemia (p=0.002). Among the main foods identified as contributing to excessive total lipid and SFA intake, artificial savory snacks and filled biscuits stood out among the female users of the PHU 1, and visible fat in meat and artificial savory snacks among the women at the PHU 2. These high levels of inappropriate dietary lipid intake and fatty acid profile show the importance of nutritional interventions within primary care focusing on this topic.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el consumo de lípidos totales y ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), monoinsaturados (AGMI) y poliinsaturados (AGPI) entre mujeresatendidas en dos Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) de Belo Horizonte/MG. Se evaluaron las mujeres que recibieron atención nutricional individual, entre octubre de 2008 y febrero de 2011, siendo evaluadas las informaciones del primer contacto que incluyen la evaluación sociodemográfica, de salud y antropométrica; análisis de la dieta realizado por el Recordatorio de 24 horas y Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo Alimentario. Através de este último, se buscó identificar los principales alimentos marcadores de la inadecuación del consumo de lípidos totales y AGS. Participaron del estudio 238 mujeres, de las cuales 56,3% pertenecían a UBS 1 y el 43,7% a UBS 2, con media de 50,9 (12,3) años. Entre las mujeres adultas (n=172), 89% tenía obesidad y la totalidad de las ancianas (n=66) presentaron sobrepeso. Fueran altas las prevalencias de morbilidades (hipertensión arterial: 53%; dislipidemia: 29,1%), de consumo excesivo de lípidos totales (40%), AGPI (46,7%) y AGS (32,6%); y del consumo insuficiente de AGMI (62,2%). El consumo de AGMI fue menor entre las mujeres que referieron dislipidemia (p=0,002). Entre los principales alimentos identificados que contribuyen para el consumo excesivo de lípidos totales y AGS se destacan los saladitos industrializados y las galletas rellenas entre las mujeres de la UBS 1 y la grasa visible de las carnes y los saladitos industrializados entre las mujeres de la UBS 2. Esa alta inadecuación en el consumo alimentario de lípidos y en el perfil de ácidos grasos señala la importancia de las intervenciones nutricionales en la Atención Primaria de la Salud que se relacionan con el tema.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o consumo de lipídeos totais e de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), monoinsaturados (AGMI) e poli-insaturados (AGPI) entre mulheres atendidas em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de Belo Horizonte-MG. Foram avaliadas as usuárias que receberam atendimento nutricional individual, entre outubro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2011, sendo avaliadas as informações do primeiro contato, que contemplam a avaliação sociodemográfica, de saúde e antropométrica, bem como a análise dietética efetuada pelo Recordatório Alimentar de 24 horas e pelo Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. Por meio deste último, buscou-se identificar os principais alimentos marcadores da inadequação de consumo de lipídeos totais e AGS. Participaram 238 usuárias, das quais 56,3% pertenciam à UBS 1 e 43,7% à UBS 2, com média de 50,9 (12,3) anos. Entre as usuárias adultas (n=172), verificou-se 89,0% de obesidade, enquanto a totalidade das idosas (n=66) apresentava sobrepeso. Foram altas as prevalências de morbidades (hipertensão arterial: 53,0%; dislipidemia: 29,1%), do consumo excessivo de lipídeos totais (40,0%), AGPI (46,7%) e AGS (32,6%), e da ingestão insuficiente de AGMI (62,2%). O consumo de AGMI foi menor entre mulheres que referiram ter dislipidemias (p=0,002). Dentre os principais alimentos contribuintes para o consumo excessivo de lipídeos totais e AGS identificados, destacam-se o salgadinho industrializado e o biscoito recheado, entre usuárias da UBS 1, e gordura visível da carne e salgadinho industrializado, entre as mulheres da UBS 2. Essa elevada inadequação no consumo alimentar de lipídeos e o perfil dos ácidos graxos denotam a importância de intervenções nutricionais na Atenção Primária à Saúde que contemplem tal temática.

Preparation, characterization and evaluation of moisturizing and UV protecting effects of topical solid lipid nanoparticles

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were recently proposed as carriers for various pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives. These lipid nanoparticles can act as moisturizers and physical sunscreens on their own. Therefore, the full potential of these carriers has yet to be determined. The present study was aimed to determine and compare moisturizing and UV-protecting effects of different solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) prepared by different solid lipids including Glyceryl monostearate (GMS), Precirol® (P) and cetyl palmitate (CP) as carrier systems of moisturizers and sunscreens. The influence of the size and matrix crystallinity of the solid lipids on the occlusive factor, skin hydration and UV-protection were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. The SLN were prepared by high-shear homogenization and ultrasound methods. Size, zeta potential and morphological characteristics of the samples were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermotropic properties with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Results of the assessments showed that SLN-CP significantly increases skin hydration and UV-protection, compared to SLN-GMS and SLN-P. It was demonstrated that the size of SLN, crystallinity index of solid lipid in SLN and probably other mechanisms besides the occlusive factor can influence skin hydration and UV-protection indices. Furthermore, findings of the assessments demonstrated significant difference between in vitro and in vivo assessments regarding occlusive factor and moisturizing effects. Findings of the present study indicate that the SLN-CP could be a promising carrier for sunscreens and moisturizers.

Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram, recentemente, propostas como carreadores de vários ativos cosméticos e farmacêuticos. Essas nanopartículas lipídicas podem atuar como hidratantes e protetores solares físicos por si só. Assim sendo, determinou-se o potencial desses carreadores. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram determinar e comparar os efeitos hidratantes e protetores contra UV das diferentes partículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) preparadas com diferentes lipídios sólidos, incluindo o monoestearato de gligerila (MSG), Precirol® (P) e palmitato de cetila (PC) como sistemas carreadores de hidratantes e de protetores solares. A influência do tamanho e da cristalinidade da matriz dos lipídios sólidos no fator oclusivo, na hidratação da pele e na proteção ao UV foi avaliada por métodos in vitro e in vivo. As NLS foram preparadas por homogeneização por alto corte e métodos de ultrassom. Tamanho, potencial zeta e características morfológicas das amostras foram determinados por microscopia de transmissão eletrônica (MTE) e as propriedades termotrópicas, com diferentes técnicas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (CDV). Os resultados mostraram que NLS-PC aumenta significativamente a hidratação da pele e a proteção ao UV, comparativamente à NLS-MSG e à NLS-P. Demonstrou-se que o tamanho da NLS, índice de cristalinidade do lipídio sólido na NLS e, provavelmente, outros mecanismos além do fator oclusivo podem influenciar a hidratação da pele e os índices de proteção ao UV. Além disso, os resultados mostraram diferença significativa entre as avaliações in vitro e in vivo com relação ao fator oclusivo e aos efeitos hidratantes. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que NLS-PC poderia ser um carreador promissor para protetores solares e hidratantes.

Requerimientos y recomendaciones de macro y micronutrientes en el niño con infección por VIH/SIDA / Requirements and recommendations of macro and micronutrients in children with HIS/AIDS

En niños con infección por VIH/SIDA, existen diferentes métodos para estimar las necesidades de proteína y energía. Estos requerimientos pueden ser estimados, sustituyendo la ingesta diaria recomendada (IDR) por proteína, o incrementando la IDR de proteína entre 50%-100%. Los lípidos ayudan a aumentar el aporte energético. La restricción de carbohidratos simples, se hará en el caso de presentar resistencia periférica a la insulina, al igual que cuando se presente hipertrigliceridemia. Es necesario mantener una buena hidratación para asegurar el equilibrio hidroelectrolítico. El objetivo del soporte nutricional especial, tiene que estar encaminado a preservar la masa grasa y mantener los niveles adecuados de nutrimentos y minimizar los síntomas de malabsorción. De preferencia se deberá utilizar la vía oral ó enteral. Aunque muchos estudios reportan la transmisión del VIH a través de la leche materna, la proporción y la epidemiología no está completamente establecida.

In children with HIV/AIDS infection, there are different methods for estimating protein and energy needs. These requirements can be estimated by replacing the recommended daily intake (RDI) for protein, or increasing the RDA of protein between 50%-100%. Lipids help to increase energy intake. The restriction of simple carbohydrates, will be presented in the case of peripheral insulin resistance, like when presented hypertriglyceridemia. Must be maintained to ensure good hydration and electrolyte balance. The purpose of the special nutritional support, must be designed to preserve body fat and maintain proper levels of nutrients and minimize symptoms of malabsorption. Preferably it should use the oral or enteral. Although many studies report HIV transmission through breast milk, the proportion and epidemiology is not fully established.

Efeitos dos medicamentos hipolipêmicos no perfil lipídico de população idosa de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Effects of hypolipemic drugs on the lipidic profile of Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil in older population

O perfil lipídico pode estar relacionado com doenças crônico-degenerativas e suas complicações. Alguns dos medicamentos usados para controlar os níveis lipêmicos são estatinas e fibratos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil lipídico da população idosa de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, que faz uso desses medicamentos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 456 idosos e as dosagens foram realizadas através da metodologia química seca. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes Student e Qui-quadrado. Analisou-se o perfil lipídico de 22 homens e 51 mulheres que faziam uso de medicamentos hipolipêmicos e comparou-se esse perfil com o de 85 homens e 161 mulheres que não faziam uso destes. Os resultados demonstraram diferença significativa na classificação dos riscos e nos valores médios de colesterol total, LDL e triglicerídeos, nas idosas que usavam hipolipêmicos em relação às quenão os utilizavam. No entanto, para os homens, ocorreu uma diminuição significativa nos resultados de LDL, nos que faziam uso dos hipolipêmicos, apresentando valores controlados para todos os índices. É necessário um maior acompanhamento para a utilização correta dos medicamentos citados pelas pacientes idosas, a fim de se obter um melhor controle da lipemia e uma melhoria nas condições de saúde dessas pacientes.

The lipidic profile can be related to chronic degenerative diseases and their complications. Some of the drugs used to control the lipidic levels are statins and fibrates. The aim of the study was to verify the lipidic profile of the elderly population of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil that makes use of these medicines. Blood samples were collected from 465 elderly and the dosages were determined by drought chemical methodology. For statistical analysis were used the Student t test and Chi-square test. There were examined the lipidic profile of 22 men and 51 women that made use of hypolipemic drugs and compared with 85 men and 161 women that did not use these. The results showed significant differences in the classification of risk and the average values of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides in the elderly that used hypolipemic in relation to those that did not use. However, for men there was a significant decrease in LDL results of those that made use of hypolipemic drugs, presenting controlled values for all indexes. It’s necessary a better monitoring for the correct use of the drugs mentioned by elderly women patients in order to get a better control of lipidic profile and an improvement in the health conditions of these patients.

A influência do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico sobre células sangüíneas, perfil lipídico e glicemia de pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica / The influence of non-surgical periodontal treatment over the elements of the blood, lipidic profile and glycemia of patients suffering from chronic periodontitis

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico exercia influência sobre os elementos celulares do sangue, perfil lipídico e glicose de pacientes com periodontite crônica. Dez pacientes (49,7 ± 8,8 anos) foram submetidos, previamente ao tratamento periodontal e, trinta dias após o mesmo, à coleta de 10ml de sangue periférico, através dos quais foram avaliados elementos celulares das séries branca e vermelha, número de plaquetas, VHS, lipidograma e glicose. Os parâmetros clínicos utilizados foram: Índice de Placa (IP) de Silness e L÷e (1964), Índice Gengival (IG) de Loe (1967), Sangramento à Sondagem (SS), Profundidade de Bolsa à Sondagem (PBS) e Nível de Inserção à Sondagem (NI). Trinta dias após a conclusão do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico, foi realizada reavaliação e constatada melhora significativa (P<0,001) de todos os parâmetros clínicos supracitados. A hemoglobina (P=0,03) e a glicose (P=0,02) sofreram redução significativa, enquanto o número de hemácias (P=0,06) e o hematócrito (P=0,08), apesar de reduzidos, não sofreram mudanças estatisticamente significativas. O colesterol total e o LDL apresentaram aumento, porém não significativo, após o tratamento (P=0,09 e P=0,06, respectivamente), enquanto os demais parâmetros não sofreram alterações significativas (P>0,1). Através destes resultados, concluiu-se que o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico foi bem sucedido no controle da periodontite crônica, e que, após o mesmo, a hemoglobina e a glicose sofreram redução estatisticamente significativa, as hemßcias e o hematócrito apresentaram uma tendência à redução e o colesterol total e o LDL, uma tendência ao aumento.

Major plasma lipids and fatty acids in four HDL mammals.

Lipid classes and their fatty acids were compared in plasma from four mammals: a laboratory rodent, the mouse; two domestic animals, the cat and dog; and a wild animal, the South American armadillo, Chaetophractus villosus. In all, the most abundant lipoprotein was high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In the total lipid of plasma, phospholipids (PL) predominated in all four species, in correlation with the proportion of HDL, both being largest in dogs. The major PL was phosphatidylcholine (PC), followed by sphingomyelin (SM) and lysophosphatidylcholine. The total plasma lipid from the four species contained long-chain n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids as the predominant acyl groups, followed by comparable proportions of total saturated and monoenoic fatty acids and small percentages of n-3 PUFA. The percentages of these four major groups of fatty acids in PC, SM, triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters were similar among species, but showed significant differences in the ratios between major individual fatty acids composing these groups.

Lipídios em gräos de café / Lipidies in coffes grains

Nesta revisäo säo abordados os aspectos referentes ao teor, ao uso e à composiçäo dos lipídios presentes em gräos de café arábica e robusta, tanto crus como torrados e em alguns de seus derivados. Comentam-se as principais diferenças entre as espécies no tocante aos lipídios e relatam-se os estudos sobre possíveis implicaçöes à saúde por parte dos principais componentes do material insaponificável, o cafestol e o caveol. O teor dos lipídios em gräos de crus é diferente dos torrados. A composiçäo dos lipídios varia entre espécies e conforme autores. Se apenas a composiçäo em ácidos graxos fosse considerada, na qual predominam os ácidos linoléico e palmítico, o óleo de café deveria exibir ponto de fusäo mais elevado. A principal diferenciaçäo entre as espécies está no teor e na composiçäo do material insaponificável, sobretudo no que diz respeito aos álcoois diterpênicos, cafestol e caveol, e seus ésteres. A estes tem sido atribuído efeito hipercolesterolêmico, consequência da ingestäo da bebida näo-filtrada

Desogestrel-etinil estradiol y metabolismo de los lípidos. Estudio continuado / Desogestrel-ethynilestradiol and lipid metabolism

En un informe previo de un estudio comparativo, se hizo notar que la asociación desogestrel-etinil estradiol (0.150 mcg+0.030 mcg) ejerce una acción directa sobre las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, misma que se mantiene durante el tiempo de consumo, mientras que se el levo-norgestrel-etinil estradiol, en sus dos esquemas de administración monofásico y noretindrona-etinil estradiol, mantienen cifras similares desde el inicio del consumo. Sin embargo, después de 28 ciclos de uso, las lipoproteinas de baja densidad en el grupo e levonorgestrel, iniciaban un moderado aumento, sugeriendo un cambio en relación al patrón inicial. Este informe indica, después de 32 a 40 ciclos, cambios muy importantes: el desogestrel EE, mantiene niveles altos de HDL-c; la NET-EE, muestra una tendencia muy uniforme a lo largo del estudio y en cuanto al LN-EE, en sus dos esquemas, muestra una consideración baja en los niveles de HDL-c de un 26.6% a 20.3%, razón por la que se suspendió la administración de LN-EE. Al analizar 48 ciclos de consumo, se apreció un cambio muy significativo en los valores de HDL-c en la usuarias de LN-EE en ambos esquemas, pués se recuperó a niveles similares al inicio del consumo, cuatro años antes y en aquellas en las que se administró DSG-EE, después de tres meses de observación, la recuperación fue no sólo más rápida sino que alcanzó niveles más altos de HDL-c.