ABSTRACT
Background: Clinical care of cats with urethral obstruction is a common routine in feline clinical medicine and the re-establishment of urinary flow is essential for long-lasting correction of the pathophysiological alterations presented. For this chemical restraint is usually employed, that together with the alteration, increases the anesthetic risk of these patients. Improvement in anesthetic techniques, especially the loco-regional, may contribute to reducing the anesthetic risk of these patients and facilitate maneuvers to clear the obstruction. Thus the objective of the present study was to describe and assess the bilateral block technique of the pudendal nerve in 16 cats with urethral obstruction.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen male crossbred cats were used, with partial or total urethral obstruction, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The anesthetic block of the pudendal nerve trunk was carried out by placing the local anesthetic close to the ventral foramen of the second sacral vertebra, using a 13 x 0.45 mm needle attached to a 1 mL syringe. To assess the effectiveness of the bilateral block, the analgesia promoted was assessed using the substitute (Reaction to Palpating the Surgical Wound of subscale 1 (pain expression) of the Compound Multi-dimensional Scale to Assess Post Operational Pain in Cats. This assessment was made before the bilateral block (M0) and 10 min afterwards (M1) and the scores ranged from 0 to 3. In addition, a segmental assessment of the urethra was made, where, by passing a probe the sensitivity was assessed of the urethral ostium, penile and pelvic urethra and the relaxing of the external urethral sphincter. This assessment was made at M1 and classified as present or absent.[...]
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Cats , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Urethral Obstruction/surgery , Urethral Obstruction/veterinary , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/veterinary , Urinary Tract/pathologyABSTRACT
Background: Clinical care of cats with urethral obstruction is a common routine in feline clinical medicine and the re-establishment of urinary flow is essential for long-lasting correction of the pathophysiological alterations presented. For this chemical restraint is usually employed, that together with the alteration, increases the anesthetic risk of these patients. Improvement in anesthetic techniques, especially the loco-regional, may contribute to reducing the anesthetic risk of these patients and facilitate maneuvers to clear the obstruction. Thus the objective of the present study was to describe and assess the bilateral block technique of the pudendal nerve in 16 cats with urethral obstruction.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen male crossbred cats were used, with partial or total urethral obstruction, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The anesthetic block of the pudendal nerve trunk was carried out by placing the local anesthetic close to the ventral foramen of the second sacral vertebra, using a 13 x 0.45 mm needle attached to a 1 mL syringe. To assess the effectiveness of the bilateral block, the analgesia promoted was assessed using the substitute (Reaction to Palpating the Surgical Wound of subscale 1 (pain expression) of the Compound Multi-dimensional Scale to Assess Post Operational Pain in Cats. This assessment was made before the bilateral block (M0) and 10 min afterwards (M1) and the scores ranged from 0 to 3. In addition, a segmental assessment of the urethra was made, where, by passing a probe the sensitivity was assessed of the urethral ostium, penile and pelvic urethra and the relaxing of the external urethral sphincter. This assessment was made at M1 and classified as present or absent.[...](AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cats , Urethral Obstruction/surgery , Urethral Obstruction/veterinary , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/veterinary , Urinary TractABSTRACT
Pandora"s syndrome is a multifactorial disorder in which other systemic aetiologies may influence clinical signs in a target organ. In cats with chronic and idiopathic lower urinary tract disease, diagnosis requires a criteria of exclusion and must fulfil at least four other criteria as a confirmation of the diagnostic. Fundamental treatment of the syndrome is based on the elimination of stress factors as well as environmental enrichment.
A síndrome de Pandora é uma doença de caráter multifatorial onde outras etiologias sistêmicas podem influenciar sinais clínicos em um órgão alvo. Em gatos com doença do trato urinário inferior crônicas e idiopáticas, o diagnóstico além de ser por exclusão, deve preencher no mínimo três outros critérios para que a síndrome seja ocorrente. Seu tratamento fundamental baseia-se na eliminação de fatores estressantes bem como o enriquecimento ambiental.
El síndrome de Pandora es un disturbio multifatorial, en el cual otras etiologías pueden influenciar en signos clínicos en un órgano diana. En los gatos con enfermedad del tracto urinario inferior crónica e idiopática, el diagnostico requiere criterios de exclusión y debe completar al menos otros cuatro criterios para su confirmación. El tratamiento fundamental de esta síndrome es basado en la eliminación de los factores de estrés, además de enriquecimiento ambiental.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Urologic Diseases/diagnosis , Urologic Diseases/veterinary , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/diagnosis , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/veterinary , Urinary Bladder/pathology , UrinationABSTRACT
Pandora"s syndrome is a multifactorial disorder in which other systemic aetiologies may influence clinical signs in a target organ. In cats with chronic and idiopathic lower urinary tract disease, diagnosis requires a criteria of exclusion and must fulfil at least four other criteria as a confirmation of the diagnostic. Fundamental treatment of the syndrome is based on the elimination of stress factors as well as environmental enrichment.(AU)
A síndrome de Pandora é uma doença de caráter multifatorial onde outras etiologias sistêmicas podem influenciar sinais clínicos em um órgão alvo. Em gatos com doença do trato urinário inferior crônicas e idiopáticas, o diagnóstico além de ser por exclusão, deve preencher no mínimo três outros critérios para que a síndrome seja ocorrente. Seu tratamento fundamental baseia-se na eliminação de fatores estressantes bem como o enriquecimento ambiental.(AU)
El síndrome de Pandora es un disturbio multifatorial, en el cual otras etiologías pueden influenciar en signos clínicos en un órgano diana. En los gatos con enfermedad del tracto urinario inferior crónica e idiopática, el diagnostico requiere criterios de exclusión y debe completar al menos otros cuatro criterios para su confirmación. El tratamiento fundamental de esta síndrome es basado en la eliminación de los factores de estrés, además de enriquecimiento ambiental.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Urologic Diseases/diagnosis , Urologic Diseases/veterinary , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/diagnosis , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/veterinary , Urinary Bladder/pathology , UrinationABSTRACT
Background: The family Capillariidae includes several species that parasite a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Species such as Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati are found in the bladder, kidneys and ureters of domestic and wild carnivores. These nematodes are not still well known in Brazil, but have a great importance for studies of urinary tract diseases in domestic animals, mainly cats. The parasites life cycle is still unclear, may be direct or involve a paratenic host, such as the earthworm. Eggs are laid in the bladder and thus are discarded to the environment, where the larvae develop and are ingested by hosts. It is believed that the ingestion of soil and material contaminated with infective larvae derived from the decomposition of dead earthworms may be an alternative pathway for infection of animals. It has been reported in dogs a pre-patent period between 61 and 88 days. In Germany, the prevalence of C. plica in domestic cats was about 6%, with higher incidence in males, whereas in wild cats the prevalence of C. plica and C. feliscati was 7%, also with higher incidence in males. In Brazil, the first report of Capillaria sp. in a domestic cat was only done in 2008. Thus, the purpose of this report is to describe the importance of urinalysis in cases of suspected capillariasis and alert small animals clinicians on the occurrence of this disease as a cause of lower urinary tract disease feline (LUTDF) in the country. Case: It was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), a male adult feline, mixed breed, presenting urinary incontinence and dysuria. We requested additional tests, including urinalysis, which was observed during the examination of sediment, eggs similars to Capillaria sp. The species was not determined due to the morphological similarity between the eggs of Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati. The results of the serum biochemistry were adequate for the feline species, while the CBC showed only eosinophilia. The animal was treated with a single dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg / kg SC), but the animal dead 21 days after initial treatment. Discussion: Cases of Capillaria sp. in the bladder of dogs and cats are rarely reported because, in most cases, clinical signs are not observed due to low parasite load that they show. However, when there are clinical signs can be observed polaciuria, dysuria, cystitis, and inappropriate urination. Infections are usually self limiting, however, in the presence of clinical signs, treatment should be instituted. In the present case, the animal had only urinary incontinence and dysuria. The collection of the urine sample through cystocentesis is indicated in suspected cases of capillariasis, to avoid contamination of urine with feces and eggs of Trichuris sp. what may lead to a misdiagnosis. The urinary sediment is a qualitative test for diagnosis of this infection. Although the infection by the different species of Capillaria be uncommon, it is important that clinicians be alert for refractory cases of LUTDF that dont answer to the conventional treatment, performing urinalysis for possible occurrence of Capillaria sp. eggs in the urinary sediment.(AU)