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1.
AMA J Ethics ; 26(2): E179-183, 2024 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38306208

ABSTRACT

At the turn of the 20th century, the physician William Gorgas led work that substantially mitigated mortality from mosquito-borne diseases among workers building the Panama Canal. The waterway launched the United States to political and economic superpower status by eliminating the need for risky maritime travel around the southern tip of South America, expediting exportation of US goods in international markets. Yet, as this article explains, innovations that curbed malaria and yellow fever were deeply rooted in racist foundations of capital and empire.


Subject(s)
Malaria , Racism , Tropical Medicine , Yellow Fever , Animals , United States , Humans , Panama , Yellow Fever/history , Malaria/history
3.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 27(4): 1097-1124, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33338179

ABSTRACT

This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.


Subject(s)
Academies and Institutes/history , Biomedical Research/history , Leishmaniasis/history , Malaria/history , Tropical Medicine/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Moscow , Parasitology/education , Parasitology/history , USSR
4.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;27(4): 1097-1124, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142981

ABSTRACT

Abstract This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.


Resumo O artigo analisa a história centenária do Instituto Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical em Moscou, Rússia, desde sua fundação e primeiras atividades, e descreve a influência de seus principais cientistas, alguns dos quais viriam a conquistar renome internacional. O instituto liderou uma rede de nove institutos tropicais em diversas repúblicas soviéticas entre as décadas de 1920 e 1990. A vasta literatura sobre o trabalho de história e pesquisa desse instituto foi publicada sobretudo em russo; nosso objetivo aqui é apresentar esse trabalho e conhecimento à comunidade médica e científica internacional, concentrando-se na malária e na leishmaniose e no avanço de medidas de controle e monitoramento dessas doenças na URSS.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Tropical Medicine/history , Leishmaniasis/history , Biomedical Research/history , Academies and Institutes/history , Malaria/history , Parasitology/education , Parasitology/history , USSR , Moscow
5.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 27(suppl 1): 13-28, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32997055

ABSTRACT

The subdiscipline of historical epidemiology holds the promise of creating a more robust and more nuanced foundation for global public health decision-making by deepening the empirical record from which we draw lessons about past interventions. This essay draws upon historical epidemiological research on three global public health campaigns to illustrate this promise: the Rockefeller Foundation's efforts to control hookworm disease (1909-c.1930), the World Health Organization's pilot projects for malaria eradication in tropical Africa (1950s-1960s), and the international efforts to shut down the transmission of Ebola virus disease during outbreaks in tropical Africa (1974-2019).


Subject(s)
Epidemiology/history , Global Health/history , Health Promotion/history , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/history , Hookworm Infections/history , Malaria/history , Africa , Communicable Disease Control/history , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/transmission , History, 20th Century , Hookworm Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Malaria/prevention & control , Public Health Practice/history , World Health Organization/history
6.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 27(suppl 1): 29-48, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32997056

ABSTRACT

According to David Fidler, the governance of infectious diseases evolved from the mid-nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a series of institutional arrangements: the International Sanitary Regulations (non-interference and disease control at borders), the World Health Organization vertical programs (malaria and smallpox eradication campaigns), and a post-Westphalian regime standing beyond state-centrism and national interest. But can international public health be reduced to such a Westphalian image? We scrutinize three strategies that brought health borders into prominence: pre-empting weak states (eastern Mediterranean in the nineteenth century); preventing the spread of disease through nation-building (Macedonian public health system in the 1920s); and debordering the fight against epidemics (1920-1921 Russian-Polish war and the Warsaw 1922 Sanitary Conference).


Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/history , Public Health Practice/history , Asia , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Europe , Global Health/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Hospitals, Isolation/history , Malaria/history , Malaria/prevention & control , Politics , Quarantine/history , World Health Organization/history
7.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 27(suppl 1): 145-164, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32997061

ABSTRACT

From its inception, in 1948, the World Health Organization made control of malaria a high priority. Early successes led many to believe that eradication was possible, although there were serious doubts concerning the continent of Africa. As evidence mounted that eradicating malaria was not a simple matter, the malaria eradication programme was downgraded to a unit in 1980. Revived interest in malaria followed the Roll Back Malaria Initiative adopted in 1998. This article presents an historical account of the globally changing ideas on control and elimination of the disease and argues that insufficient attention was paid to strengthening health services and specialized human resources.


Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/history , Malaria/history , Mosquito Control/history , World Health Organization/history , Africa , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Disease Eradication/history , Goals , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Malaria/prevention & control , Mosquito Control/methods
8.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;27(supl.1): 145-164, Sept. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134088

ABSTRACT

Abstract From its inception, in 1948, the World Health Organization made control of malaria a high priority. Early successes led many to believe that eradication was possible, although there were serious doubts concerning the continent of Africa. As evidence mounted that eradicating malaria was not a simple matter, the malaria eradication programme was downgraded to a unit in 1980. Revived interest in malaria followed the Roll Back Malaria Initiative adopted in 1998. This article presents an historical account of the globally changing ideas on control and elimination of the disease and argues that insufficient attention was paid to strengthening health services and specialized human resources.


Resumo Desde sua origem, em 1948, a Organização Mundial da Saúde priorizou o controle da malária. Os primeiros êxitos induziram à crença na viabilidade da erradicação, apesar de sérias dúvidas quanto ao continente africano. À medida que se somavam comprovações de que a erradicação da malária não seria simples, o projeto com essa finalidade foi rebaixado a uma unidade em 1980. O reavivamento do interesse na malária ocorreu após a iniciativa Roll Back Malaria, criada em 1998. Este artigo apresenta um panorama histórico das mudanças nas ideias, em âmbito global, ligadas ao controle e à eliminação da doença e defende a tese de que a atenção dada ao fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde e a recursos humanos especializados foi insuficiente.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , World Health Organization/history , Communicable Disease Control/history , Mosquito Control/history , Malaria/history , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Mosquito Control/methods , Africa , Disease Eradication/history , Goals , Malaria/prevention & control
9.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;27(supl.1): 29-48, Sept. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134097

ABSTRACT

Abstract According to David Fidler, the governance of infectious diseases evolved from the mid-nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a series of institutional arrangements: the International Sanitary Regulations (non-interference and disease control at borders), the World Health Organization vertical programs (malaria and smallpox eradication campaigns), and a post-Westphalian regime standing beyond state-centrism and national interest. But can international public health be reduced to such a Westphalian image? We scrutinize three strategies that brought health borders into prominence: pre-empting weak states (eastern Mediterranean in the nineteenth century); preventing the spread of disease through nation-building (Macedonian public health system in the 1920s); and debordering the fight against epidemics (1920-1921 Russian-Polish war and the Warsaw 1922 Sanitary Conference).


Resumo Segundo David Fidler, a gestão de doenças infecciosas entre meados do século XIX e e o XXI guiou-se por uma série de acordos institucionais: Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (não interferência e controle de doenças em fronteiras), programas verticais da OMS (campanhas de erradicação da malária e varíola), e posicionamento pós-vestefaliano além do estado-centrismo e interesse nacional. Mas pode a saúde pública internacional ser reduzida à tal imagem vestefaliana? Examinamos três estratégias que destacaram as fronteiras sanitárias: prevenção em estados vulneráveis (Mediterrâneo oriental, século XIX); prevenção à disseminação de doenças via construção nacional (sistema público de saúde macedônico, anos 1920); remoção de fronteiras no combate às epidemias (guerra polaco-soviética, 1920-1921 e Conferência Sanitária de Varsóvia, 1922).


Subject(s)
History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Public Health Practice/history , Communicable Disease Control/history , Politics , Asia , World Health Organization/history , Quarantine/history , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Global Health/history , Europe , Hospitals, Isolation/history , Malaria/history , Malaria/prevention & control
10.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;27(supl.1): 13-28, Sept. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134098

ABSTRACT

Abstract The subdiscipline of historical epidemiology holds the promise of creating a more robust and more nuanced foundation for global public health decision-making by deepening the empirical record from which we draw lessons about past interventions. This essay draws upon historical epidemiological research on three global public health campaigns to illustrate this promise: the Rockefeller Foundation's efforts to control hookworm disease (1909-c.1930), the World Health Organization's pilot projects for malaria eradication in tropical Africa (1950s-1960s), and the international efforts to shut down the transmission of Ebola virus disease during outbreaks in tropical Africa (1974-2019).


Resumo A subdisciplina epidemiologia histórica se propõe a criar um alicerce robusto e refinado para o processo de tomada de decisões em saúde pública global, aprofundando registros empíricos que nos ensinam sobre intervenções passadas. Este artigo se baseia na pesquisa epidemiológica histórica de três campanhas globais de saúde pública para ilustrar essa proposta: os esforços da Fundação Rockefeller para controle da ancilostomose (1909-c.1930), os projetos-piloto da Organização Mundial da Saúde para erradicação da malária na África tropical (décadas de 1950-1960), e os esforços internacionais de interrupção da transmissão do vírus Ebola durante surtos na África tropical (1974-2019).


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Global Health/history , Epidemiology/history , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/history , Health Promotion/history , Hookworm Infections/history , Malaria/history , World Health Organization/history , Public Health Practice/history , Communicable Disease Control/history , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/transmission , Africa , Hookworm Infections/prevention & control , Malaria/prevention & control
11.
Parasitology ; 147(9): 999-1007, 2020 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32343220

ABSTRACT

Costa Rica is near malaria elimination. This achievement has followed shifts in malaria health policy. Here, we evaluate the impacts that different health policies have had on malaria transmission in Costa Rica from 1913 to 2018. We identified regime shifts and used regression models to measure the impact of different health policies on malaria transmission in Costa Rica using annual case records. We found that vector control and prophylactic treatments were associated with a 50% malaria case reduction in 1929-1931 compared with 1913-1928. DDT introduction in 1946 was associated with an increase in annual malaria case reduction from 7.6% (1942-1946) to 26.4% (1947-1952). The 2006 introduction of 7-day supervised chloroquine and primaquine treatments was the most effective health policy between 1957 and 2018, reducing annual malaria cases by 98% (2009-2018) when compared with 1957-1968. We also found that effective malaria reduction policies have been sensitive to natural catastrophes and extreme climatic events, both of which have increased malaria transmission in Costa Rica. Currently, outbreaks follow malaria importation into vulnerable areas of Costa Rica. This highlights the need to timely diagnose and treat malaria, while improving living standards, in the affected areas.


Subject(s)
Health Policy/history , Malaria/history , Costa Rica , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Malaria/prevention & control , Malaria/transmission
13.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 26(3): 823-839, 2019 Sep 16.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31531578

ABSTRACT

The article analyzes the arrival and identification of the African mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Brazil in 1930, and the initial reactions of scientists and public health authorities against the epidemics of malaria caused by this species. Although this mosquito was recognized as a dangerous vector of malaria, its presence in Brazil was neglected after initial emergency actions in the city of Natal in 1932; this encouraged it to spread silently, resulting in a major malaria epidemic in 1938. This article examines scientific and political issues which caused the fight against mosquitoes to be pushed into the background until 1937 in cooperative efforts between the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Division and the Brazilian authorities.


O artigo analisa a chegada e identificação do mosquito africano Anopheles gambiae no Brasil em 1930 e as primeiras reações de cientistas e autoridades de saúde pública contra as epidemias de malária causadas por essa espécie. Apesar de ter sido reconhecido como perigoso vetor da malária, sua presença em território nacional foi negligenciada a partir de 1932, após ações emergenciais na capital do Rio Grande do Norte, favorecendo um alastramento silencioso que resultou em uma grande epidemia de malária em 1938. São abordadas questões científicas e políticas que contribuíram para que o combate ao mosquito fosse colocado em segundo plano nas articulações entre a Divisão Sanitária Internacional da Fundação Rockefeller e autoridades brasileiras até 1937.


Subject(s)
Anopheles , Epidemics/history , Malaria/history , Mosquito Control/history , Mosquito Vectors , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Epidemics/prevention & control , Federal Government/history , Foundations/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Malaria/epidemiology , Mosquito Control/methods
14.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;26(3): 823-839, jul.-set. 2019.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039955

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo analisa a chegada e identificação do mosquito africano Anopheles gambiae no Brasil em 1930 e as primeiras reações de cientistas e autoridades de saúde pública contra as epidemias de malária causadas por essa espécie. Apesar de ter sido reconhecido como perigoso vetor da malária, sua presença em território nacional foi negligenciada a partir de 1932, após ações emergenciais na capital do Rio Grande do Norte, favorecendo um alastramento silencioso que resultou em uma grande epidemia de malária em 1938. São abordadas questões científicas e políticas que contribuíram para que o combate ao mosquito fosse colocado em segundo plano nas articulações entre a Divisão Sanitária Internacional da Fundação Rockefeller e autoridades brasileiras até 1937.


Abstract The article analyzes the arrival and identification of the African mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Brazil in 1930, and the initial reactions of scientists and public health authorities against the epidemics of malaria caused by this species. Although this mosquito was recognized as a dangerous vector of malaria, its presence in Brazil was neglected after initial emergency actions in the city of Natal in 1932; this encouraged it to spread silently, resulting in a major malaria epidemic in 1938. This article examines scientific and political issues which caused the fight against mosquitoes to be pushed into the background until 1937 in cooperative efforts between the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Division and the Brazilian authorities.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Mosquito Control/history , Epidemics/history , Mosquito Vectors , Malaria/history , Anopheles , Brazil/epidemiology , Mosquito Control/methods , Federal Government/history , Epidemics/prevention & control , Foundations/history , Malaria/epidemiology
15.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 77(7): 521-524, 2019 07 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31365644

ABSTRACT

Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis have been known since the original clinicopathological description by Charcot in the late nineteenth century. Charcot, in the last decades of his life, became involved in the field of neuropsychiatry. This produced a battle between rival schools in the era that still echoes to this day. Charcot's intuition, including the line of thought of Babinski, one of his most famous disciples, was that there was a connection between mood disorders and many of the diseases of the nervous system. Medicine's concern with establishing a relationship between mood disorders and disease stems from the ancient and middle ages with references found in the Hippocratic doctrine. However, it was only in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, with Charcot's discoveries, that this discussion was established in a structured way, laying the foundations of neuropsychiatry.


Subject(s)
Mood Disorders/diagnosis , Multiple Sclerosis/history , Neurology/history , Neuropsychiatry/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Malaria/history , Malaria/therapy , Mood Disorders/etiology , Mood Disorders/history , Multiple Sclerosis/complications
17.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; Arq. neuropsiquiatr;77(7): 521-524, July 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011368

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis have been known since the original clinicopathological description by Charcot in the late nineteenth century. Charcot, in the last decades of his life, became involved in the field of neuropsychiatry. This produced a battle between rival schools in the era that still echoes to this day. Charcot's intuition, including the line of thought of Babinski, one of his most famous disciples, was that there was a connection between mood disorders and many of the diseases of the nervous system. Medicine's concern with establishing a relationship between mood disorders and disease stems from the ancient and middle ages with references found in the Hippocratic doctrine. However, it was only in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, with Charcot's discoveries, that this discussion was established in a structured way, laying the foundations of neuropsychiatry.


RESUMO Os distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos na esclerose múltipla são conhecidos desde a descrição clínico-patológica original de Charcot no final do século XIX. Charcot nas últimas décadas de sua vida se envolveu no campo da neuropsiquiatria. Isso produziu uma batalha de escolas rivais na época que ainda ecoa até hoje. A intuição de Charcot, incluindo a linha de pensamento de Babinski, um de seus discípulos mais famosos, foi a teoria correta da conexão entre os transtornos do humor e muitas das doenças do sistema nervoso. A preocupação da Medicina em estabelecer uma relação entre transtornos do humor e doenças vem das idades antiga e média, com referências encontradas na doutrina hipocrática. No entanto, foi apenas na segunda metade do século XIX e início do século XX que, com as descobertas de Charcot essa discussão foi realizada de maneira estruturada, estabelecendo os fundamentos da neuropsiquiatria.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Mood Disorders/diagnosis , Neuropsychiatry/history , Multiple Sclerosis/history , Neurology/history , Mood Disorders/etiology , Mood Disorders/history , Malaria/history , Malaria/therapy , Multiple Sclerosis/complications
18.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 25(4): 834-836, 2019 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30698522

ABSTRACT

Mass migration from Venezuela has increased malaria resurgence risk across South America. During 2018, migrants from Venezuela constituted 96% of imported malaria cases along the Ecuador-Peru border. Plasmodium vivax predominated (96%). Autochthonous malaria cases emerged in areas previously malaria-free. Heightened malaria control and a response to this humanitarian crisis are imperative.


Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Malaria/epidemiology , Political Systems , Social Environment , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history , Ecuador/epidemiology , Geography, Medical , History, 21st Century , Humans , Malaria/history , Peru/epidemiology , Venezuela/epidemiology
19.
Am Surg ; 83(3): 221-232, 2017 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28316305

ABSTRACT

If statesmanship can be characterized as a bed rock of principles, a strong moral compass, a vision, and an ability to articulate and effect that vision, then the fortitude, tenacity, imperturbability, and resilience of William Crawford Gorgas cannot be overestimated. As Chief Sanitary Officer in Cuba and as Chief Medical Officer in Panama, he actualized strategies to eradicate the vectors of yellow fever and malaria. His superiors initially pigeonholed his requisitions, refused to provide him with any authority, and clamored for his dismissal. Nevertheless, with dogged persistence he created a coalition of the willing, who eventually implemented those reforms. As Surgeon General in the United States Army, he organized and expanded the Active Duty and Medical Reserve Corps in anticipation of World War I. Skilled university affiliated surgeons and personnel from throughout North America, manned base hospitals in Europe. Those lessons impacted upon subsequent military and civilian surgical care-organizationally, logistically, and clinically. He was universally recognized for his bonhomie, savoir-faire, modesty, discretion, decorum, courtesy, and graciousness. To those attributes must be added his devotion to duty, discipline, integrity, and authenticity, which characterized his leadership and statesmanship. Those attributes are most worthy of emulation and perpetuation by clinicians, academicians, educators, and investigators.


Subject(s)
General Surgery/history , Military Medicine/history , Military Personnel/history , Surgeons/history , Cuba , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Malaria/history , Panama , Preventive Medicine/history , United States , Yellow Fever/history
20.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;24(1): 201-221, jan.-mar. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-840684

ABSTRACT

Resumen Este artículo rescata la obra de teatro guiñol Las calenturas de Don Ferruco, televisada a finales de la década de 1950 para promover la erradicación del paludismo en México como un útil instrumento de educación para la salud. Se analiza cómo la difusión del teatro guiñol educativo en la televisión mexicana evidenció la necesidad de mantener vigente la enseñanza dirigida a prevenir enfermedades y se subraya la importancia de la televisión como una producción educativa para promover la salud hacia mediados del siglo XX. El artículo muestra los inicios de su uso como una herramienta de especial importancia para lo que posteriormente sería la masificación de los discursos emitidos por la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia.


This article resurrects the puppet show Las calenturas de Don Ferruco (Don Ferruco’s Fevers), which was televised in the late 1950s in order to help eradicate malaria in Mexico, as a useful instrument for health education. It analyzes how the spread of educational puppet shows on Mexican television showed the need to keep updating preventive healthcare pedagogy and it underlines the importance of television as an educational health-promotion production in the mid-twentieth century. The article discusses the early use of puppet shows as an especially important tool for what would later become mass-media transmission of discourses from the Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Department of Health and Healthcare).


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Play and Playthings , Television/history , Health Education/history , Malaria/history , Communicable Disease Control/history , Hygiene/education , Hygiene/history , Health Education/methods , Health Promotion/history , Health Promotion/methods , Malaria/prevention & control , Mass Media/history , Mexico
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