Therapeutic approach in Class I malocclusion with impacted maxillary canines.

OBJECTIVE: To emphasize the importance of diagnosis and discuss the therapeutic approaches that can be used in the orthodontic treatment of Class I malocclusion associated with two impacted maxillary canines. The opening of spaces for traction of these teeth by means of rapid maxillary expansion or extraction of maxillary premolars was contraindicated in the case reported. Therefore, it was decided to open spaces with projection of incisors. RESULTS: The obtained results were satisfactory, as a good occlusion was obtained, with adequate functional guides, as well as an improvement in the facial appearance. CONCLUSION: The projection of the incisors prior to traction of the impacted maxillary canines proved to be a valid option in the case described. Ten years after completion of treatment, the case is stable, maintaining periodontal health.

A preliminary study of buccal and lingual alveolar bone thickness of posterior teeth in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and mandibular asymmetry.

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this retrospective study were to investigate the buccal and lingual alveolar bone thickness values of the posterior teeth in patients with asymmetrical skeletal Class III malocclusion and compare them with patients with symmetrical skeletal Class III and Class I malocclusion. METHODS: Seventy-eight cone-beam computed tomography scans were classified into 3 groups according to the sagittal pattern and menton deviation: asymmetrical Class III (n = 26), symmetrical Class III (n = 26), and symmetrical Class I (n = 26). The buccal and lingual alveolar bone thickness of the first molar and premolars in the maxilla and mandible were measured at 3, 6, and 8 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction and the apical and middle levels of the root. Measurements were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: In the asymmetrical Class III group, the buccal alveolar bone along the distobuccal root of the maxillary first molar on the deviated side was thinner by 1.07 to 1.10 mm than that in the symmetrical Class I group at 6-mm, 8-mm, and middle-level planes (P <0.001, P <0.01, and P <0.001). The buccal alveolar bone thickness along the distal and mesial roots of the mandibular first molar on the deviated side was thinner by 1.28 to 1.85 mm, and by 0.72 to 1.21 mm, respectively (P <0.001 and P <0.01), than that in the symmetrical Class I group at 6-mm, 8-mm, apical and middle-level planes. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion showed thinner buccal and lingual alveolar bone in the posterior teeth than subjects with Class I malocclusion. Particular attention should be paid to buccal alveolar bone thickness along the distobuccal root of the maxillary and distal root of the mandibular first molar to prevent periodontal complications in decompensation. Future studies should involve larger sample sizes, more repeatable and comprehensive measuring and statistical methods.

Management of an adult patient with missing one mandibular incisor, severe overjet, and midline discrepancy with asymmetric extraction, lingual appliance, and skeletal anchorage: A case report.

This case report describes the lingual orthodontic treatment of an adult patient with Angle Class I malocclusion, agenesis of mandibular right central incisor, severe overjet and deep overbite, excessive proclination of maxillary and mandibular incisors, and midline discrepancy. Because of unique presentation, symmetric extraction could not be performed in the lower arch of this 34-year-old patient. She was treated with three premolar extractions and absolute anchorage with temporary anchorage devices for maximum retraction of upper anterior teeth. To correct the midline deviation and Bolton tooth-size discrepancy, the mandibular right lateral incisor, canine, and premolars were reshaped to reduce the mesiodistal width. The treatment approach greatly improved the patient's facial and dental appearance and provided a stable occlusion.

Maxillomandibular Advancement for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With Normal or Class I Malocclusion.

BACKGROUND: Maxillomandibular advancement is an effective surgical option for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that achieves enlargement of the upper airway by physically expanding the facial skeleton. The authors sought to determine whether an advancement of 10 mm predicts surgical success and if any correlation existed between the magnitude of mandibular/maxillary advancement and improvement in polysomnography metrics using aggregated individual patient data from multiple studies. METHODS: A search of the PubMed database was performed to identify relevant articles that included preoperative and postoperative polysomnography data and measurements of the advancement of both the maxillary and mandibular portions of the face in patients with normal or class I malocclusion. Each patient was stratified into "Success" or "Failure" groups based on criteria defining a "Success" as a 50% preoperative to post-operative decrease in AHI or RDI and a post-operative AHI or RDI <20. RESULTS: A review of the PubMed database yielded 162 articles. Review of these resulted in 9 manuscripts and a total of 109 patients who met the inclusion criteria. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of anterior advancement of either the mandible (P = 0.96) or the maxilla (P = 0.23) between the "Success" or "Failure" groups. CONCLUSIONS: While there is a paucity of individual data available, the current data does not support an ideal amount of maxillary or mandibular advancement that is required to obtain a surgical success in the treatment of OSA. Until a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial is performed, surgical planning should be tailored to patient-specific anatomy to achieve the desired result.

Maloclusiones de Angle clase I en niños y su relación con alteraciones de la postura corporal / Angle class I malocclusions in children and their relationship with changes in body posture

Introducción: las maloclusiones de Angle clase I se pueden asociar con las alteraciones de la postura corporal.Objetivo: establecer la posible asociación entre las maloclusiones de Angle clase I y alteraciones de la postura.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles en niños de ocho a 12 años en el Policlínico Universitario Belkys Sotomayor Álvarez de Ciego de Ávila entre enero de 2016 y mayo de 2017. La población en estudio estuvo conformada por 126 pacientes con diferentes maloclusiones de Angle clase I que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se definió como caso al niño con maloclusión de Angle clase I con alteración postural, y como control al que tenía maloclusión pero sin alteración postural. Se cumplieron los preceptos éticos de Helsinki y las normas cubanas.Resultados: predominaron el sexo femenino (56,35 porciento) y la edad de 12 años (38,10 porciento). De forma general el micrognatismo transversal superior prevaleció como maloclusión (49,21 porciento). En las maloclusiones sin alteraciones posturales predominaron la vestibuloversión de incisivos superiores (22,22 porciento) con alteraciones posturales, y el apiñamiento dentario (35,71 porciento) con escoliosis (13,49 porciento). Se encontró asociación estadística entre el apiñamiento dentario, la mordida cruzada anterior simple, el micrognatismo transversal superior y las alteraciones de la postura; sin embargo, no se comprobó para la vestibuloversión de incisivos superiores, los diastemas interincisivos y la giroversión.Conclusiones: se demostró el aumento del riesgo de aparición de ciertas maloclusiones de Angle clase I en niños expuestos a alteraciones posturales corporales(AU)

Introduction: Angle class I malocclusions can be associated with changes in body posture.Objective: to establish the possible association between Angle class I malocclusions and postural alterations.Method: an analytical observational study of cases and controls was carried out in children eight and 12 years old at the University Polyclinic Belkys Sotomayor Álvarez in Ciego de Ávila from January 2016 to May 2017. The study population consisted of 126 patients with different Angle class I malocclusions who met the inclusion criteria. The child with Angle class I malocclusion with postural alteration was defined as a case, and the child with malocclusion but without postural alteration was defined as control. Helsinki ethical precepts and Cuban regulations were fulfilled.Results: female sex predominated (56,35 percent) and the age of 12 years (38,10 percent). In general, superior transverse micrognathism prevailed as malocclusion (49,21 percent). In malocclusions without postural changes, vestibuloversion of the upper incisors (22,22 percent) with postural changes, and dental crowding (35,71 percent) with scoliosis (13,49 percent) predominated. Statistical association was found between dental crowding, simple anterior crossbite, superior transverse micrognathism and postural changes; however, it was not verified for vestibuloversion of the upper incisors, interincisive diastemas, and gyroversion.Conclusions: the increased risk of certain Angle class I malocclusions was demonstrated in children exposed to postural bodily changes(AU)

Multidisciplinary treatment with a customized lingual appliance for an adult patient with severe Class III malocclusion and multiple missing teeth.

A 24-year-old man presented with a severe skeletal class III malocclusion, associated with an anterior and posterior crossbite in the left side, upper and lower lip eversion, skeletal asymmetry, midline discrepancy, diastemas in the maxillary and mandibular dental arches, and agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors and canines with retained deciduous teeth. Treatment was performed with the use of the Win Lingual System. When the 0.016 × 0.022-inch NiTi archiwire was applied, the deciduous teeth were extracted and replaced with temporary crowns connected to the appliance. After the aligning, leveling, and diastema closure phases, a modified Le Fort II osteotomy, a mandibular setback with a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and a genioplasty were performed. Implants were placed in the canine site through a flapless guided surgery, and cantilevered temporary bridges were delivered. Final prosthetic rehabilitation included veneers for the central incisors and zirconia-ceramic cantilevered bridges for the canine and lateral incisors. After 36 months of active treatment, the patient showed an Angle Class I molar and canine relationship and an ideal overbite and overjet. His profile had improved, lips were competent, and gingival levels were acceptable. The lateral radiograph and cephalometric analysis showed a good balance of the skeletal pattern, a good profile of the soft tissue, and proper inclinations of the maxillary and mandibular incisors in relation to maxilla and mandible. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient had a pleasant smile and no relapse, or joint or muscular pain.

Prevalence of malocclusion in children with obstructive sleep apnoea.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of malocclusions in 2- to 10-year-old children suffering from obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to evaluate the association between occlusal variables and OSA. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 2101 consecutive patients referred to an otorhinolaryngology unit were considered for the study. One hundred and fifty-six children (range 2-10 years) with suspected OSA were selected for a sleep study. The final sample consisted of 139 children suffering from OSA and a control group of 137 children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients included in the study underwent a clinical orthodontic examination to record the following occlusal variables: primary canine relationship, presence of a posterior crossbite, overjet and overbite. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, comparing the demographic characteristics and dental parameters in OSA vs non-OSA children, were computed. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to compare independent variables associated with OSA to non-OSA children. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusions in children with OSA was 89.9% compared to 60.6% in the control group (P < 0.001). Factors independently associated with OSA compared to the control group were posterior crossbite (OR = 3.38; 95%CI:1.73-6.58), reduced overbite (OR = 2.43; 95%CI:1.15-5.15.), increased overbite (OR = 2.19; 95%CI:1.12-4.28) and increased overjet (OR = 4.25; 95%CI:1.90-9.48). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence of malocclusion in children with OSA compared to the control group. The posterior crossbite and deviations in overjet and overbite were significantly associated with OSA. The presence of these occlusal features shows the importance of an orthodontic evaluation in screening for paediatric OSA.

Occurrence of Malocclusion in Patients with Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders.

AIM: This study aims to investigate the occurrence of malocclusion in patients with orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 437 standard orthodontic screening forms at a craniofacial pain TMD center were utilized to collect the data for this retrospective study. In addition to patient's demographics and Angle's molar classification, the following data were collected: Overjet (OJ), overbite (OB), mandibular range of motion, and whether or not there was a posterior crossbite or prior history of orthodontic therapy. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests were then used to detect any statistical significant difference of the secondary variables' distribution among the three malocclusion groups. RESULTS: The majority of the studied population sample had a class I molar relationship (70.9%), followed by class II (21.1%) and class III molar relationship (8%). Overjet and OB were significantly increased for class II molar relationship group (p < 0.001), where no statistical differences could be identified for the mandibular range of motion between the groups. The prevalence of right and left posterior crossbite was about 12% for both, and most of the crossbites presented within class I molar group. CONCLUSION: Class I followed by class II molar relationships were found to be the most occurring relationship in the studied population. Posterior crossbite presented in 12% of cases and mostly affected subjects with class I molar relationship. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These findings would aid in recognizing the studied population's orthodontic presentation and support the assessment of their transverse interventional needs.

Comparison of airway dimensions in skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects with different vertical facial patterns

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare upper airway widths among skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects with different vertical facial patterns. Methods: The sample included a total of 99 lateral cephalograms of post pubertal individuals (18.19 ± 1.76 years old). The vertical facial pattern was determined by the Vert index. The McNamara method was used to quantify upper airway widths. ANOVA test and Student's t test for independent groups were used, when normal distribution was not supported Kruskal-Wallis test and U-Mann-Whitney test were used. A multiple linear regression analysis was also performed. Results: Statistically significant differences in several nasopharyngeal widths were found among the distinct vertical facial patterns. Subjects with brachyfacial pattern presented larger nasopharyngeal widths than subjects with mesofacial (p= 0.030) or dolichofacial (p= 0.034) patterns. The larger the Vert value, the larger the nasopharyngeal widths (R2= 26.2%, p< 0.001). At the level of oropharynx no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusion: It was concluded that nasopharyngeal linear anteroposterior widths in Class I malocclusion brachyfacial are larger than in mesofacial and dolichofacial individuals. The Vert index only explained 25% of the total variability. No correlation was found for the oropharyngeal widths.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi comparar as dimensões das vias aéreas superiores em indivíduos portadores de má oclusão de Classe I esquelética com diferentes padrões faciais verticais. Métodos: a amostra consistiu de 99 cefalogramas laterais de indivíduos na pós-puberdade (18,19 ± 1,76 anos). O padrão facial vertical foi determinado por meio do índice VERT. O método de McNamara foi utilizado para quantificar as dimensões das vias aéreas superiores. O teste ANOVA e o teste t de Student para grupos independentes foram utilizados e, quando a distribuição normal não era possível, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foram aplicados. Foi também realizada uma análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas dimensões da nasofaringe foram encontradas entre os diferentes padrões faciais verticais. Os indivíduos com padrão braquifacial apresentaram dimensões nasofaríngeas maiores do que os indivíduos com padrão mesofacial (p= 0,030) ou dolicofacial (p= 0,034). Quanto maior o valor do VERT, maior a dimensão nasofaríngea (R2 = 26,2%, p< 0,001). Não foram encontradas, entretanto, diferenças estatisticamente significativas ao nível da orofaringe. Conclusão: pode-se concluir que as dimensões anteroposteriores lineares da nasofaringe nos indivíduos braquifaciais com má oclusão de Classe I são maiores do que nos indivíduos mesofaciais e dolicofaciais. O índice VERT foi capaz de explicar apenas 25% da variabilidade total. Não foi encontrada correlação para as dimensões da orofaringe.

Prevalence of malocclusion in Canadian children with autism spectrum disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to describe the most common malocclusion traits in this population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients diagnosed with ASD aged between 5 and 18 years. Randomly selected healthy children with the same demographic characteristics comprised the control group. Dental charts were reviewed to obtain the children's sociodemographic characteristics and type of occlusion. Information on each child's molar occlusion classification (Angle classification), midline deviation, crossbite, open bite, overbite, overjet, and crowding were recorded. The statistical analysis used descriptive analysis, the Pearson chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Ninety-nine children comprised the ASD group, and 101 children were in the control group. Our results demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of malocclusion in children with ASD compared with the control group (P <0.001). Patients with ASD were significantly more likely to have posterior crossbite (P = 0.03), increased overjet (P <0.0001), and severe maxillary crowding (P <0.01). Furthermore, children with ASD were more likely to have malocclusion than non-ASD children, independently of their demographic characteristics (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.46, -4.65). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malocclusion was higher among children with ASD. Posterior crossbite, increased overjet, and severe maxillary crowding were the most common malocclusion traits in these children.

Correlation of Orthodontic Treatment by Fixed or Myofunctional Appliances and Periodontitis: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Malocclusion plays an important role in the development of periodontitis. Thus, by treating malocclusion, a good gingival health can be achieved. This study was conducted to establish the correlation between orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted on 220 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment for malocclusion. They were divided into two groups: Group I patients were treated with fixed orthodontics, while group II patients received myofunctional appliances. RESULTS: The value for plaque, gingival recession, and tooth mobility significantly increased in group I patients. However, the difference was statistically nonsignificant in group II patients. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that there is correlation between malocclusion and periodontitis. Malocclusion leads to periodontitis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Malocclusion is the main reason for the development of poor periodontal health. Combined effort has to be played by both periodontist and orthodontist for the treatment of various orthodontic-periodontal problems.

Comparison of airway dimensions in skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects with different vertical facial patterns.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare upper airway widths among skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects with different vertical facial patterns. METHODS: The sample included a total of 99 lateral cephalograms of post pubertal individuals (18.19 ± 1.76 years old). The vertical facial pattern was determined by the Vert index. The McNamara method was used to quantify upper airway widths. ANOVA test and Student's t test for independent groups were used, when normal distribution was not supported Kruskal-Wallis test and U-Mann-Whitney test were used. A multiple linear regression analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in several nasopharyngeal widths were found among the distinct vertical facial patterns. Subjects with brachyfacial pattern presented larger nasopharyngeal widths than subjects with mesofacial (p= 0.030) or dolichofacial (p= 0.034) patterns. The larger the Vert value, the larger the nasopharyngeal widths (R2= 26.2%, p< 0.001). At the level of oropharynx no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that nasopharyngeal linear anteroposterior widths in Class I malocclusion brachyfacial are larger than in mesofacial and dolichofacial individuals. The Vert index only explained 25% of the total variability. No correlation was found for the oropharyngeal widths.

Assessment of upper airways measurements in patients with mandibular skeletal Class II malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE: Mandibular Class II malocclusions seem to interfere in upper airways measurements. The aim of this study was to assess the upper airways measurements of patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion in order to investigate the association between these measurements and the position and length of the mandible as well as mandibular growth trend, comparing the Class II group with a Class I one. METHODS: A total of 80 lateral cephalograms from 80 individuals aged between 10 and 17 years old were assessed. Forty radiographs of Class I malocclusion individuals were matched by age with forty radiographs of individuals with mandibular Class II malocclusion. McNamara Jr., Ricketts, Downs and Jarabak's measurements were used for cephalometric evaluation. Data were submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis by means of SPSS 20.0 statistical package. Student's t-test, Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient were used. A 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level were adopted to interpret the results. RESULTS: There were differences between groups. Oropharynx and nasopharynx sizes as well as mandibular position and length were found to be reduced in Class II individuals. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the size of the oropharynx and Xi-Pm, Co-Gn and SNB measurements. In addition, the size of the nasopharynx was found to be correlated with Xi-Pm, Co-Gn, facial depth, SNB, facial axis and FMA. CONCLUSION: Individuals with mandibular Class II malocclusion were shown to have upper airways measurements diminished. There was a correlation between mandibular length and position and the size of oropharynx and nasopharynx.

Assessment of upper airways measurements in patients with mandibular skeletal Class II malocclusion

Objective: Mandibular Class II malocclusions seem to interfere in upper airways measurements. The aim of this study was to assess the upper airways measurements of patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion in order to investigate the association between these measurements and the position and length of the mandible as well as mandibular growth trend, comparing the Class II group with a Class I one.Methods:A total of 80 lateral cephalograms from 80 individuals aged between 10 and 17 years old were assessed. Forty radiographs of Class I malocclusion individuals were matched by age with forty radiographs of individuals with mandibular Class II malocclusion. McNamara Jr., Ricketts, Downs and Jarabak's measurements were used for cephalometric evaluation. Data were submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis by means of SPSS 20.0 statistical package. Student's t-test, Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient were used. A 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level were adopted to interpret the results.Results:There were differences between groups. Oropharynx and nasopharynx sizes as well as mandibular position and length were found to be reduced in Class II individuals. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the size of the oropharynx and Xi-Pm, Co-Gn and SNB measurements. In addition, the size of the nasopharynx was found to be correlated with Xi-Pm, Co-Gn, facial depth, SNB, facial axis and FMA.Conclusion: Individuals with mandibular Class II malocclusion were shown to have upper airways measurements diminished. There was a correlation between mandibular length and position and the size of oropharynx and nasopharynx.

Introdução: as más oclusões de Classe II mandibulares parecem interferir nas dimensões das vias aéreas superiores. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as vias aéreas superiores de pacientes com Classe II esquelética, verificando a associação entre essas dimensões e a posição mandibular, o comprimento mandibular e a tendência de crescimento, comparando-os com um grupo pareado de pacientes com Classe I.Métodos: foram avaliadas 80 telerradiografias de perfil de 80 pacientes com 10 a 17 anos de idade, sendo 40 com má oclusão de Classe I e 40 com Classe II mandibular, pareados por idade. Para a avaliação cefalométrica, foram utilizadas medidas de McNamara Jr, Ricketts, Downs e Jarabak. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e inferencial, por meio dosoftware SPSS 20.0, utilizando-se os testest de Student, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Para interpretação dos resultados, adotou-se um intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5%.Resultados: houve diferença entre os grupos, e as medidas da orofaringe e nasofaringe foram menores no grupo de Classe II, assim como as medidas de comprimento e posição mandibular. Houve correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a orofaringe e as medidas Xi-Pm, Co-Gn e SNB; já a nasofaringe apresentou correlação com as medidas Xi-Pm, Co-Gn, profundidade facial, SNB, eixo facial e FMA.Conclusão: indivíduos portadores de Classe II mandibular apresentaram as medidas das vias aéreas superiores diminuídas. Observou-se uma correlação entre o comprimento mandibular e a posição mandibular e as dimensões da orofaringe e da nasofaringe.

Base of the skull morphology and Class III malocclusion in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the morphological differences in the base of the skull of individuals with cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion in comparison to control groups with Class I and Class III malocclusion. METHODS: A total of 89 individuals (males and females) aged between 5 and 27 years old (Class I, n = 32; Class III, n = 29; and Class III individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate, n = 28) attending PUC-MG Dental Center and Cleft Lip/Palate Care Center of Baleia Hospital and PUC-MG (CENTRARE) were selected. Linear and angular measurements of the base of the skull, maxilla and mandible were performed and assessed by a single calibrated examiner by means of cephalometric radiographs. Statistical analysis involved ANCOVA and Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: No significant differences with regard to the base of the skull were found between the control group (Class I) and individuals with cleft lip and palate (P > 0.017). The cleft lip/palate group differed from the Class III group only with regard to CI.Sp.Ba (P = 0.015). Individuals with cleft lip and palate had a significantly shorter maxillary length (Co-A) in comparison to the control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the mandible (Co-Gn) of the control group and individuals with cleft lip and palate (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that there are no significant differences in the base of the skull of individuals Class I or Class III and individuals with cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion.

The predictive value of obstructive sleep apnoea severity on clinical outcomes following maxillomandibular advancement surgery.

We aimed to evaluate whether the severity of preoperative obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has potential predictive value for the clinician assessing patients referred for maxillomandibular advancment surgery. We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent maxillofacial operations for OSA at our institution. We stratified them into 2 groups according to apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) scores calculated from a preoperative sleep study: mild-moderate OSA (AHI less than 30) and severe OSA (AHI 30 and above). Both groups were matched for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. We compared postoperative scores for the AHI and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and lowest recorded oxygen saturation between groups. We identified 51 patients of whom 39 had complete data available for inclusion in our analysis. We found no statistically significant difference in the postoperative AHI scores between the two groups. The reduction in the mean ESS after operation was greater in the severe group than in the mild-moderate group (mean (SD) ESS 4 (3) compared with 9 (6), p<0.05). There were high rates of surgical success (postoperative AHI less than 15) in both groups, and results were comparable (mild-moderate group 82%, severe group 86%). The preoperative AHI does not appear to be a good predictor of surgical success after maxillomandibular advancement surgery. Patients with severe OSA postoperatively demonstrated a greater improvement in their subjective symptoms, when compared to subjects with mild-moderate OSA.

Effect of preoperative continuous positive airway pressure duration on outcomes after maxillofacial surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) remains the first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), and is known to result in various physiological changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between duration of preoperative CPAP therapy and outcome after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for OSA. We retrospectively analysed consecutive patients treated at our institution, and divided them into 2 groups based on duration of treatment with CPAP: short-term (up to 12 months) and long-term use (12 months or more). We controlled for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. We compared postoperative scores for the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and lowest recorded oxygen saturation between groups. In 43 patients data were available on the preoperative use of CPAP, and in 37 of them preoperative and postoperative polysomnographic data were also available for inclusion. Most had bimaxillary advancement with genioplasty. Differences between the groups in mean reduction in the AHI and lowest oxygen saturation were not significant, and operative success rates were comparable. After operation, the reduction in ESS scores was significantly greater in the long-term group than in the short-term group (mean (SD) 8(3) compared with 2 (2), respectively, p<0.001). Our results suggest that the duration of use of CPAP preoperatively does not significantly influence objective outcome measures. The reduction in AHI scores after MMA was equivalent in both groups. The long-term group seemed to fare better than the short-term group on subjective outcome measures.

Collaborative management of a young patient with generalized aggressive periodontitis.

What are the orthodontic treatment possibilities, limitations and risks inherent in patients with periodontal disorders, particularly active periodontal disease? This case report describes the interface between orthodontics, periodontics and restorative dentistry in the management of a 25-year-old young man with generalized aggressive periodontitis.

Angle Class I malocclusion treated with lower incisor extraction.

In planning orthodontic cases that include extractions as an alternative to solve the problem of negative space discrepancy, the critical decision is to determine which teeth will be extracted. Several aspects must be considered, such as periodontal health, orthodontic mechanics, functional and esthetic alterations, and treatment stability. Despite controversies, extraction of teeth to solve dental crowding is a therapy that has been used for decades. Premolar extractions are the most common, but there are situations in which atypical extractions facilitate mechanics, preserve periodontal health and favor maintenance of the facial profile, which tends to unfavorably change due to facial changes with age. The extraction of a lower incisor, in selected cases, is an effective approach, and literature describes greater post-treatment stability when compared with premolar extractions. This article reports the clinical case of a patient with Angle Class I malocclusion and upper and lower anterior crowding, a balanced face and harmonious facial profile. The presence of gingival and bone recession limited large orthodontic movements. The molars and premolars were well occluded, and the discrepancy was mainly concentrated in the anterior region of the lower dental arch. The extraction of a lower incisor in the most ectopic position and with compromised periodontium, associated with interproximal stripping in the upper and lower arches, was the alternative of choice for this treatment, which restored function, providing improved periodontal health, maintained facial esthetics and allowed finishing with a stable and balanced occlusion. This case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (BBO), as part of the requirements for obtaining the BBO Diplomate title.