Geography and public health: analysis of the epidemiological dynamics of meningitis in Brazil, between 2010 and 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatiotemporal epidemiological dynamics of meningitis in Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. METHODS: Descriptive ecological study with cases and deaths due to meningitis in Brazil (2010-2019) in the National Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN). The following analyses were performed: (I) frequency analyses of cases and deaths, prevalence rates, mortality, lethality, Fisher's exact test, and chi-square test; (II) Prais-Winstein regression; and (III) Global, Local Moran's index, and Kernel density. RESULTS: 182,126 cases of meningitis were reported in Brazil, of which 16,866 (9.26%) resulted in death, with prevalence rates of 9.03/100,000 inhabitants, mortality of 0.84/100,000 inhabitants, and lethality of 9.26%. There was a noted trend of decreasing prevalence rates (-9.5%, 95% confidence interval - 95%CI -13.92; -4.96, p<0.01) and mortality (-11.74%, 95%CI -13.92; -9.48, p<0.01), while lethality remained stable (-2.08%, 95%CI -4.9; 0.8; p<0.1941). The majority of cases were viral meningitis (45.7%), among 1-9 years old (32.2%), while the highest proportion of deaths was due to bacterial meningitis (68%), among 40-59 years old (26.3%). In the Moran and Kernel maps of prevalence and mortality rates, municipalities in the South, Southeast, and the capital of Pernambuco in the Northeast stood out with high rates; as for lethality, the North, Northeast, and Southeast coastal areas were highlighted. CONCLUSION: A decrease in meningitis cases and deaths was found in this study; however, the lethality rate was higher in areas with lower prevalence, emphasizing the need to enhance actions for identifying, monitoring, and providing health care for cases, as well as expanding vaccination coverage.

Impacto da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10-valente na meningite pneumocócica na região metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia / Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 10-valent pneumococcal meningitis in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia

INTRODUÇÃO: Em 2010, a vacina conjugada 10-valente (PCV10) foi incorporada ao programa nacional de imunizações (PNI) brasileiro. Este imunobiológico confere imunização contra os dez principais tipos capsulares de Streptococcus pneumoniae, patógeno responsável por diversas manifestações clínicas e com elevada contribuição nas taxas de incidência e mortalidade por meningite, que é a condição clínica mais grave. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da PCV10 na epidemiologia da meningite pneumocócica na região metropolitana de Salvador (RMS) Bahia, comparando o período anterior (2008-2010) e posterior (2011-2013) a sua utilização, bem como realizar uma caracterização molecular minuciosa a partir de uma série histórica (1996-2012) entre os isolados resistentes a enicilina (PNSSP com CIM≥ 0,125 μg/mL) e para os sorotipos não-vacinais (2008-2012). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos casos de meningite pneumocócica confirmados laboratorialmente no período entre 1996 a 2013. Taxas de incidência para a Salvador e RMS foram calculadas com base nos dados populacionais do IBGE/2010. A determinação do tipo capsular foi realizada através da técnica de Multiplex-PCR e/ou reação de Quellung. A sensibilidade a nove antimicrobianos foi testada através das técnicas disco-difusão,microdiluição e E-test. Para caracterizar o perfil molecular foram aplicadas as técnicas de genotipagem de PFGE e MLST. RESULTADOS: Um total de 939 casos de meningite pneumocócica foram identificados no período de 1996-2013, sendo que 70 casos ocorrem entre 2011 a 2013 (período pós-vacinal). A incidência de meningite pneumocócica em todas as faixas etárias na RMS reduziu de 0,70 casos/100.000 habitantes para 0,59 casos/100.000 habitantes considerando o período de três anos antes e após a vacinação com PCV10 [p<0,05; RR IC 95%: 1,46 (1,03-2,05)]. Esta redução foi significativa na faixa etária de 0-2 anos e nos casos por sorotipos relacionados à PCV10. Não houve aumento significativo de casos por sorotipos não vacinais nesta casuística,apesar do surgimento de casos por sorotipos não-vacinais não detectados anteriormente na série histórica de MP (10F, 21, 22F, 15A e 24F). Os isolados resistentes à penicilina analisados na série histórica se restringiram a 13 sorotipos, entre os quais: 14 (45,1 %; 78/173), 23F (19,1%; 33/173), 6B (14,4 %; 25/173), 19F (9,2 %; 16/173) e 19A (5,2 %; 9/173). 94% dos casos nãosusceptíveis à penicilina (PNSSP) foram de sorotipos vacinais. Os grupos clonais caracterizados pelo PFGE/MLST predominantes ao longo dos anos foram representados pelo sorotipo 14, denominado grupo A/ST 66 [35,3 %(61/173)] e grupo GK/ST 156 [4.6 % (8/173)], este último associado com níveis elevados de resistência a penicilina e ceftriaxona. Não foram detectados grupos clonais emergentes associados a tipos capsulares não-vacinais.CONCLUSÕES: Estes achados sugerem que a introdução da PCV10 modificou a epidemiologia da meningite pneumocócica na população estudada.

INTRODUCTION: In 2010, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced into the Brazilian national immunization program (NIP). This immunobiological provides immunization against the main ten capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pathogen responsible for different clinical manifestations and high contribution in the incidence and mortality from meningitis, which is the most severe clinical condition. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PCV10 in the epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis in the metropolitan area of Salvador (RMS) Bahia, comparing the previous (2008-2010) and after (2011-2013) periods its use, as well as conduct a thorough molecular characterization from a historical series (1996-2012) among isolates resistant to penicillin (PNSSP with CIM≥ 0.125 g / ml) and nonvaccine serotypes (2008-2012). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all cases of pneumococcal meningitis laboratory confirmed for the period 1996 to 2013. Incidence rates for Salvador and RMS were calculated based on population data from IBGE/2010. The capsular type determination was performed by multiplex PCR and/or Quellung reaction. Isolates Nine antibiotics were tested by disk-diffusion test, broth micro-dilution and E-test. To characterize the molecular profiling techniques were applied genotyping PFGE and MLST...

Evaluation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and memory in adult rats survivors of the neonatal meningitis by Streptococcus agalactiae.

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is a major cause of severe morbidity and mortality in neonates and young infants, causing sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis. The survivors from this meningitis can suffer serious long-term neurological consequences, such as, seizures, hearing loss, learning and memory impairments. Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) control the neuronal cell death during the brain development and play an important role in neuronal differentiation, survival and growth of neurons. Neonate Wistar rats, received either 10µL of sterile saline as a placebo or an equivalent volume of GBS suspension at a concentration of 1×10(6)cfu/mL. Sixty days after induction of meningitis, the animals underwent behavioral tests, after were killed and the hippocampus and cortex were retired for analyze of the BDNF and NGF levels. In the open-field demonstrated no difference in motor, exploratory activity and habituation memory between the groups. The step-down inhibitory avoidance, when we evaluated the long-term memory at 24h after training session, we found that the meningitis group had a decrease in aversive memory when compared with the long-term memory test of the sham group. BDNF levels decreased in hippocampus and cortex; however the NGF levels decreased only in hippocampus. These findings suggest that the meningitis model could be a good research tool for the study of the biological mechanisms involved in the behavioral alterations secondary to GBS meningitis.

Burden of pneumococcal infection in adults in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: The burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections is highest in children. Estimates in adult population are uncommon. We determined the burden of disease associated with pneumococcus in adults in Colombia in year 2008. METHODOLOGY: Using different data sources (official mortality records, medical databases, published literature and local epidemiological data) we estimated prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability due to bacterial pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteremia of any cause for year 2008, and the fraction of these that can be attributed to S. pneumoniae. RESULTS: A total of 63,463 DALYs are lost due to S. pneumoniae in Colombians age 15 or over. Most of this burden (51,848 DALYs, 81.7%) is due to pneumonia, followed by meningitis (9241 DALYs, 14.6%). The three conditions, overall, represent 2.03 DALYs per 1000 Colombians in that age range. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lower incidence of pneumococcal disease in adults, as compared with children, its burden is still significant, comparable to that of schizophrenia or epilepsy. This study may provide a benchmark for future preventive interventions.

Pneumonia and malnutrition are highly predictive of mortality among African children hospitalized with human immunodeficiency virus infection or exposure in the era of antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical characteristics predicting death among inpatients who are infected with or exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during a period of pediatric antiretroviral therapy scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records from every child with HIV infection (n = 834) or exposure (n = 351) identified by routine inpatient testing in Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi, September 2007 through December 2008. RESULTS: The inpatient mortality rate was high among children with HIV infection (16.6%) and exposure (13.4%). Clinically diagnosed Pneumocystis pneumonia or very severe pneumonia independently predicted death in inpatients with HIV infection (OR 14; 95% CI 8.2 to 23) or exposure (OR 21; CI 8.4 to 50). Severe acute malnutrition independently predicted death in children who are HIV infected (OR 2.2; CI 1.7 to 3.9) or exposed (OR 5.1; CI 2.3 to 11). Other independent predictors of death were septicemia, Kaposi sarcoma, meningitis, and esophageal candidiasis for children infected with HIV, and meningitis and severe anemia for inpatients exposed to HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Severe respiratory tract infections and malnutrition are both highly prevalent and strongly associated with death among hospitalized children who are HIV infected or exposed. Novel programmatic and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to reduce the high mortality rate among inpatients with HIV infection and HIV exposure in African pediatric hospitals.

Incidência das meningites no Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2000 a 2006 / Incidence of meningitis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the period of 2000 to 2006

As meningites são um importante problema de saúde pública, em particular as de origem bacteriana, devido à maior chance de evolução com sequelas neurológicas ou óbito. No Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre o tema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo descritivo sobre a incidência das meningites ocorridas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2000 a 2006. Os dados foram extraídos do banco de dado do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência padronizada de meningite e a variação percentual relativa no período. A taxa de incidência padronizada de meningite para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro variou de 14,5 em 2000 a 11,1 por 100 mil em 2006, com uma variação percentual relativa de 23,3%. A maior taxa média de incidência ocorreu no município de Carapebus (25,3 por 100 mil). Observou-se uma queda na taxa de incidência por meningite no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no último ano do período estudado.

Meningitis is an important public health problem, particularly those of bacterial origin, due to higher chance of evolve with neurological sequelae or death. In the State of Rio de Janeiro, however, there are few studies about the issue. The objective of this work was to perform a descriptive study of the incidence of meningitis that occurred in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period of 2000 to 2006. Data were obtained from the Information System Notification Diseases (SINAN) Database.The meningitis incidence rates were calculated, in standard way, and the percentage change in the period. The standardized incidence rate of meningitis in the State of Rio de Janeiro ranged from 14.5 in 2000 to 11.1 per 100 000 in 2006, with a relative percentage change of 23,3%. The highest average incidence rate occurred in the municipality of Carapebus (25.3 per 100,000). There was a decrease in the incidence rate of meningitis in the State of Rio de Janeiro, in the last year of the studied period.

Epidemiología de la meningitis Venezuela 2010 / Epidemiology of meningitis in Venezuela 2010

Las meningitis en Venezuela constituyen un importante problema de salud pública, que afecta de manera especial a los niños menores de 5 años. Las vacunas antineumocócicas, antimeningocócicas, contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b, así como la BCG, obligan a revisar la dinámica de la morbi-mortalidad en nuestro país. La etiología más frecuente es viral, seguida de las meningitis bacterianas y las tuberculosas, mientras que se conoce poco de la micótica y otras causas. Los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica muestran cifras altas de la incidencia de las meningitis que ameritan acciones más enérgicas de salud pública para vigilar, prevenir y mejorar los Programas Nacionales de Inmunizaciones y sus coberturas, además de tratar médicamente las meningitis en cualquiera de sus causas infecciosas

Meningitis constitutes an important public health problem in Venezuela that affects children, specially under 5 years of age. Antimeningococcal, anti-pneumococcal, vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and BCG induce pediatricians to review the dynamics of the morbidity and mortality of these diseases. The most common etiology is the viral followed by bacterial meningitis followed by tuberculosis, while little is known of the fungal or other causes. Epidemiological surveillance systems show high figures of the incidence which warrant a more intense public health action to monitor, prevent and improve national programs of immunization and their vaccine coverage, and to treat medically any infectious cause of meningitis

Granulomatous cutaneous centrofacial and meningocerebral amebiasis.

A 7-year-old, otherwise healthy Peruvian boy presented with a 3-month history of an indurated centrofacial plaque. Histologic examination revealed a granuloma containing free-living amebae tentatively identified as Balamuthia mandrillaris. The patient failed to respond to tentative treatment. He was admitted to the intensive care unit 7 months later with neurologic manifestations of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, which proved fatal. The difficulty in diagnosing this rare presentation of cutaneous amebiasis, the challenge of treating the condition, and the morbidity and high mortality associated with cerebral involvement are discussed.

[Epidemiologic surveillance and evaluation of meningitis hospital care]. / Vigilância epidemiológica e avaliação da assistência às meningites.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical-epidemiological profile and in-hospital death predictors of infectious meningitis patients admitted to a public hospital. METHODS: There were studied 694 cases of meningitis notified and investigated by a public hospital's epidemiology service from 1986 to 2002, using the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) as part of the local routine of epidemiologic surveillance. Statistics analysis included multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The most frequent etiologies were: cryptococcal (12.3%; case-fatality =37.7%); meningococcal (8.7%; fatality =13.3%); pneumococcal (7.2%; fatality =46%); tuberculous (6.1%; fatality =40.5%); staphylococcal (5.2%; fatality =38.9%), viral (5.5%; fatality =7.9%); Haemophilus (2.9%; fatality =20%). The proportion of cases of non-specified etiology was 38.8% (fatality =36%) and 17.3% were associated to HIV infection. It was found that 27.1% were nosocomial meningitis and 9.2% of the surviving cases had sequelae. The logistic regression model identified the following death predictors of infectious meningitis: etiology (reference: viral category) -- tuberculous, cryptococcal, staphylococcal, meningococcal, non-specified, other Gram-negative, Candida and pneumococcal; HIV co-infection; coma. Fever, vomiting and neck stiffness were associated to a lower odds of death. CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of non-specified etiology and high case-fatality may reflect problems in the hospital care process and/or case selection. The epidemiologic surveillance system operating at the hospital level was able to feedback the services with clinical indicators. The use of SINAN at the local level was considered useful and pertinent.

Vigilância epidemiológica e avaliação da assistência às meningites / Epidemiologic surveillance and evaluation of meningitis hospital care

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos casos de meningite internados em hospital público e os fatores associados à evolução hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 694 casos confirmados, notificados e investigados pelo serviço de epidemiologia de um hospital público de 1986 a 2002. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), como parte da rotina local de vigilância epidemiológica. Foi realizada análise multivariada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Etiologias mais freqüentes: criptocócica (12,3 por cento; letalidade =37,7 por cento); meningocócica (8,7 por cento; letalidade =13,3 por cento); pneumocócica (7,2 por cento; letalidade =46 por cento); tuberculosa (6,1 por cento; letalidade =40,5 por cento); estafilocócica (5,2 por cento; letalidade =38,9 por cento), viral (5,5 por cento; letalidade =7,9 por cento); hemófilo (2,9 por cento; letalidade =20 por cento). 38,8 por cento dos casos apresentavam etiologia não especificada (letalidade =36 por cento) e 17,3 por cento estavam associados à infecção pelo HIV. Observou-se meningite hospitalar em 27,1 por cento e seqüelas em 9,2 por cento dos casos com alta hospitalar. Variáveis associadas a uma maior chance de óbito: etiologia (referência viral) - tuberculose, criptococo, estafilococo, meningococo, não especificada, outros gram negativos, cândida e pneumococo; infecção pelo HIV; coma. A tríade febre, vômitos e rigidez de nuca associou-se a uma menor chance de óbito. CONCLUSÕES: A elevada proporção de etiologia não especificada e letalidade alta podem refletir problemas de processo de assistência e/ou seleção dos casos relacionada ao perfil do hospital. A vigilância epidemiológica operante no nível hospitalar foi capaz de retro-alimentar os serviços com indicadores da assistência, sendo pertinente o uso do Sinan neste nível.

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in children in Paraguay.

BACKGROUND: In Paraguay, as in most Latin American countries, data on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) diseases are scarce and incomplete. METHODS: To address this issue, we performed a retrospective analysis of 102 patients admitted to the Instituto de Medicina Tropical, a referral hospital in Asunción, Paraguay, between January 1991 and September 1995 with diagnosis of invasive Hib infection. This study included patients 15 years of age and under-identified with positive cultures for Hib in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other sterile body fluids. RESULTS: Eighty three (81%) patients presented with meningitis as principal focus of infection with median age of 9 months. Forty five (54%) patients with Hib meningitis were <12 months of age and 20 (24% of total cases) were <6 months of age. Overall mortality rate of meningitis was 13%. Of 11 patients who died, 10 (91%) were <12 months of age (p <0.02). Risk for mortality was correlated with presence of coma during admission (p <0.007) and CSF glucose level of <10 mg/dL (p <0.05). Severe sequelae such as bilateral hearing loss, hydrocephalus, and mental retardation were observed in 39% (28/72) of surviving patients, of whom 18 (51%) patients were <12 months of age (p <0.02). Thirty percent of isolated strains of Hib were resistant to ampicillin, 20% were resistant to chloramphenicol, and 10% to both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This information provides evidence concerning the importance of continued support for Hib vaccine supplies in immunization programs in countries with limited resources such as Paraguay.

Principales brotes epidémicos en Nicaragua

Presenta los resultados que se obtuvieron en las investigaciones de brotes que se presentaron durante el año 1999 en los diferentes SILAIS del País en el período comprendido entre marzo-septiembre debido al paso del Huracán Mitch en octubre de 1998, por Centro América y el incremento de las enfermedades transmisibles con alto potencial epidemico como la malaria,dengue, leptospirosis en Nicaragua. La Dirección de vigilancia Epidemica estableció en cada uno de los SILAIS un equipo multidiciplinario encargado de investigar y organizar la respuesta de los brotes epidemicos dando prioridad a los siete SILAIS que resultaron mayormente afectados

Etiologia das meningites na regiäo de Araraquara-SP, 1992-1996 / Etiology of meningitis in Araraquara-SP, 1992-96

Visando determinar a etiologia das meningites na regiäo de Araraquara-SP, no período de 1992 a 1996, foram coletados dados dos casos confirmados, notificados à Vigilância Epidemiológica da Direçäo Regional de Saúde VII (DIR VII), SP. A incidência de meningites, na regiäo, se manteve próxima de 26 casos/100 mil habitantes. Entre 1993 e 1995, diminuindo para 15,11 em 1996, ano em que a DM (doença meningocócica) representou 22,5 por cento dos casos de meningites. A incidência de DM, no mesmo período, variou de 3,13 (1995) a 4,28 (1993). Os sorogrupos responsáveis pela DM na regiäo foram o B e o C, com prevalência do B em 1996. Das doenças meningocócicas na regiäo, 62,6 por cento näo foram sorogrupadas. A letalidade da DM de 18,75 por cento em 1994 e de 20,83 por cento em 1995. Santa Rita do Passa Quatro foi o município com maior incidência, tanto de meningite em geral como de DM, em todo o período de 1993 a 1996, com incidência de 4,5 vezes maior que a regiäo como um todo em 1996, com 15,63 casos/100 mil habitantes e com prevalência do sorogrupo B. Do total de meningites, as näo determinadas representaram, em média, 60 por cento dos casos.

Meningoencefalitis crónica por acanthamoeba spp: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Chronic meningoencephalitis due to acanthamoeba spp: report of a case and review of the literature

Las meningoencefalitis por amibas de vida libre constituyen una infección infrecuente del SNC de dificil diagnóstico, sin tratamiento eficaz y con una evolución tórpida. Los antecedentes epidemiológicos, factores predisponentes, el alto índice de sospecha clínica y la visualización directa del LRC al fresco hacen el diagnóstico en la minoría de los casos, la gran mayoría se realiza en cortes cerebrales postmorten. Se hace la descripción de un paciente de 49 años con meningoencefalitis crónica por Acanthamoeba spp de curso fatal luego de 8 semanas de iniciado el cuadro, no siendo posible determinar la puerta de entrada ni un factor epidemiológico reconocido

Improved survival in homozygous sickle cell disease: lessons from a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether simple interventions in a sickle cell clinic improve survival in sickle cell disease. DESIGN: Survival curve analysis and hazard ratios in a cohort study followed from birth. SETTING: MRC Laboratories (Jamaica) at the University of the West Indies, and Victoria Jubilee Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica. SUBJECTS: 315 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease detected during the screening of 100,000 consecutive non-operative deliveries between June 1973 and December 1981 at the main government maternity hospital, Kingston, Jamaica. INTERVENTIONS: Prophylactic penicillin to prevent pneumococcal septicaemia, parental education in early diagnosis of acute splenic sequestration, close monitoring in sickle cell clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival. RESULTS: Survival appeared to improve, the log rank test for trend comparing the first, second, and last third of the study reaching borderline significance (P = 0.05). Combined deaths from acute splenic sequestration and pneumococcal septicaemia-meningitis declined significantly (test for trend, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and simple prophylactic measures significantly reduce deaths associated with homozygous sickle cell disease.

Improved survival in homozygous sickle cell disease: lessons from a cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether simple interventions in a sickle cell clinic improve survival in sickle cell disease. DESIGN: Survival curve analysis and hazard ratios in a cohort study followed from birth. SETTING: MRC Laboratories (Jamaica) at the University of the West Indies, and Victoria Jubilee Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica. SUBJECTS: 315 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease detected during the screening of 100,000 consecutive non-operative deliveries between June 1973 and December 1981 at the main government maternity hospital, Kingston, Jamaica. INTERVENTIONS: Prophylactic penicillin to prevent pneumococcal septicaemia, parental education in early diagnosis of acute splenic sequestration, close monitoring in sickle cell clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival. RESULTS: Survival appeared to improve, the log rank test for trend comparing the first, second, and last third of the study reaching borderline significance (P = 0.05). Combined deaths from acute splenic sequestration and pneumococcal septicaemia-meningitis declined significantly (test for trend, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and simple prophylactic measures significantly reduce deaths associated with homozygous sickle cell disease (AU)

Causas de punción lumbar 1992-1993 / Causes of spinal lumbar puncture 1992-1993

El presente trabajo retrospectivo, muestra resultados de un análisis de 381 historias clínicas, de pacientes hospitalizados entre Enero de 1992 a Diciembre de 1993, en los que se habia realizado punción lumbar ante la sospecha clínica de Meningitis o afección del Sistema Nervioso Central, se observo que ante mayor presencia de signos meníngeos o signos de hipertención intracraneal y alteración de la conciencia, mas número de casos de Meningitis se encontraron. Un número importante de alteraciones electrolítos se tuvo en todos los grupos analizados. La edad de los pacientes vario desde neonatos, hasta adolescentes.

[Neonatal meningitis: observations on its etiology, mortality and sequelae]. / Meningitis neonatal: observaciones sobre etiología, mortalidad y secuelas.

A retrospective study was carried out on all cases diagnosed with neonatal meningitis at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. A rate of 9.6 cases per 1,000 discharged patients was found as well as 6.7% association with sepsis. In 50 of the cases analyzed, an etiologic agent was identified in 23 children; the main bacteria identified were Escherichia coli (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), Enterobacter (4%), Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas sp (2%), respectively. The mortality rate was 60% and sequelae were seen in 13 of the surviving 20 patients. The unfavorable prognosis of neonates with meningitis forces us to establish an early diagnosis, make every effort to identify the causing agent and try new medications as well as co-adjuvant treatments.