Retrograde Open Mesenteric Stenting for Acute and Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia: Results from an Intestinal Stroke Centre.

OBJECTIVE: To report the intra-operative adverse events (IOAEs) and the initial and one year outcomes of retrograde open mesenteric stenting (ROMS) using balloon expandable covered stents for acute and chronic mesenteric ischaemia. METHODS: Clinical data and outcomes of all consecutive patients treated with ROMS for acute and chronic mesenteric ischaemia at an intestinal stroke centre between November 2012 and September 2019 were reviewed. ROMS was performed using balloon expandable covered stents. Endpoints included IOAEs, in hospital mortality, post-operative complications, and re-interventions. One year overall survival, freedom from re-intervention, primary patency and assisted primary patency rates were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier time to event method. RESULTS: During the study period, 379 patients were referred to the centre for acute or chronic mesenteric ischaemia. Thirty-seven patients who underwent the ROMS procedure were included. All the patients had severe atherosclerotic mesenteric lesions. The ROMS technical success rate was 89% in this cohort. The rate of IOAEs was 19% and included four cases of retrograde recanalisation failure. All ROMS failures occurred in patients presenting with flush superior mesenteric artery occlusion and they were treated by mesenteric bypass. Ten patients (27%) underwent bowel resection, four of which resulted in a short bowel syndrome (11%). The in hospital mortality rate was 27%. Post-operative complications and re-intervention rates were 67% (n = 25) and 32% (n = 12), respectively. The median follow up was 20.2 months (interquartile range 29). The estimated one year overall survival for the cohort was 70.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52.5% - 82.2%). The estimated freedom from re-intervention at one year was 61.1% (95% CI 42.3 - 75.4). The one year primary patency and assisted primary patency rates were 84.54% (95% CI 63.34 - 94) and 92.4% (95% CI 72.8 - 98), respectively. CONCLUSION: ROMS procedures offer acceptable one year outcomes for mesenteric ischaemia but are associated with frequent stent related complications. Precise pre-operative planning, high quality imaging, and meticulous stent placement techniques may limit the occurrence of such events.

Natural History of Asymptomatic Superior Mesenteric Arterial Stenosis Depends on Coeliac and Inferior Mesenteric Artery Status.

OBJECTIVE: The benefit of preventive treatment for superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stenosis remains uncertain. The latest European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) guidelines remain unclear given the lack of data in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate asymptomatic SMA stenosis prognosis according to the presence of associated coeliac artery (CA) and/or inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) stenosis. METHODS: This was a single academic centre retrospective study. The entire computed tomography (CT) database of a single tertiary hospital was reviewed from 2009 to 2016. Two groups were defined: patients with isolated > 70% SMA stenosis (group A) and patients with both SMA and CA and/or IMA > 70% stenosis (group B). Patient medical histories were reviewed to determine the occurrence of mesenteric disease (MD) defined as development of acute mesenteric ischaemia (AMI) or chronic mesenteric ischaemia (CMI). RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were included. Median follow up was 39 months. There were 24 patients in group A and 53 patients in group B. In group B, eight (10.4%) patients developed MD with a median onset of 50 months. AMI occurred in five patients with a median of 33 months and CMI in three patients with a median of 88 months. Patients of group B developed more MD (0% vs. 15.1%; p = .052). The five year survival rate was 45% without significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with SMA stenosis associated with CA and/or IMA seem to have a higher risk of developing mesenteric ischaemia than patients with isolated SMA stenosis. Considering the low life expectancy of these patients, cardiovascular risk factor assessment and optimisation of medical treatment is essential. Preventive endovascular revascularisation could be discussed for patients with non-isolated > 70% SMA stenosis, taking into account life expectancy.

Midterm results after covered stenting of the superior mesenteric artery.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the continuing controversy of covered stents (CS) vs bare metal stents, the use of CS in mesenteric occlusive disease (MOD) has been recommended by expert centers. The aim of this study was to report midterm results with CS of the superior mesenteric artery. METHODS: Between January 2014 and October 2019, patients with MOD with a severe atheromatous stenosis or occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery treated by mesenteric CS were included. Clinical presentation included both acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), chronic mesenteric ischemia, and asymptomatic patients planned for major surgery. Demographics, procedure details, and follow-up data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. Study end points included primary patency, primary assisted patency, and secondary patency. RESULTS: During the study period, 86 patients (mean age, 70 ± 9 years; 57% males) were included. Clinical presentation was AMI (n = 42 [49%]), chronic mesenteric ischemia (n = 31 [36%]), and asymptomatic (n = 13 [15%]). The technical success rate was 97%. A total of 96 stents were implanted, including 86 proximal CS (Advanta V12, n = 73; Lifestream, n = 13). The mean length and mean diameter of the CS were 31.5 ± 6.3 mm and 6.9 ± 0.5 mm, respectively. Additional distal bare metal stents were used in 10 patients (12%) to overcome a kinking (n = 9) or a dissection (n = 1) downstream of the CS. All postoperative deaths occurred in patients with AMI (n = 11, 13%). During a median follow-up of 15.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.6 ± 3.6 months), 12 patients (14%) underwent reinterventions for either stent misplacement (n = 3), stent recoil (n = 3), stent thrombosis (n = 2), de novo stenosis at the distal edge of the CS (n = 2), or gastric ischemia (n = 1). At 1 year, overall the primary patency, primary assisted patency, and secondary patency rates were 83% (95% CI, 83% ± 9%), 99% (95% CI, 99% ± 3%), and 99% (95% CI, 99% ± 3%), respectively. At 2 years, the overall primary patency, primary assisted patency, and secondary patency rates were 76% (95% CI, 76% ± 13%), 95% (95% CI, 95% ± 8%) and 95% (95% CI, 95% ± 8%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mesenteric CS provide very satisfactory midterm results in patients with MOD, with an excellent primary assisted patency rate at 2 years, at the price of a significant reintervention rate.

Endovascular Treatment of Chronic and Acute on Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia: Results From a National Cohort of 245 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular treatment of chronic mesenteric ischaemia (CMI) is linked to low early morbidity and mortality but a higher risk of recurrence than open repair. Mid and long term outcomes after endovascular treatment remain to be proven in larger series. The aim of this study was to assess short and mid term outcome after first line endovascular revascularisation of CMI and acute on chronic mesenteric ischaemia (AoCMI). METHODS: This was a prospective population and registry based cohort study supplemented by a retrospective review of medical records and imaging files. A national cohort was created based on data extracted from the Danish National Registry for Vascular Surgery (Karbase) for all patients treated endovascularly for CMI or AoCMI between 2011 and 2015 in Denmark. Survival data, bowel resection, complications, re-intervention rate, and improvement of clinical symptoms were analysed, as were potential risk factors. RESULTS: In total, 245 patients had an endovascular intervention for CMI (n = 178; 72.6%) and AoCMI (n = 67; 27.3%). One and three year survival estimates were 85% (95% confidence interval [CI] 79 - 90) and 74% (95% CI 67 - 80) in the CMI-group, and 67% (95% CI 54 - 77) and 54% (95% CI 41 - 65) in the AoCMI group. The hazard ratio for death was 1.89 (95% CI 1.23 - 2.9) for AoCMI, relative to patients with CMI. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stenosis, rather then occlusion, significantly increased the success of SMA recanalisation: OR 19.4 (95% CI 6.2 - 61.4) and 9.3 (95% CI 1.6 - 53.6) in the CMI and AoCMI groups, respectively. The proportion of patients reporting clinical improvement was 71% (n = 127) in the CMI group and 59% (n = 39) in the AoCMI group. Five patients (3%) in the CMI and 30 (45%) in the AoCMI groups underwent bowel resection (p < .001), and the overall length of hospital stay (LoS) was a median of two days (interquartile range [IQR] 1 - 3 days) in the CMI group and seven days (IQR 3 - 23 days) in the AoCMI group. Within the first year, re-intervention was performed in 14 patients (5.7%). CONCLUSION: First line endovascular treatment of CMI carries a three year mortality rate of 25%, and low risk of re-occurrence of symptomatic ischaemia. Relative to CMI, patients suffering AoCMI have significantly higher morbidity and mortality, more bowel resections, and longer LoS.

Mesenteric vascular disease: A population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Mesenteric vascular disease carries a high risk of mortality and morbidity; however, due to obscure clinical presentation, it can be under-recognized. Currently, epidemiology of mesenteric vascular disease remains poorly defined. The aim of this study is to analyze changes in Scottish mortality rates from mesenteric vascular disease overtime. METHODS: This is a retrospective, longitudinal population-based cohort study using data extracted from death certificates and Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. All deaths related to a vascular disorder of the intestines recorded as an underlying cause of death between 1979 and 2014 were identified using International Classification of Disease-9 or International Classification of Disease-10 code groups. Data included demographics and location of death. The residence postcodes were used to classify socio-economic status using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. RESULTS: From 2,142,921 deaths over 36 years, 14,530 (0.7%) were due to mesenteric vascular disease with a median (interquartile range) age of 77 and a 2:1 female to male gender ratio. The mean ± standard deviation age significantly increased from 72.6 ± 12.1 in 1979 to 76.8 ± 11.1 in 2014 (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.772). Males were consistently younger than females at the time of death. The two lowest Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation categories accounted for half of the cohort, throughout the study period (p = 0.068). The adjusted death rate per 100,000 population increased from 7.6 in 1979 to 12.1 in 2014. CONCLUSIONS: The reported death rates of mesenteric vascular disease in Scotland between 1979 and 2014 have nearly doubled. Mesenteric vascular disease affects twice as many women as men and is associated with social deprivation. The increased reporting of mesenteric vascular disease is likely due to increased recognition and incidence. These implications should be considered when planning healthcare provision in Scotland.

Clinical Features and Factors Affecting Postoperative Mortality for Obstructive Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in China: A Hospital- Based Survey.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to report the clinical manifestation and identify the risk factors for postoperative mortality in patients who were diagnosed with obstructive acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) based on a survey of a hospital in western China. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed clinical data of 108 patients with obstructive AMI at West China Hospital, Sichuan University, from 2011 to 2017. Clinical characteristic was described and compared. Factors affecting postoperative survival were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 108 obstructive AMI cases were included in this study, with an overall average age of 57.1 years, including 58 arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia (AOMI) and 50 mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT). AOMI patients were older and had a significantly higher frequency of these comorbidities, including heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. In comparison, MVT had a significantly higher proportion of male patients and a higher frequency of liver disease. A total of 77 patients underwent laparotomy, and the 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 29.9%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the time interval from admission to surgery (adjust OR 1.19; 95% CI [1.07-1.34], P = 0.005), platelet count (adjust OR = 0.98; 95% CI [0.97-0.99], P = 0.008) and AOMI (adjust OR = 5.55; 95% CI [1.36-22.55], P = 0.017) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality after exploratory laparotomy for obstructive AMI. Further analysis of the 45 AOMI showed that the time interval from admission to surgery (adjustOR 1.22; 95% CI [1.01-1.47], P = 0.036) and platelet count (adjustOR = 0.98; 95% CI [0.97-0.99], P = 0.020) were independent risk factors for 30-day postoperative mortality of AOMI. CONCLUSION: Early identification of AOMI, improving the efficiency of enhanced CT examination, strengthening doctor-patient communication, active laparotomy, and optimize platelet management may also help reduce the overall short-term mortality of obstructive AMI. Building the multidisciplinary team model of diagnostic imaging, vascular intervention, and surgical treatment to manage obstructive AMI may be urgently needed in western China.

Long-Term Outcomes of Mesenteric Stenting and Analysis of In-Stent Restenosis Duplex Velocity Criteria.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular therapy for chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is the mainstay of treatment. Duplex velocity criteria within stented mesenteric vessels are not well established. We describe single-center outcomes of mesenteric stenting for CMI and analyze duplex velocities associated with in-stent restenosis (ISR). METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective review of patients undergoing mesenteric stenting for CMI (2012-2018). Primary outcome was reintervention for recurrence of CMI symptoms. Secondary outcomes were occlusion or bypass grafting. Duplex velocities in those with recurrent symptoms, corresponding with clinically significant ISR, were identified. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created to identify velocity thresholds for ISR. RESULTS: Mesenteric stents were placed in 61 patients (71 arteries). Mean age was 72 years (range, 49-92), and the majority were female (55%). Thirty-two (45%) celiac (CA) stents and 39 (55%) superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stents were placed. Ten patients had SMA and CA stents placed. Twenty-five stents were covered (35%). Freedom from reintervention at 1, 2, and 3 years was 83%, 73%, and 60%. Freedom from occlusion or bypass grafting at 1, 2, and 3 years was 100%, 86%, and 86%. No significant difference in patency was seen between covered and bare-metal stents (OR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.15-1.33; P = 0.1383). Median survival was 6.1 years. For CA stents, a peak systolic velocity (PSV) of 440 cm/s corresponded with clinically significant ISR with 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity. For SMA stents, a PSV of 341 cm/s corresponded with clinically significant ISR with only 80% sensitivity and 52% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: A PSV of 440 cm/s for CA stents was indicative of clinically significant ISR with excellent sensitivity and specificity. This should be used in conjunction with clinical findings to identify patients that may benefit from repeat intervention. A similar threshold could not be identified for SMA stents and warrants further collaborative investigation.

[Endovascular surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia]. / Éndovaskuliarnaia khirurgiia ostrogo arterial'nogo narusheniia mezenterial'nogo krovoobrashcheniia: podkhody k lecheniiu.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the results of endovascular treatment of 15 patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 15 patients with acute mesenteric ischemia who underwent surgery (9 men and 6 women). Mean age was 77±11 years. Acute intestinal ischemia was caused by thromboembolism of superior mesenteric artery (9 patients), thrombosis of superior mesenteric artery (5 patients) and critical stenosis of the ostia of superior mesenteric artery and celiac trunk (1 patient). Mean time from clinical manifestation of disease to admission to the hospital was 13 hours (range 2-72 hours). In-hospital development of acute mesenteric ischemia was noted in 2 patients. Indications for endovascular intervention and techniques of endovascular revascularization of superior mesenteric artery are described in the article. RESULTS: Blood flow restoration in superior mesenteric artery was achieved in 14 (93%) out of 15 patients. Laparotomy was required in 4 (27%) patients for extensive resection of necrotic intestine (n=1, 6.7%), local resection of small bowel (n=2, 13%). In another (6.7%) patient, intestine was recognized as viable after laparotomy. A bulk of intestine was preserved in most patients (n=14, 93%). In-hospital mortality rate was 47% (7 patients died). The main cause of nosocomial death (6 cases) was reperfusion syndrome followed by respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. CONCLUSION: New methods of prevention and treatment of reperfusion syndrome can improve the results of treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia.

Role of Frailty and Comorbidity Status in Predicting Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Acute Mesenteric Ischemia.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to determine the association of frailty and comorbidity status with postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with AMI between April 2006 and September 2019 were enrolled in this study. Frailty was evaluated by sarcopenia which was diagnosed by third lumbar vertebra psoas muscle area (PMA). Comorbidity status was evaluated by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluating the risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality were performed. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients, 86 were managed conservatively and 88 underwent surgery. In surgically managed patients, 39.8% developed complications within 30 days of surgery. Ten patients died within 30 days of the operation. In the univariate analyses, white blood cell >10 g/L, low PMA, CCI score ≥2, and bowel resection were associated with postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis revealed that low PMA, CCI score ≥2, and bowel resection were independent predictors of postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that low PMA, CCI score ≥2, and bowel resection were independent risk factors for postoperative complications in patients with AMI. Preoperative assessment of frailty using PMA and the evaluation of comorbidity status using CCI may serve as helpful tools in preoperative risk assessment and should be integrated into scoring systems for surgically treated AMI.

Presentation and Management of Arterial Thromboembolisms during Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Case Series and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with considerable risk for thromboembolism; however, arterial thromboembolism is rare and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Their management requires careful coordination between multiple providers, and as a consequence, much of the published literature is limited to case reports published across specialties. METHODS: We examined our recent institutional experience with aortoiliac, mesenteric, and peripheral arterial thromboembolisms in patients with either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. To supplement our experience, a comprehensive literature review was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1966 to 2019. Patient demographics, flare/thromboembolism management, and outcomes were abstracted from the selected articles and our case series. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with IBD, who developed an arterial thromboembolism, were identified (49 from published literature and 3 from our institution). More than 82% of patients presented during an active IBD flare. Surgical intervention was attempted in 77% of patients, which included open thromboembolectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis, or bowel resection. Thromboembolism resolution was achieved in 76% of patients with comparable outcomes with either catheter-directed thrombolysis or open thrombectomy (83.3% vs. 68.2%). Nearly one-third of patients underwent small bowel resection or colectomy. In 2 patients, thromboembolism resolution was achieved only after total abdominal colectomy for severe pancolitis. Multiple thromboembolectomies were associated with higher risk for amputation. Overall mortality was 11.5% but was greatest for occlusive aortoiliac and mesenteric thromboembolism (14.3% and 57%, respectively). All survivors of occlusive superior mesenteric artery thromboembolism suffered short gut syndrome requiring small bowel transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IBD, who develop an arterial thromboembolism, can expect overall poor outcomes. Catheter-directed thrombolysis achieved comparable outcomes with open thromboembolectomy without undue bleeding risk. Total abdominal colectomy for moderate-to-severe pancolitis is an emerging strategy in the management of refractory arterial thromboembolism. Successful surgical management may include open thromboembolectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and bowel resection when indicated.

Acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis results in high rates of readmission and morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is a poorly understood clinical entity, and as such, outcomes are poorly described. This study aimed to identify predictors of bowel ischemia after MVT and to compare outcomes for patients treated medically (group 1) with those for patients treated with bowel resection (group 2). METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-institution study capturing all patients diagnosed with symptomatic acute MVT on computed tomography imaging from 2008 to 2018. Demographics, comorbidities, imaging, laboratory values, and treatment were included. Predictors of bowel resection were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics. Outcomes including mortality, readmissions for abdominal pain, and chronic mesenteric venous congestion were compared using χ2 test. RESULTS: There were 121 patients included in the study; 98 patients were treated medically (group 1), 19 patients were treated with bowel resection (group 2), and 4 patients were treated with endovascular recanalization (group 3). Group 1 and group 2 were compared directly. Patients requiring bowel resection tended to have higher body mass index (P = .051) and a hypercoagulable disorder (P = .003). Patients who required bowel resection were more likely to present with lactic acidosis (P < .001) and leukocytosis (P < .001) with bowel wall thickening on scan (P < .001). On multivariable analysis, a genetic thrombophilia was a strong predictor of bowel ischemia (odds ratio, 3.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-12.37). One-year mortality and readmission rates did not differ between groups. However, readmission rates for abdominal pain were high for both groups (group 1, 44.90%; group 2, 57.89%; P = .317), and a significant proportion of patients exhibited chronic mesenteric venous congestion on repeated scan (group 1, 42.86%; group 2, 47.37%; P = .104). CONCLUSIONS: A genetic hypercoagulable disorder is a predictor of bowel ischemia due to MVT. Regardless of treatment, outcomes after MVT are morbid, with high rates of readmission for abdominal pain. An alternative approach to treat these patients is needed, given the poor outcomes with current strategies.

Occlusion of the Celiac Artery during Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Is associated with Increased Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Some studies suggest that celiac artery coverage during elective endovascular thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair is safe given sufficient collateralization of visceral organ perfusion from the superior mesenteric artery. However, there is concern that celiac artery coverage may lead to increased risk of foregut or spinal cord ischemia with an attendant increased risk of mortality. We sought to investigate rates of bowel ischemia, spinal cord ischemia, and 30-day mortality associated with celiac artery coverage during TEVAR and complex EVAR. METHODS: The Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative database was queried for TEVAR and complex EVAR cases from 2012 to 2018. Inclusion criteria included TAAA pathology and endograft extension to aortic zone 6. Patients with aortic rupture, trauma, prior thoracic aortic surgery, known preoperative occlusion of the left subclavian superior mesenteric, or celiac arteries were excluded. Cases with intraoperative celiac artery occlusion (CAO) were compared retrospectively to cases with celiac artery preservation (CAP). Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality and a composite end point of 30-day mortality, spinal cord ischemia (transient or permanent lower extremity neurologic deficit), and bowel ischemia (colonoscopic evidence of ischemia, bloody stools in a patient who dies prior to colonoscopy or laparotomy, or other documented clinical diagnosis). Univariable comparisons were performed using chi-squared tests and Student's t-tests, as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify independent predictors of outcome. RESULTS: There were 628 cases identified for inclusion in the study. Patients undergoing CAO (n = 44) were more likely to be female or to have higher rates of preoperative spinal drain use, American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≥3, low preop hemoglobin, and/or symptomatic presentation, but fewer mean number of aortic zones covered. CAO was associated with higher 30-day mortality (5 of 44, 11%) compared to CAP (23 of 584, 4%), P = 0.039. The composite end point occurred at a significantly greater proportion for those who had CAO (10 of 44, 23%) compared to CAP (53 of 584, 9%, P = 0.008), driven by higher rates of 30-day mortality and bowel ischemia (9% vs. 2%, P = 0.026). By multivariate analysis, CAO was predictive of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-13.8, P = 0.04) and the composite endpoint (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.1-8.5, P = 0.03). Increasing procedure time was also associated with 30-day mortality (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.7, P < 0.001) and the composite end point (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For those treated for TAAAs, CAO was independently predictive of increased 30-day mortality and a composite end point of perioperative mortality, spinal cord ischemia, and bowel ischemia. When treating patients with extensive aortic aneurysmal disease, physicians should attempt to preserve the celiac artery, by revascularization or avoiding ostium coverage, whenever feasible.

Evaluation of Endovascular Therapy Combined with Bowel Resection Treatment on Patients with Acute Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aims to investigate the effects of the endovascular and surgical strategy for treating patients with acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (AMVT). METHODS: We retrospectively studied 68 patients with AMVT who underwent treatment in Jinling Hospital during the period from January 2009 to December 2014. The mean age was 45 ± 12 years (range 20-72 years). All patients were treated by using the combined treatment that included endovascular treatment, damage control surgery, surgical intensive care, and intestinal rehabilitation treatment. Clinical outcomes and complications were compared during the follow-up period. RESULTS: All the 68 cases received anticoagulant treatment. However, only 24 received the endovascular intervention, 19 received surgical resection, and 25 patients received endovascular treatment combined with bowel resection. The overall mortality rate was 2.94% (2 cases). Bowel resection range significantly decreased (92 ± 14 cm vs. 162 ± 27 cm, t = -2.377, P = 0.022) in the combination therapy group, when compared with the surgery group. During the 1-year follow-up period, 4 cases suffered from short bowel syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that AMVT can be successfully treated with the early improvement of intestinal blood circulation. Further, our applied combined approach showed a favorable outcome in mesenteric thrombosis patients and reduced the mortality rate by improving the prognosis significantly.

Evaluation of the Impact of Sarcopenia in Patients with Acute Mesenteric Ischemia.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia has been identified as a prognostic factor in several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sarcopenia in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted for acute mesenteric ischemia were retrospectively included at the University Hospital of Nice. Sarcopenia was assessed by the measurement of total psoas area normalized for height (TPA/H) on CT-scan and was defined as a TPA/H inferior to the lowest sex-specific quartile. The management of the patients and the 30-day outcomes were compared between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic patients. Correlations between the TPA/H and biological characteristics were investigated. RESULTS: Among the 80 patients included, the lowest quartile of TPA/H that defined sarcopenia was 406.1 mm2/m2 for men and 307 mm2/m2 for women. The rate of revascularization or the need of intestinal resection did not significantly differ between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic patients (10.5% vs. 26.2%, P = 0.214 and 26.3% vs. 47.5%, P = 0.118 respectively). The 30-day mortality did not significantly differ between the two groups (63.2% vs. 47.5%, P = 0.297). The TPA/H was significantly negatively correlated with the neutrophil, thrombocyte, and monocyte counts (r = -0.283; -0.288, -0.225, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with the hemoglobin concentration and the glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.368; 0.261, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Further studies on longer follow-up period would be of interest to fully understand the prognostic value of sarcopenia in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia.

Thirty-Day Outcomes After Open Revascularization for Acute Mesenteric Ischemia From the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

BACKGROUND: Open revascularization for acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality; however, results from contemporary studies are varied. Therefore, we evaluated 30-day mortality after open revascularization for AMI and identified preoperative factors associated with mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database undergoing open mesenteric revascularization for AMI from 2005 to 2017. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify preoperative factors independently associated with 30-day mortality. RESULTS: The study cohort included 918 patients; their median age was 70 years (interquartile range: 59-80 years), 62% were female, and 90% were white. Thirty-day mortality after open revascularization for AMI was 32%, specifically 35% after embolectomy, 31% after thromboendarterectomy, and 28% after mesenteric bypass. Mortality was higher in patients requiring concomitant bowel resection (38% vs. 29%, respectively, P < 0.01). The preoperative factor most strongly associated with 30-day mortality was disseminated cancer (odds ratio = 8.8, 95% confidence interval = 2.4-32, P = 0.001). Other factors independently associated with mortality were renal dysfunction, preoperative intubation, preoperative blood transfusion, diabetes, elevated preoperative international normalized ratio, elevated preoperative white blood cell count, and increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort study using a real-world, nationwide cohort, open revascularization for AMI was associated with high mortality, with nearly one-third of patients dying within 30 days of their operation. The factors identified to be independently associated with 30-day mortality, particularly disseminated cancer, preoperative renal dysfunction, and elevated preoperative WBC count, are an important tool for preoperative risk stratification.

Choice of First Emergency Room Affects the Fate of Patients With Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia: The Importance of Referral Patterns and Triage.

OBJECTIVES: Despite modern advances in diagnosis and treatment, acute arterial mesenteric ischaemia (AMI) remains a high mortality disease. One of the key modifiable factors in AMI is the first door to operation time, but the factors attributing to this parameter are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting delay, with special focus on the pathways to treatment. METHODS: This was a single academic centre retrospective study. Patients undergoing intervention for AMI caused by thrombosis or embolism of the superior mesenteric artery between 2006 and 2015 were identified from electronic patient records. Patients not eligible for intervention or with chronic, subacute onset, colonic only, venous, or non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups according to the first speciality examining the patient (surgical emergency room [SER], surgeon examining the patient first or non-surgical emergency room [non-SER], internist examining the patient first). The primary endpoint was first door to operation time and secondary endpoints were length of stay and 90 day mortality. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with AMI were included. Fifty patients (62%) died during the first 30 days and 53 (65%) within 90 days. Presenting first in non-SER (vs. SER) was independently associated with a first door to operation time of over 12 h (OR 3.7 [95% CI 1.3-10.2], median time 15.2 h [IQR 10.9-21.2] vs. 10.1 h [IQR 6.9-18.5], respectively, p = .025). The length of stay was shorter (median 6.5 days [4.0-10.3] vs. 10.8 days [7.0-22.3], p = .045) and 90 day mortality was lower in the SER group (50.0% vs. 74.5%, p = .025). CONCLUSIONS: The first specialty that the patient encounters seems to be crucial for both delayed management and early survival of AMI. Developing fast/direct pathways to a unit with both gastrointestinal and vascular surgeons offers the possibility of improving the outcome of AMI.

The Clinical Impact of Splanchnic Ischemia on Patients Affected by Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms Treated with Fenestrated and Branched Endografts.

BACKGROUND: Fenestrated/branched endografts for aortic repair (FB-EVAR) are valid options to treat thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). Successful repair requires manipulation of target visceral vessels (TVVs) with possible splanchnic ischemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical impact of splanchnic ischemia occurring in FB-EVAR for TAAA. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2015, patients with TAAAs undergoing FB-EVAR were prospectively enrolled. Clinical, morphological, procedural, and 30-day data were evaluated. Splanchnic ischemia was defined as the presence of splanchnic ischemic lesions (SILs) visible at perioperative computed tomography angiography. Preoperative, postoperative, and 30-day hepatic/pancreatic/renal laboratory functions were analyzed. End points were incidence of SILs, laboratory splanchnic functions worsening (≥25% of baseline), and presence of related clinical/morphological and procedural risk factors. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (male: 78%; age: 73 ± 7 years) with 27 (75%) type I-III and 9 (25%) type IV TAAA who underwent FB-EVAR for a total of 127 TVV (branches: 47-60%; fenestrations: 53-67%). Fourteen SILs occurred in 12 (33%) patients: 4 (29%) in pancreas, 3 (21%) in spleen, 2 (14%) in bowel, 5 (36%) in kidney. The cause was embolic in 79% and thrombotic in 21%. No preoperative clinical/morphological data or procedural data were correlated with SIL. Pancreatic, hepatic, or renal function worsening occurred at 24 hr in 16 (44%), 16 (44%), and 9 (25%) cases, respectively. Overall, SILs were associated with increased values of C-reactive protein (CRP) (17.9 ± 0.4 vs. 9.9 ± 9.0 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and bilirubin (1.2 ± 2.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.5 mg/dL; P = 0.02) at 24 hr. Specifically, SIL of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric and renal arteries' parenchyma were associated with the significant laboratory function changes 24 hr. SIL of the superior mesenteric artery was associated with increased 30-day mortality (50% vs. 7 %; P = 0.002). Pancreatic, hepatic, or renal function worsening occurred at 30 days in 2 (6%), 0 (0%), and 4 (12%) cases, with similar laboratory tests in patients with and without SIL. CONCLUSIONS: SIL can be frequently detected after FB-EVAR for TAAA and appears mainly of embolic origin. No clinical, morphological, or procedural predictors could be identified in our series. Postoperative laboratory changes of CRP, bilirubin, activated partial thromboplastin time, and amylases are associated with SIL but disappear without clinical consequences within 30 days. However, SIL occurring in the superior mesenteric artery are associated with an increased 30-day mortality.

Mesenteric Malperfusion in Acute Aortic Dissection: Challenges and Frontiers.

Malperfusion syndrome results from end-organ ischemia in the setting of an aortic dissection. Malperfusion syndrome can affect any vascular bed with mesenteric malperfusion (MMP) being the most challenging associated with a 3- to 4-fold increase in mortality in both acute type A and B aortic dissections. The incidence MMP is between 66% and 100% in different literature. The insidious onset of MMP, among the different ischemic end-organ complications, makes it a challenge for diagnosis and management. The management of MMP is still a polemic, as to whether initially the aortic repair to be done or to restore the mesenteric perfusion. The approach for acute type A aortic dissection with MMP includes initial central repair, endovascular repair followed by central repair or simultaneous repair. Endovascular remains the main mode of treatment for acute type B aortic dissection with MMP. With respect to the variation in presentation and degree of ischemia, a patient-specific approach is required for treating this condition.

Results of retrograde open mesenteric stenting for acute thrombotic mesenteric ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is an emergent event with a high mortality rate; survivors have high rates of intestinal failure. Restoration of blood flow using endovascular or surgical revascularization is associated with better outcome in terms of survival rate and intestinal resection. Retrograde open mesenteric stenting (ROMS), which is a hybrid technique, combines two benefits: prompt blood flow restoration with an endovascular approach and inspection and resection of the small bowel. The aim of the study was to assess the results of ROMS in thrombotic AMI in a retrospective multicenter study. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled all consecutive patients who underwent ROMS revascularization for occlusive thrombotic AMI in three participating tertiary care centers between November 2012 and March 2017. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (14 men and 11 women; mean age, 64.9 ± 11.6 years) were included. In two patients, ROMS was not possible because of failure of re-entry in the aortic lumen (technical success, 92%). One patient required revascularization of two visceral arteries and underwent an aortohepatic bypass. Five patients (20%) underwent endarterectomy and patch angioplasty of the superior mesenteric artery before retrograde stenting. Thirteen patients (52%) required bowel or colon resection (11 patients required both resections) during the initial procedure with a mean length of small bowel resection of 52 ± 87 cm. The 30-day operative mortality rate was 25%, and the overall 1-year survival rate was 65%. The 1-year primary patency rate was 92%. In one patient, postoperative imaging at 1 month showed stent migration in the aortic bifurcation. CONCLUSIONS: ROMS for thrombotic AMI has a high technical success rate and a high midterm primary patency rate. It could be an alternative procedure to retrograde superior mesenteric artery bypass for patients when percutaneous endovascular revascularization is not indicated or has failed.

Aspiration therapy for acute embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.

BACKGROUND: Embolic superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion is associated with high mortality rates. Delayed treatment often leads to serious consequences, including intestinal necrosis, resection, and even patient death. Endovascular repair is being introduced, which can improve clinical symptoms and prognosis and decrease the incidence of exploratory laparotomy. Many reports have described successful endovascular revascularization of embolic SMA occlusion. However, most of those reports are case reports, and there are few reports on Chinese patients. In this paper, we describe the technical and clinical outcomes of aspiration therapy using a guiding catheter and long sheath technique which facilitates the endovascular repair procedure. AIM: To evaluate the complications, feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of endovascular treatment for the acute embolic occlusion of the SMA. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed eight patients (six males and two females) from August 2013 to October 2018 at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. The patients presented with acute embolic occlusion of the SMA on admission and were initially diagnosed by computed tomography angiography (CTA). The patients who underwent endovascular treatment with a guiding catheter had no obvious evidence of bowel infarct. No intestinal necrosis was identified by gastrointestinal surgeons through peritoneal puncture or CTA. The complications, feasibility, effectiveness, safety, and mortality were assessed. RESULTS: Six (75%) patients were male, and the mean patient age was 70.00 ± 8.43 years (range, 60-84 years). The acute embolic occlusion of the SMA was initially diagnosed by CTA. All patients had undertaken anticoagulation primarily, and percutaneous aspiration using a guiding catheter was then undertaken because the emboli had large amounts of thrombus residue. No death occurred among the patients. Complete patency of the suffering artery trunk was achieved in six patients, and defect filling was accomplished in two patients. The in-hospital mortality was 0%. The overall 12-mo survival rate was 100%. All patients survived, and two of the eight patients had complications (the clot broke off during aspiration). CONCLUSION: Aspiration therapy is feasible, safe, and beneficial for acute embolic SMA occlusion. Aspiration therapy has many benefits for reducing patients' death, resolving thrombi, and improving symptoms.