ABSTRACT
This review focuses on reports of hepatitis E virus, hantavirus, rotavirus, coronavirus, and arenavirus in synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, and Mus musculus) within urban environments. Despite their potential impact on human health, relatively few studies have addressed the monitoring of these viruses in rodents. Comprehensive control and preventive activities should include actions such as the elimination or reduction of rat and mouse populations, sanitary education, reduction of shelters for the animals, and restriction of the access of rodents to residences, water, and food supplies.
Subject(s)
Arenaviridae Infections/transmission , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Hantavirus Infections/transmission , Hepatitis E/transmission , Mice/virology , Rats/virology , Rotavirus Infections/transmission , Animals , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Between 40,000-70,000 people die yearly of rabies, an incurable disease. Besides post-bite vaccination, no treatment is available for it. Methods: First, virus dilution for antiviral effects in mice was determined. Then, animals were treated as follows: control (NaCl 250 µL/animal/day); bufotenine (0.63, 1.05 and 2.1 mg in 250 µL of NaCl/animal/day); rabies (10-6,82CVS dilution); and test (10-6,82 CVS dilution and bufotenine, in the above-mentioned doses). Animals were observed daily for 21 days or until the 3rd stage of rabies infection. Twitch-tension and liposome studies were applied to understand the possible interaction of bufotenine with receptors, particularly acetylcholine. Results: Bufotenine was able to increase the survival rate of intracerebrally virus-infected mice from 15 to 40%. Bufotenine did not seem to interfere with the acetylcholine response in the skeletal muscle, indicating that its mechanism of action is not blocking the virus entrance due to nAChR antagonism. By analyzing liposomes, we could observe that bufotenine did not passively penetrates cell membranes, indicating the necessity of complementary structures to cell penetration. Conclusions: Bufotenine is a promising candidate for drug development. After further chemical modification, it might be possible to dissociate minor side effects, increase efficiency, efficacy and pharmacokinetics, yielding a true anti-rabies drug.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Rabies , Tryptophan , Bufotenin , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Alkaloids , Mice/virologyABSTRACT
Abstract This review focuses on reports of hepatitis E virus, hantavirus, rotavirus, coronavirus, and arenavirus in synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, and Mus musculus) within urban environments. Despite their potential impact on human health, relatively few studies have addressed the monitoring of these viruses in rodents. Comprehensive control and preventive activities should include actions such as the elimination or reduction of rat and mouse populations, sanitary education, reduction of shelters for the animals, and restriction of the access of rodents to residences, water, and food supplies.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats/virology , Rotavirus Infections/transmission , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Hepatitis E/transmission , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Arenaviridae Infections/transmission , Hantavirus Infections/transmission , Mice/virology , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
To evaluate the potential role of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) as a vector of Zika virus (ZIKV), colonized mosquitoes of low generation number (≤ F5) from Brazil, Houston, and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas engorged on viremic mice infected with ZIKV strains originating from Senegal, Cambodia, Mexico, Brazil, or Puerto Rico. Vector competence was established by monitoring infection, dissemination, and transmission potential after 3, 7, and 14 days of extrinsic incubation. Positive saliva samples were assayed for infectious titer. Although all three mosquito populations were susceptible to all ZIKV strains, rates of infection, dissemination, and transmission differed among mosquito and virus strains. Aedes albopictus from Salvador, Brazil, were the least efficient vectors, demonstrating susceptibility to infection to two American strains of ZIKV but failing to shed virus in saliva. Mosquitoes from the Rio Grande Valley were the most efficient vectors and were capable of shedding all three tested ZIKV strains into saliva after 14 days of extrinsic incubation. In particular, ZIKV strain DakAR 41525 (Senegal 1954) was significantly more efficient at dissemination and saliva deposition than the others tested in Rio Grande mosquitoes. Overall, our data indicate that, while Ae. albopictus is capable of transmitting ZIKV, its competence is potentially dependent on geographic origin of both the mosquito population and the viral strain.
Subject(s)
Aedes/virology , Insect Vectors/virology , Mice/virology , Saliva/virology , Zika Virus Infection/transmission , Zika Virus/isolation & purification , Zika Virus/pathogenicity , Animals , Brazil , TexasABSTRACT
The porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) is the main agent responsible for porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). Few studies have been done regarding PCV2 infection in other species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of PCV2 infection in the peridomestic rodent species Mus musculus and Rattus rattus on commercial pig farms in Brazil. Immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated PCV2 in the spleen, lung and kidney. Viral DNA was detected in tissues by nested PCR assay. Partial sequences of PCV2 genomes detected in the rodents had strong identity with gene sequences of PCV2 isolates from pigs. These results show that the studied peridomestic rodent species can be naturally infected by PCV2. However, further studies are needed to confirm PCV2 transmission from rodents to pigs.
Subject(s)
Circoviridae Infections/veterinary , Circovirus , Rodent Diseases/virology , Animal Husbandry/statistics & numerical data , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Circoviridae Infections/transmission , Mice/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Rats/virology , Rodent Diseases/epidemiology , Swine/virology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/virologyABSTRACT
Se evaluó a concentración de 1x10(8) conidias/mL por vía oral en ratones albinos NMRI, la patogenicidad del aislamiento fúngico LF14 de Beauveria bassiana, el cual posee una elevada virulencia hacia Rhodnius prolixus y Triatoma maculata (Triatominae), vectores de enfermedad de Chagas en Venezuela. Se hicieron observaciones clínicas diarias. Se estimó el aclaramiento fúngico mediante examen directo y cultivo de muestras de heces, y de infectividad con la toma de muestras de tejidos y estudio histopatológico. No se registró muertes ni alteraciones clínico-patológicas, y el comportamiento en todos los animales fue activonormal. El peso promedio corporal, tanto en los animales expuestos a LF14 B. bassiana como los controles, se incrementó con el tiempo, siendo sólo las diferencias entre sexos estadísticamente significativas (P<0,0000). Se obtuvieron conidias viables en heces hasta el día 7 después del consumo del hongo. No se detectó anormalidades en la inspección anatomopatológico ni conidias germinadas en ninguno de los órganos estudiados, sin ninguna reacción tisular patológica, sugiriendo que no existe evidencia de multiplicación fúngica. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que el aislamiento LF14 de B. bassiana no es patogénico cuando se administró por vía oral en ratones albinos NMRI.
This study evaluated concentrations of 1x10(8) conidia/mL orally administered in white mice (NMRI strain, males and females), pathogenicity of a native isolate LF14 of Beauveria bassiana (Fungi: Ascomycota), highly virulent to Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma maculata (Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela. Clinical evaluations were done daily. Clearance of fungus in the faeces was estimated by direct examination and culturing, and infectivity by performing mycological and histopathological tests.Animals showed no discernible pathological changes or death and had 100% active-normal behaviour. In all the mice groups, including control ones, there was an increase in the mean weight gained through time, with statistically significance difference between the sexes (P<0,0000). Viable conidia were observed in faeces until 7 days after consuming the fungus. Anatomopathological changes or germinated conidia were not detected in analysed organs, with normal tissue reactions, suggesting no evidence for fungal multiplication. Results obtained allowed us to conclude that isolate LF14 B. bassiana orally administered is safe and non pathogenic in white mice (NMRI strain).
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Beauveria/isolation & purification , Beauveria/pathogenicity , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Public Health , Mice/virologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Identificar as espécies de morcegos envolvidas na manutenção do ciclo da raiva, verificar a distribuição do vírus da raiva em tecidos e órgãos de morcegos e os períodos de mortalidade dos camundongos inoculados. MÉTODOS: A positividade para o vírus da raiva foi avaliada por imunofluorescência direta em morcegos de municípios do Estado de São Paulo, de abril de 2002 a novembro de 2003. A distribuição do vírus nos morcegos foi avaliada pela inoculação de camundongos e infecção de células N2A, com suspensões a 20 por cento preparadas a partir de fragmentos de diversos órgãos e tecidos, além de cérebro e glândula salivar. A mortalidade dos camundongos foi observada diariamente, após inoculação intracerebral. RESULTADOS: Dos 4.393 morcegos pesquisados, 1,9 por cento foram positivos para o vírus da raiva, pertencentes a dez gêneros, com predomínio de insetívoros. A média do período máximo de mortalidade dos camundongos pós-inoculação a partir de cérebros e glândulas salivares de morcegos hematófagos foi de 15,33±2,08 dias e 11,33±2,30 dias; insetívoros, 16,45±4,48 dias e 18,91±6,12 dias; e frugívoros, 12,60±2,13 dias e 15,67±4,82 dias, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: As espécies infectadas com o vírus da raiva foram: Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Myotis nigricans, Myotis sp., Eptesicus sp., Lasiurus ega, Lasiurus cinereus, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Molossus rufus, Eumops sp. e Desmodus rotundus. A pesquisa de vírus em diferentes tecidos e órgãos mostrou-se que os mais apropriados para o isolamento foram cérebro e glândulas salivares.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the species of bats involved in maintaining the rabies cycle; to investigate the distribution of the rabies virus in the tissues and organs of bats and the time taken for mortality among inoculated mice. METHODS: From April 2002 to November 2003, bats from municipalities in the State of São Paulo were screened for the presence of the rabies virus, by means of direct immunofluorescence. The virus distribution in the bats was evaluated by inoculating mice and N2A cells with 20 percent suspensions prepared from fragments of different organs and tissues, plus the brain and salivary glands. The time taken for mortality among the mice was monitored daily, following intracerebral inoculation. RESULTS: Out of the 4,395 bats received, 1.9 percent were found positive for the rabies virus. They belonged to ten genera, with predominance of insectivores. The maximum mean times taken for mortality among the mice following inoculation with brain and salivary gland material were 15.33±2.08 days and 11.33±2.30 days for vampire bats, 16.45±4.48 days and 18.91±6.12 days for insectivorous bats, and 12.60±2.13 days and 15.67±4.82 days for frugivorous bats, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The species infected with the rabies virus were: Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Myotis nigricans, Myotis sp., Eptesicus sp., Lasiurus ega, Lasiurus cinereus, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Molossus rufus, Eumops sp. and Desmodus rotundus. Virus investigation in the different tissues and organs showed that the brain and salivary glands were the most suitable sites for virus isolation.
Subject(s)
Mice/virology , Chiroptera/virology , Rabies/virology , Rabies virus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify the species of bats involved in maintaining the rabies cycle; to investigate the distribution of the rabies virus in the tissues and organs of bats and the time taken for mortality among inoculated mice. METHODS: From April 2002 to November 2003, bats from municipalities in the State of São Paulo were screened for the presence of the rabies virus, by means of direct immunofluorescence. The virus distribution in the bats was evaluated by inoculating mice and N2A cells with 20% suspensions prepared from fragments of different organs and tissues, plus the brain and salivary glands. The time taken for mortality among the mice was monitored daily, following intracerebral inoculation. RESULTS: Out of the 4,395 bats received, 1.9% were found positive for the rabies virus. They belonged to ten genera, with predominance of insectivores. The maximum mean times taken for mortality among the mice following inoculation with brain and salivary gland material were 15.33+/-2.08 days and 11.33+/-2.30 days for vampire bats, 16.45+/-4.48 days and 18.91+/-6.12 days for insectivorous bats, and 12.60+/-2.13 days and 15.67+/-4.82 days for frugivorous bats, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The species infected with the rabies virus were: Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Myotis nigricans, Myotis sp., Eptesicus sp., Lasiurus ega, Lasiurus cinereus, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Molossus rufus, Eumops sp. and Desmodus rotundus. Virus investigation in the different tissues and organs showed that the brain and salivary glands were the most suitable sites for virus isolation.
Subject(s)
Chiroptera/virology , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/virology , Animals , Brain/virology , Brazil , Cell Line, Tumor/virology , Chiroptera/classification , Mice/virology , Rabies/transmission , Salivary Glands/virology , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Las infecciones transmitidas por Flavivirus se encuentran entre las enfermedades transmisibles con mayor incidencia en el mundo. La mayoría de ellas se manifiestan clínicamente como un síndrome febril que puede estar o no acompañado de diversos síntomas. La severidad de estas infecciones es variable con casos asintomáticos y otros que pueden llegar a ser letales. La razón de esta variabilidad en la presentación clínica, se desconoce en humanos. En ratones se han identificado cepas susceptibles y cepas resistentes a la infección por algunos Flavivirus. Por clonación posicional se mapeó el gen responsable de la resistencia a virus West Nile en el cromosoma 5 de ratón y se identificó como oligoadenilato sintetasa 1b (Oas1b). Este gen codifica una proteína que sintetiza oligómeros de adenina que activan la RNasaL, que a su vez degrada los RNAs virales. Células provenientes de ratones resistentes a la infección por Flavivirus producen menor cantidad de virus que su contraparte susceptible. Recientemente en humanos, se identificó un polimorfismo asociado con susceptibilidad a infección por virus West Nile en el gen de OasL. Sin embargo, el mecanismo bioquímico y molecular exacto por el cual se produce la susceptibilidad no ha sido completamente dilucidado. Este conocimiento permitiría aclarar aspectos de la fisiopatología de estas enfermedades y enfocar la terapéutica desde un punto de vista más específico.
Subject(s)
Dengue/immunology , Dengue/virology , Flavivirus/physiology , Flavivirus/immunology , Flavivirus/isolation & purification , Flavivirus/pathogenicity , Mice/immunology , Mice/virologyABSTRACT
We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of rodent proofing continuously occupied homes as a method for lowering the risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) among residents of a Native American community in northwestern New Mexico. Rodent proofing of dwellings was paired with culturally appropriate health education. Seventy homes were randomly assigned to treatment or control categories. Treatment homes were rodent-proofed by sealing openings around foundations, doors, roofs, and pipes and repairing screens and windows. Repairs to each dwelling were limited to $500 US. After repairs were completed, 15-20 snap traps were placed in each treatment and control home and checked approximately every 2 days for an average of 3-4 weeks. During 23,373 trap nights, one house mouse (Mus musculus) was captured in one treatment home, and 20 mice (16 deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, two Pinyon mice, Peromyscus truei, and two unidentified mice) were captured in five control homes (one house had 14 captures, two had two captures, and two had one capture). Trap success was 0.01% in treatment homes and 0.15% in controls. Intensity of infestation (mean number of mice captured per infested home) was 1 in treatment homes and 4 in controls. Observations of evidence of infestation (feces, nesting material, gnaw marks, or reports of infestation by occupant) per 100 days of observation were 1.2 in treatment homes and 3.1 in controls. Statistical power of the experiment was limited because it coincided with a period of low rodent abundance (August-November 2000). Nevertheless, these results suggest that inexpensive rodent proofing of occupied rural homes can decrease the frequency and intensity of rodent intrusion, thereby reducing the risk of HPS among rural residents in the southwestern United States.
Subject(s)
Hantavirus Infections/prevention & control , Indians, North American , Mice/classification , Mice/virology , Rodent Control/methods , Animals , Costs and Cost Analysis , Disease Vectors/classification , Orthohantavirus , Hantavirus Infections/transmission , Housing , New Mexico , Peromyscus/classification , Peromyscus/virology , Risk , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Sete vírus foram isolados de camundongos sentinela, expostos em área de floresta, na Regiäo da Mata Atântica, Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil, de 1974 a 1981. Estäo incluidas cinco amostras de Maguari, uma Kairi e uma de Tucunduba. Foi a primeira vez que esses vírus foram detectados no Estado de Säo Paulo. Os isolados foram identificados por testes sorológicos de Hemaglutinaçäo, Inibiçäo de Hemaglutinaçäo, Fixaçäo de Complemento e Neutralizaçäo em camundongos lactentes. Os resultados mostram que esses vírus pertencem os sorogrupo Bunyamwera. Como existem relatos de doença humana causada por vírus pertencente a esse grupo, conclue-se que é necessário estudar os aspectos ecológicos envolvendo os ciclos de manutençäo desses vírus, assim como a possibilidade de sua transmissäo em seres humanos no Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil
Subject(s)
Bunyamwera virus/isolation & purification , Mice/virology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Viruses/isolation & purification , Serologic TestsABSTRACT
Differences in Toxoplasma gondii dissemination in white rats (Sprague Dowley) and mice (Wistar) after oral oocyst inoculation are described. Groups of five animals (both hosts) wewe infected por os with oocyts of the TCR-2 avirulent strain and the dissemination pattern was compared in brain tissue or by serology. Early disseminationwas similar in both species. One hr after infection the parasite was present in blood and peritoneal exudate as well as in heart, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and brain. However, after five days there were important differences between both hosts and after 30 days, the parasite was detected only in rat heart and brain, while in mice it persisted in fluids and all organs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats/virology , Toxoplasma , Cats/virology , Mice/virologyABSTRACT
An in vitro model of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons infection by rabies virus is described. Viral marked neurotropism is observed, and the percentage and the degree of infection of the neurons is higher than in non neuronal cells, even if neurons are the minority of the cells in the culture. The neuritic tree is also heavily infected by the virus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ganglia, Spinal/pathology , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Culture Media , Mice/virologyABSTRACT
No biotério de pequenos animais da Fundaçäo Ezequiel Dias verificou-se em camundongos frequência mensal média de 0,83 por cento de nódulos tumorais subcutâneos, entre abril de 1991 e julho de 1992. Os achados macroscópicos e à microscopia óptica e eletrônica foram compatíveis com o quadro de adenocarcinoma mamário de origem viral do tipo MuMTV (Murine Mammary Tumor Virus)