Ovariectomy Reduces Vasocontractile Responses of Rat Middle Cerebral Arteries After Focal Cerebral Ischemia.

ABSTRACT: Effects of sex hormones on stroke outcome are not fully understood. A deleterious consequence of cerebral ischemia is upregulation of vasoconstrictor receptors in cerebral arteries that exacerbate stroke injury. Here, we tested the hypothesis that female sex hormones alter vasocontractile responses after experimental stroke in vivo or after organ culture in vitro, a model of vasocontractile receptor upregulation. Female rats with intact ovaries and ovariectomized (OVX) females treated with 17ß-estradiol, progesterone, or placebo were subjected to transient, unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion (I/R). The maximum contractile response, measured my wire myography, in response to the endothelin B receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6c was increased in female arteries after I/R, but the maximum response was significantly lower in arteries from OVX females. Maximum contraction mediated by the serotonin agonist 5-carboxamidotryptamine was diminished after I/R, with arteries from OVX females showing a greater decrease in maximum contractile response. Contraction elicited by angiotensin II was similar in all arteries. Neither estrogen nor progesterone treatment of OVX females affected I/R-induced changes in endothelin B- and 5-carboxamidotryptamine-induced vasocontraction. These findings suggest that sex hormones do not directly influence vasocontractile alterations that occur after ischemic stroke; however, loss of ovarian function does impact this process.

Luseogliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, reverses cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments in 18-mo-old diabetic animals.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading risk factor for age-related dementia, but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. We previously discovered that hyperglycemia induced impaired myogenic response (MR) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation in 18-mo-old DM rats associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, impaired neurovascular coupling, and cognitive impairment. In the present study, we examined whether reducing plasma glucose with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) luseogliflozin can ameliorate cerebral vascular and cognitive function in diabetic rats. Plasma glucose and HbA1c levels of 18-mo-old DM rats were reduced, and blood pressure was not altered after treatment with luseogliflozin. SGLT2i treatment restored the impaired MR of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and parenchymal arterioles and surface and deep cortical CBF autoregulation in DM rats. Luseogliflozin treatment also rescued neurovascular uncoupling, reduced BBB leakage and cognitive deficits in DM rats. However, SGLT2i did not have direct constrictive effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and MCAs isolated from normal rats, although it decreased reactive oxygen species production in cerebral vessels of DM rats. These results provide evidence that normalization of hyperglycemia with an SGLT2i can reverse cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments in rats with long-standing hyperglycemia, possibly by ameliorating oxidative stress-caused vascular damage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that luseogliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, improved CBF autoregulation in association with reduced vascular oxidative stress and AGEs production in the cerebrovasculature of 18-mo-old DM rats. SGLT2i also prevented BBB leakage, impaired functional hyperemia, neurodegeneration, and cognitive impairment seen in DM rats. Luseogliflozin did not have direct constrictive effects on VSMCs and MCAs isolated from normal rats. These results provide evidence that normalization of hyperglycemia with an SGLT2i can reverse cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments in rats with long-standing hyperglycemia, possibly by ameliorating oxidative stress-caused vascular damage.

Long-term cerebrovascular dysfunction in the offspring from maternal electronic cigarette use during pregnancy.

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have been promoted as harm-free or less risky than smoking, even for women during pregnancy. These claims are made largely on E-cig aerosol having fewer number of toxic chemicals compared with cigarette smoke. Given that even low levels of smoking are found to produce adverse birth outcomes, we sought to test the hypothesis that vaping during pregnancy (with or without nicotine) would not be harm-free and would result in vascular dysfunction that would be evident in offspring during adolescent and/or adult life. Pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to E-cig aerosol (1 h/day, 5 days/wk, starting on gestational day 2 until pups were weaned) using e-liquid with 0 mg/mL (E-cig0) or 18 mg/mL nicotine (E-cig18) and compared with ambient air-exposed controls. Body mass at birth and at weaning were not different between groups. Assessment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) reactivity revealed a 51%-56% reduction in endothelial-dependent dilation response to acetylcholine (ACh) for both E-cig0 and E-cig18 in 1-mo, 3-mo (adolescent), and 7-mo-old (adult) offspring (P < 0.05 compared with air, all time points). MCA responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and myogenic tone were not different across groups, suggesting that endothelial-independent responses were not altered. The MCA vasoconstrictor response (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was also not different across treatment and age groups. These data demonstrate that maternal vaping during pregnancy is not harm-free and confers significant cerebrovascular health risk/dysfunction to offspring that persists into adult life. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These data established that vaping electronic cigarettes during pregnancy, with or without nicotine, is not safe and confers significant risk potential to the cerebrovascular health of offspring in early and adult life. A key finding is that vaping without nicotine does not protect offspring from cerebrovascular dysfunction and results in the same level of cerebrovascular dysfunction (compared with maternal vaping with nicotine), indicating that the physical and/or chemical properties from the base solution (other than nicotine) are responsible for the cerebrovascular dysfunction that we observed. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/maternal-vaping-impairs-vascular-function-in-theoffspring/.

Impact of age and cyclooxygenase inhibition on the hemodynamic response to acute cognitive challenges.

Structural and functional changes in the cerebral vasculature occur with advancing age, which may lead to impaired neurovascular coupling (NVC) and cognitive decline. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition abolishes age-related differences in cerebrovascular reactivity, but it is unclear if COX inhibition impacts NVC. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of aging on NVC before and after COX inhibition. Twenty-three young (age = 25 ± 4 yr) and 21 older (age = 64 ± 5 yr) adults completed two levels of difficulty of the Stroop and n-back tests before and after COX inhibition. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was measured using a finger cuff. Hemodynamic variables were measured at rest and in response to cognitive challenges. During the Stroop test, older adults demonstrated a greater increase in MCAv (young: 2.2 ± 6.8% vs. older: 5.9 ± 5.8%; P = 0.030) and MAP (young: 2.0 ± 4.9% vs. older: 4.8 ± 4.9%; P = 0.036) compared with young adults. There were no age-related differences during the n-back test. COX inhibition reduced MCAv by 30% in young and 26% in older adults (P < 0.001 for both). During COX inhibition, there were no age-related differences in the percent change in MCAv or MAP in response to the cognitive tests. Our results show that older adults require greater increases in MCAv and MAP during a test of executive function compared with young adults and that any age-related differences in NVC were abolished during COX inhibition. Collectively, this suggests that aging is associated with greater NVC necessary to accomplish a cognitive task.

The Influence of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on Cerebral Hemodynamics in Nonmigraine Subjects with Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Induced Headaches.

BACKGROUND: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is regarded as an important molecule in trigeminovascular sensitization (TVS). CGRP-induced headaches (CGRP-IH) are evoked by intravascular administration of CGRP in nonmigraine and migraine subjects. CGRP might be associated with vasodilatation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). It is unclear whether CGRP-induced hemodynamic changes relate to CGRP-IH in nonmigraine subjects. METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects participated in our study. Polymodal recording of mean arterial velocity in MCA (vm MCA), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (Et-CO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) was employed using transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography. During the experiment, we administered intravenous infusion of CGRP at a rate of 1.5 mcg/min. The vm MCA, Et-CO2, HR, and MAP were determined at time points T 0, T 1, T 2, and T 3. We calculated the responses at different time points and combined them into a single response vm MCAtot, Et-CO2tot, HRtot, and MAPtot. RESULTS: We found significant differences along the time points in vm MCA (p = <0.001), Et-CO2 (p = 0.003), MAP (p < 0.001), and HR (p < 0.001). The relationship between vm MCAtot and Et-CO2tot was significant and positive (p = 0.005). The t-test showed significant differences between CGRP-IH and non-CGRP-IH subjects in vm MCAtot (p = 0.021) but not in Et-CO2tot (p = 0.838), MAPtot (p = 0.839), and HRtot (p = 0.198). Only vm MCAtot showed a significant relationship with CGRP-IH (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence for vasodilatation of MCA in relation to CGRP-IH due to intravascular CGRP detected by multimodal TCD. In the context of TVS induced by CGRP, MCA vasodilatation seems to represent an epiphenomenon of the underlying TVS.

Can Myogenic Tone Protect Endothelial Function? Integrating Myogenic Activation and Dilator Reactivity for Cerebral Resistance Arteries in Metabolic Disease.

The obese Zucker rat (OZR) manifests multiple risk factors for impaired cerebrovascular function, including hypertension and insulin resistance although how they combine to produce integrated vascular function is unclear. As studies have suggested that myogenic activation (MA) severity for middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) may be proportional to hypertension severity, we hypothesized that MA will negatively correlate with dilator reactivity in OZR. MA of MCA from OZR was divided into low, medium, and high based on the slope of MA, while MCA reactivity and vascular metabolite bioavailability were assessed in all groups. Endothelium-dependent dilation of MCA in OZR was attenuated and correlated with the MA slope. Treatment of OZR MCA with TEMPOL (antioxidant) improved dilation in low or medium MA groups, but had less impact on high MA. Alternatively, treatment with gadolinium to normalize MA in OZR had reduced impact on dilator reactivity in MCA from low and medium MA groups, but improved responses in the high group. Treatment with both agents resulted in dilator responses that were comparable across all groups. These results suggest that, under conditions with stronger MA, endothelial function may receive some protection despite the environment, potentially from the ability of MCA to reduce wall tension despite increased pressure.

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor is involved in flow-induced vasomotor responses of isolated middle cerebral arteries: role of oxidative stress.

This study aimed to determine the mechanosensing role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in flow-induced dilation (FID) and oxidative stress production in middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of Sprague-Dawley rats. Eleven-week old, healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats on a standard diet were given the AT1R blocker losartan (1 mg/mL) in drinking water (losartan group) or tap water (control group) ad libitum for 7 days. Blockade of AT1R attenuated FID and acetylcholine-induced dilation was compared with control group. Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (Indo) significantly reduced FID in control group. The attenuated FID in losartan group was further reduced by Indo only at Δ100 mmHg, whereas l-NAME had no effect. In losartan group, Tempol (a superoxide scavenger) restored dilatation, whereas Tempol + l-NAME together significantly reduced FID compared with restored dilatation with Tempol alone. Direct fluorescence measurements of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MCA, in no-flow conditions revealed significantly reduced vascular NO levels with AT1R blockade compared with control group, whereas in flow condition increased the NO and ROS production in losartan group and had no effect in the control group. In losartan group, Tempol decreased ROS production in both no-flow and flow conditions. AT1R blockade elicited increased serum concentrations of ANG II, 8-iso-PGF2α, and TBARS, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). These results suggest that in small isolated cerebral arteries: 1) AT1 receptor maintains dilations in physiological conditions; 2) AT1R blockade leads to increased vascular and systemic oxidative stress, which underlies impaired FID.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The AT1R blockade impaired the endothelium-dependent, both flow- and acetylcholine-induced dilations of MCA by decreasing vascular NO production and increasing the level of vascular and systemic oxidative stress, whereas it mildly influenced the vascular wall inflammatory phenotype, but had no effect on the systemic inflammatory response. Our data provide functional and molecular evidence for an important role of AT1 receptor activation in physiological conditions, suggesting that AT1 receptors have multiple biological functions.

Interleukin-17 induces hypertension but does not impair cerebrovascular function in pregnant rats.

Preeclampsia affects 5-8% of pregnancies and is characterized by hypertension, placental ischemia, neurological impairment, and an increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines, including Interleukin-17 (IL17). While placental ischemia has also been shown to impair cerebrovascular function, it is not known which placental-associated factor(s) drive this effect. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of IL17 on cerebrovascular function during pregnancy. To achieve this goal, pregnant rats were infused with either IL17 (150 pg/day, 5 days, osmotic minipump), or vehicle (saline/0.7% BSA osmotic minipump) starting at gestational day (GD) 14. On GD 19, the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in vivo, and myogenic constrictor responses of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed ex vivo. IL17 increased MAP but impaired CBF responses only at the highest arterial pressure measured (190 mmHg). Myogenic constrictor responses overall were mostly unaffected by IL17 infusion; however, the intraluminal pressure at which peak myogenic tone was generated was lower in the IL17 infused group (120 vs 165 mm Hg), suggesting maximal tone is exerted at lower intraluminal pressures in IL17-treated pregnant rats. Consistent with the lack of substantial change in overall myogenic responsiveness, there was no difference in cerebral vessel expression of putative mechanosensitive protein ßENaC, but a tendency towards a decrease in ASIC2 (p = 0.067) in IL17 rats. This study suggests that infusion of IL17 independent of other placental ischemia-associated factors is insufficient to recapitulate the features of impaired cerebrovascular function during placental ischemia. Further studies to examine of the role of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, individually or a combination, are necessary to determine mechanisms of cerebral vascular dysfunction during preeclampsia.

The effect of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test on maternal and foetal Doppler parameters in healthy pregnancies: a cross-sectional observational study.

Hyperglycaemia can alter placental resistance to blood flow and hyperglycaemia has adverse perinatal outcomes. Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) increases the maternal plasma glucose levels temporarily and mimics metabolic hyperglycaemia. The blood flow of the uterine artery (UtA), umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed before, 1 and 2 h following the OGTT by using Doppler ultrasonography. Z-score of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), pulsatility index (PI) for three vessels were evaluated separately. All measurements of the MCA, UA, UtA Doppler parameters were not statistically different for fasting, and 1 and 2 h following the 75 g OGTT in the 53 pregnant women with a singleton gestation in the low-risk group. This study results show that acute hyperglycaemia induced by OGTT has no effect on maternal and foetal Doppler parameters in healthy pregnancies.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Foetal glucose is affected by maternal blood glucose concentrations and placental blood flow. Acute hyperglycaemia may have an effect on maternal, and foetal Doppler parameters among healthy pregnanciesWhat do the results of this study add? Our findings indicate that blood flow velocity metric measurements in the UA, MCA and UtA were not affected by the OGTT in healthy pregnant women.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Acute hyperglycaemia induced by OGTT does not have any effect on fetomaternal circulation, especially foetal brain blood flow. Other foetal vessels including ductus venosus, renal artery, etc. may be affected by maternal blood glucose levels during the OGTT or in diabetic patients. Future prospective studies consisting of diabetic patients are warranted to verify the exact effect of glucose levels on foetal and maternal circulation.

Cerebral blood flow alterations associated with high volume caudal block in infants.

BACKGROUND: High-volume (1.5 ml kg-1) caudal block in infants results in major reductions of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cerebral oxygenation, caused by rostral CSF movement which increases intracranial pressure. The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between injected volume and CBFV changes. We hypothesised that this volume-blood flow relationship would have a similar albeit inverted shape to the well-known intracranial pressure volume-pressure curve. METHODS: Fifteen subjects, age 0-6 months, mean (range) weight 4.9 (2.1-6.4) kg, were studied. A 1.5 ml kg-1 caudal injection of 0.2% ropivacaine was administered in three phases separated by two pauses. Subjects were randomised into five groups, in whom the pauses were implemented at different pre-set proportions of the total injected volume. Middle cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography was used for CBFV measurements (Vmax, peak CBF velocity; Vmin, lowest CBF velocity; velocity time index). Mean flow velocity, pulsatility index, and resistivity index were calculated, and haemodynamic parameters were recorded. RESULTS: CBFV parameters decreased in all patients. The most affected parameter, Vmin, was reduced by ∼50% (range 15-68%) compared with baseline. There was a nonlinear relationship between the volume of the first phase injection and the CBFV measurement during the first pause. Across all time points, there was a linear relationship between volume administered and CBFV. Systemic haemodynamic parameters remained stable throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Injection pauses appear to attenuate adverse CBFV increases during administration of a high-volume caudal block.

Compromised regulation of the rat brain parenchymal arterioles in vasopressin-associated acute hyponatremia.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined the effect of acute hyponatremia associated with vasopressin (AVP) on the responses of the isolated rat's MCAs and PAs to acidosis, nitric oxide donor (SNAP) and to endothelium-dependent vasodilator ATP. METHODS: The studies were performed on isolated, perfused and pressurized MCAs and PAs in control conditions and during AVP-associated hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was induced in vitro by lowering Na+ concentration from 144 to 121 mmol/L in intra- and extravascular fluid in the presence of AVP. RESULTS: Parenchymal arterioles showed greater response to an increase in H+ and K+ ions concentration and to ATP in comparison with MCAs in control normonatremic conditions. Both PAs and MCAs constricted in response to acute hyponatremia associated with AVP. Interestingly, disordered regulation of vascular tone was observed in PAs but not in MCAs. The abnormalities in the regulation comprised a significant reduction of PA response to acidosis and the absence of the response to the administration of SNAP or ATP. CONCLUSIONS: Arginine vasopressin-associated hyponatremia leads to constriction and dysregulation of PAs which may impair neurovascular coupling.

Pressure-induced constriction of the middle cerebral artery is abolished in TrpC6 knockout mice.

Pressure-induced constriction (PIC) is an inherent response of small arteries and arterioles in which increases in intraluminal pressure evoke vasoconstriction. It is a critical mechanism of blood flow autoregulation in the kidney and brain. Degenerin (Deg) and transient receptor potential (Trp) protein families have been implicated in transduction of PIC because of evolutionary links to mechanosensing in the nematode and fly. While TrpC6 has been suggested to contribute to PIC signaling, direct supporting evidence is contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the importance of TrpC6 in PIC signaling using a mouse model lacking TrpC6. To address this aim, we evaluated graded pressure (20-90 mmHg), depolarization (4-80 mM KCl)-, and adrenergic receptor (phenylephrine; PE 10-7-10-4 M)-mediated constriction of isolated middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments from 9-wk-old male wild-type (TrpC6+/+, n = 7) and homozygous null (TrpC6-/-, n = 9) TrpC6 mice (Jackson Laboratories). Isolated MCA segments were cannulated and pressurized with physiological salt solution using pressure myography (Living Systems). Vasoconstrictor responses to KCl and PE were identical in TrpC6-/- and TrpC6+/+ mice. In contrast, PIC responses were totally abolished in TrpC6-/- mice. At 90 mmHg, the calculated myogenic tone was -0.8 ± 0.5 vs. 10.7 ± 1.7%, P = 0.0002 in TrpC6-/- and TrpC6+/+ mice, respectively. Additionally, there were no changes in mechanical properties of circumferential wall strain and stress or morphological properties of wall thickness and wall-to-lumen ratio at 50 mmHg between TrpPC6-/- and TrpC6+/+ mice. Although these results demonstrate that TrpC6 is critical for the integrated PIC response, they do not identify whether TrpC6 acts as a mechanosensor or a downstream signaling component.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pressure-induced, but not agonist-induced, vasoconstriction is abolished in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of TrpC6 null mice. TrpC6 localization in dissociated cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells is primarily cytoplasmic and not associated with the surface membrane where a mechanoelectrical coupler might be expected. These findings suggest that TrpC6 is required for transduction of pressure-induced constriction in the MCA; however, its role as a mechanoelectrical coupler or downstream signal amplifier remains unresolved.

Dysfunctional cerebrovascular tone contributes to cognitive impairment in a non-obese rat model of prediabetic challenge: Role of suppression of autophagy and modulation by anti-diabetic drugs.

Prediabetes is a highly prevalent stage of early metabolic dysfunction that poses a high risk for cardiovascular and cognitive impairment without a clear pathological mechanism. Here, we used a non-obese prediabetic rat model previously developed in our laboratory to examine this mechanism. These rats were subjected to a mild metabolic challenge leading to hyperinsulinemia without hyperglycemia or obesity. This was associated with impaired hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions together with an augmented cerebrovascular myogenic tone. Consequently, hippocampal expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α increased, together with markers of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In parallel, the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR increased in the prediabetic rat hippocampus alongside increased expression of p62 and LC3 puncta indicating a possible repression of autophagic flux. Neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis were detected in the hippocampal CA1 area as increased CD68 and IBA-1 staining, as well as increased TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity, respectively. Treatment with metformin or pioglitazone, at a previously determined vasculoprotective non-hypoglycemic dose, reversed the cerebrovascular and hippocampal molecular alterations and ameliorated cognitive function. The present study proposes a mechanistic framework whereby prediabetic cerebrovascular impairment potentially leads to a mild hypoxic state that is exacerbated by the metabolic dysfunction-driven suppression of neuronal autophagy leading to cognitive impairment.

Imaging transcranial Doppler ultrasound to measure middle cerebral artery blood flow: the importance of measuring vessel diameter.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is commonly inferred from blood velocity measurements in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), using nonimaging, transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). However, both blood velocity and vessel diameter are critical components required to accurately determine blood flow, and there is mounting evidence that the MCA is vasoactive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to employ imaging TCD (ITCD), utilizing color flow images and pulse wave velocity, as a novel approach to measure both MCA diameter and blood velocity to accurately quantify changes in MCA blood flow. ITCD was performed at rest in 13 healthy participants (7 men/6 women; 28 ± 5 yr) with pharmaceutically induced vasodilation [nitroglycerin (NTG), 0.8 mg] and without (CON). Measurements were taken for 2 min before and for 5 min following NTG or sham delivery (CON). There was more than a fivefold, significant, fall in MCA blood velocity in response to NTG (∆-4.95 ± 4.6 cm/s) compared to negligible fluctuation in CON (∆-0.88 ± 4.7 cm/s) (P < 0.001). MCA diameter increased significantly in response to NTG (∆0.09 ± 0.04 cm) compared with the basal variation in CON (∆0.00 ± 0.04 cm) (P = 0.018). Interestingly, the product of the NTG-induced fall in MCA blood velocity and increase in diameter was a significant increase in MCA blood flow following NTG (∆144 ± 159 ml/min) compared with CON (∆-5 ± 130 ml/min) (P = 0.005). These juxtaposed findings highlight the importance of measuring both MCA blood velocity and diameter when assessing CBF and document ITCD as a novel approach to achieve this goal.

Vascular-Cognitive Impairment following High-Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury Is Associated with Structural and Functional Maladaptations in Cerebrovasculature.

Individuals living with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) often exhibit impairments in cognitive function, which impede their rehabilitation and transition into the community. Although a number of clinical studies have demonstrated the impact of impaired cardiovascular control on cognitive impairment, the mechanistic understanding of this deleterious relationship is still lacking. The present study investigates whether chronic disruption of cardiovascular control following experimental SCI results in cerebrovascular decline and vascular cognitive impairment. Fourteen weeks following a high thoracic SCI (at the third thoracic segment), rats were subjected to a battery of in vivo and in vitro physiological assessments, cognitive-behavioral tests, and immunohistochemical approaches to investigate changes in cerebrovascular structure and function in the middle cerebral artery (MCA). We show that in the MCA of rats with SCI, there is a 55% (SCI vs. control: 13.4 ± 1.9% vs. 29.63 ± 2.8%, respectively) reduction in the maximal vasodilator response to carbachol, which is associated with reduced expression of endothelial marker cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and transient receptor potential cation channel 4 (TRPV 4) channels. Compared with controls, MCAs in rats with SCI were found to have 50% (SCI vs. control: 1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 1 ± 0.1 a.u., respectively) more collagen 1 in the media of vascular wall and 37% (SCI vs. control: 30.5 ± 2.9% vs. 42.0 ± 4.0%, respectively) less distensibility at physiological intraluminal pressure. Further, the cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the hippocampus was reduced by 32% in the SCI group (SCI vs. control: 44.3 ± 4.5 mL/100 g/min vs. 65.0 ± 7.2 mL/100 g/min, respectively) in association with impairment of short-term memory based on a novel object recognition test. There were no changes in the sympathetic innervation of the vasculature and passive structure in the SCI group. Chronic experimental SCI is associated with structural alterations and endothelial dysfunction in cerebral arteries that likely contribute to significantly reduced CBF and vascular cognitive impairment.

Hydrogen Protons Modulate Perivascular Axo-axonal Interactions in the Middle Cerebral Artery of Rats.

Previous studies have demonstrated that nicotine can induce relaxation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). However, whether this relaxation is associated with the activity of sensory calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) nerves and whether this is modulated by hydrogen protons (H), facilitating the release of CGRP from sensory CGRPergic nerve terminals in the MCA, remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of H in the modulation of neurogenic vasomotor responses in the rat-isolated endothelium-denuded MCA. Wire myography was used to measure vasoreactivity and indicated that nicotine-induced relaxation was sensitive to tetrodotoxin and lidocaine and drastically reduced levels of guanethidine (an adrenergic neuronal blocker), N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), CGRP8-37, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)6-28, capsaicin, capsazepine (a transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 inhibitor), and tetraethylammonium. However, this nicotine-induced relaxation was not sensitive to propranolol. Lowering the pH of the buffer solution with HCl caused pH-dependent vasorelaxation and deceased intracellular pH in the MCA rings, which was sensitive to L-NNA, CGRP8-37, VIP6-28, capsazepine, 4-aminopyridine (a voltage-gated potassium channel antagonist), and paxilline (a large conductance Ca-activated K channel antagonist). However, HCl-induced relaxation was not inhibited by glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K channel blocker). These results suggested that electrical and chemical activation of cerebral perivascular adrenergic nerves led to the release of H, which then facilitated the release of NO, VIP, and CGRP, resulting in vasorelaxation. Lowering the pH of the buffer solution caused potassium channels of vascular smooth muscle cells and perivascular nerves to open. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that H may act as a modulator on MCA perivascular nerves and/or smooth muscles.

Addition of sildenafil citrate for treatment of severe intrauterine growth restriction: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial.

Background: Severe intrauterine growth restriction complicates approximately 0.4% of the pregnancies. It increases the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality.Subjects and methods: A double blind placebo controlled trial was conducted in Beni Suef University hospitals during 2017. It included 46 pregnant women with severe intrauterine growth restriction. Women were randomly allocated into two groups each included 23 patients. Intervention group received sildenafil citrate 20 mg orally three times a day, in addition to fish oil and zinc supplementation. Control group received tablets similar to sildenafil and the same treatment as intervention group. Primary outcomes included improvement in umbilical and middle cerebral arteries pulsatility indices and abdominal circumference.Results: Umbilical and middle cerebral arteries Doppler indices showed significant difference between groups after intake of sildenafil. Umbilical artery pulsatility index decreased significantly (p value = .001) while middle cerebral artery pulsatility index increased significantly in intervention group (p value0.001). Moreover, abdominal circumference growth velocity improved after two weeks of sildenafil intake (p value = .001).Conclusions: Sildenafil citrate may improve uteroplacental and fetal cerebral perfusion in pregnancies complicated by severe intrauterine growth restriction. It also improves abdominal circumference growth velocity. A wide scale randomized trials are needed for evaluation of neonatal and long term morbidity and mortality outcomes of pregnancies treated by sildenafil citrate.

Cerebrovascular effects of endothelin-1 investigated using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a highly potent vasoconstrictor peptide released from vascular endothelium. ET-1 plays a major role in cerebrovascular disorders and likely worsens the outcome of acute ischaemic stroke and aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage through vasoconstriction and cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction. Disorders that increase the risk of stroke, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction, are associated with increased plasma levels of ET-1. The in vivo human cerebrovascular effects of systemic ET-1 infusion have not previously been investigated. In a two-way crossover, randomized, double-blind design, we used advanced 3 tesla MRI methods to investigate the effects of high-dose intravenous ET-1 on intra- and extracranial artery circumferences, global and regional CBF, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in 14 healthy volunteers. Following ET-1 infusion, we observed a 14% increase of mean arterial blood pressure, a 5% decrease of middle cerebral artery (MCA) circumference, but no effects on extracerebral arteries and no effects on CBF or CMRO2. Collectively, the findings indicate MCA constriction secondarily to blood pressure increase and not due to a direct vasoconstrictor effect of ET-1. We suggest that, as opposed to ET-1 in the subarachnoid space, intravascular ET-1 does not exert direct cerebrovascular effects in humans.

Dysfunction of the endothelium and constriction of the isolated rat's middle cerebral artery in low sodium environment in the presence of vasopressin.

Hyponatraemia, a water-electrolyte disorder diagnosed in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), increases a risk of persistent vasospasm. In majority of cases, hyponatraemia results from inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (AVP). The effect of AVP-associated hyponatraemia on cerebral vasculature is unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of AVP in the response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of the rat to hyponatraemia. Isolated, cannulated, and pressurized rat MCAs were perfused/superfused with physiological (Na+  = 144 mmol/L) buffer or low-sodium (Na+  = 121 mmol/L) buffer containing either AVP or angiotensin II (ANG II). ANG II was used to check if the effect of low plasma sodium concentration combined with AVP on the MCA tone is unique to vasopressin. At physiological Na+ concentration, vasopressin (1.4 × 10-11  mol/L) or angiotensin II (10-9  mol/L) resulted in relaxation of the MCA. Substitution of low-sodium for the normal sodium buffer with the same concentration of AVP, resulted in the constriction of the MCA. This effect was absent after removal of the endothelium, administration of vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist or concomitant inhibition of endothelin-1 receptors and synthesis of thromboxane A2. In contrast, no constriction of the MCA in low-sodium buffer was observed when AVP was replaced with ANG II. Our data suggest that presence of vasopressin and low sodium ion concentration results in the change of endothelium phenotype from pro-vasodilatory to pro-vasoconstrictory. This phenomenon may be an overlooked factor contributing to vasospasm in SAH patients with hyponatraemia caused by inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).

Neurological Symptoms and Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes with Synthetic Cannabinoids Use.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the cerebral haemodynamic changes that occur in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) after synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use in order to clarify the pathophysiology of neurologic adverse effects of SCs. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Emergency Department of Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, Turkey, from June 2017 to January 2018. METHODOLOGY: Patients in whom tetrahydrocannabinol was detected in the urinalysis due to SC use were included in the study. Healthy controls were also included. All the participants were evaluated using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD). The peak systolic flow rate, mean flow rate, pulsatility index and resistivity index of the right and the left anterior carotid arteries, middle cerebral arteries and posterior cerebral arteries were measured. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients were included in this study - 38 patients in the SC group and 36 patients in the control group. The mean age of all of the subjects was 29.6 ±9.1 years, whereas, 91.9% of them were males. In the synthetic cannabinoids group, statistically significant decrease in the cerebral blood flow peak systolic and mean values as well as increases in the pulsatility index; and resistivity index were found via TCD when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Cerebral blood flow and resistance changes due to SC use are likely to play a role in the main pathogenesis of the neurological symptoms, increasing the frequency of ischemic or haemorrhagic strokes.