Subject(s)
Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence , Federal Government , Global Warming/legislation & jurisprudence , Global Warming/prevention & control , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/legislation & jurisprudence , Armed Conflicts/economics , Armed Conflicts/prevention & control , Armed Conflicts/statistics & numerical data , Artificial Intelligence , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/economics , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Extreme Weather , Global Warming/economics , Goals , Humans , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Pandemics/economics , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/economics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Security Measures/economics , Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence , Violence/prevention & control , Violence/statistics & numerical dataSubject(s)
International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/organization & administration , Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence , Theft/legislation & jurisprudence , Uncertainty , Australia , China , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Research/economics , Universities/economics , Universities/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Military Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Medicine/standards , Privacy/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Science/standards , ConfidentialitySubject(s)
Federal Government , Politics , Research Personnel/psychology , Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Stigma , Confidentiality , Global Warming , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics , Prejudice , Science/economics , United States , United States Environmental Protection Agency/economics , United States Environmental Protection Agency/organization & administration , Universities , WorkforceABSTRACT
Toxin weapon research, development, production and the ban on its uses is an integral part of international law, with particular attention paid to the protection against these weapons. In spite of this, hazards associated with toxins cannot be completely excluded. Some of these hazards are also pointed out in the present review. The article deals with the characteristics and properties of natural toxins and synthetic analogs potentially constituting the basis of toxin weapons. It briefly describes the history of military research and the use of toxins from distant history up to the present age. With respect to effective disarmament conventions, it mentions certain contemporary concepts of possible toxin applications for military purposes and the protection of public order (suppression of riots); it also briefly refers to the question of terrorism. In addition, it deals with certain traditional as well as modern technologies of the research, synthesis, and use of toxins, which can affect the continuing development of toxin weapons. These are, for example, cases of new toxins from natural sources, their chemical synthesis, production of synthetic analogs, the possibility of using methods of genetic engineering and modern biotechnologies or the possible applications of nanotechnology and certain pharmaceutical methods for the effective transfer of toxins into the organism. The authors evaluate the military importance of toxins based on their comparison with traditional chemical warfare agents. They appeal to the ethics of the scientific work as a principal condition for the prevention of toxin abuse in wars, military conflicts, as well as in non-military attacks.
Subject(s)
Chemical Warfare Agents/chemistry , Military Science/history , Toxins, Biological/chemistry , Bioterrorism/history , Chemical Warfare Agents/history , Drug Design , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Toxins, Biological/historyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomedical Research/instrumentation , Biomedical Research/methods , Basic Research , Military Medicine/education , Military Medicine/organization & administration , Military Medicine/standards , Spain , Military Science/history , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Science/methodsABSTRACT
Although amphetamine was thoroughly tested by leading scientists for its effects in boosting or maintaining physical and mental performance in fatigued subjects, the results never provided solid grounds for approving the drug's use, and, in any case, came too late to be decisive. The grounds on which amphetamine was actually adopted by both British and American militaries had less to do with the science of fatigue than with the drug's mood-altering effects, as judged by military men. It increased confidence and aggression, and elevated "morale."
Subject(s)
Amphetamine , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Military Medicine , Military Personnel , Military Science , World War II , Amphetamine/history , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/economics , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/ethnology , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/history , History, 20th Century , Military Medicine/economics , Military Medicine/education , Military Medicine/history , Military Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/education , Military Personnel/history , Military Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/psychology , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Behavior/historySubject(s)
Federal Government , Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Research Support as Topic/trends , Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Science/trends , Age Factors , Budgets/trends , Conflict of Interest/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Military Science/economics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics , Policy Making , Science/economics , United StatesSubject(s)
Homosexuality , Military Personnel , Prejudice , Social Behavior , Social Conditions , History, 20th Century , Homosexuality/ethnology , Homosexuality/history , Homosexuality/physiology , Homosexuality/psychology , Military Personnel/education , Military Personnel/history , Military Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/psychology , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Publications/economics , Publications/history , Publications/legislation & jurisprudence , Sexual Behavior/ethnology , Sexual Behavior/history , Sexual Behavior/physiology , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Social Conditions/economics , Social Conditions/history , Social Conditions/legislation & jurisprudence , WarfareABSTRACT
As researchers discover more agents that alter mental states, the Chemical Weapons Convention needs modification to help ensure that the life sciences are not used for hostile purposes, says Malcolm Dando.
Subject(s)
Chemical Warfare Agents , Military Science/ethics , Biological Warfare Agents/ethics , Biological Warfare Agents/legislation & jurisprudence , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Chemical Warfare Agents/adverse effects , Chemical Warfare Agents/standards , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Humans , International Cooperation , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Riot Control Agents, Chemical/adverse effectsSubject(s)
Public Policy , Social Control, Formal/methods , Technology/instrumentation , Warfare , Chemical Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Electroshock/instrumentation , Firearms , Human Rights Abuses/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights Abuses/prevention & control , Humans , Military Science/instrumentation , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Technology/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Noise/legislation & jurisprudence , Noise/prevention & control , Sound/adverse effects , Animals , Federal Government , Marine Biology , Noise/adverse effects , Oceans and Seas , Porpoises , United States , Water Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence , Water Pollution/prevention & control , WhalesSubject(s)
Biological Warfare/prevention & control , Military Science/standards , Patents as Topic/ethics , Biological Warfare/ethics , Biological Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , International Cooperation , Military Science/ethics , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , United StatesSubject(s)
Culture , Feminism , Gender Identity , Military Personnel , Social Responsibility , Women's Rights , Women, Working , Feminism/history , History, 20th Century , Israel/ethnology , Military Personnel/education , Military Personnel/history , Military Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence , Military Personnel/psychology , Military Science/economics , Military Science/history , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Political Systems/history , Public Opinion , Social Conditions/economics , Social Conditions/history , Social Conditions/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Values/ethnology , Women's Health/economics , Women's Health/ethnology , Women's Health/history , Women's Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Women's Rights/economics , Women's Rights/education , Women's Rights/history , Women's Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Women, Working/education , Women, Working/history , Women, Working/legislation & jurisprudence , Women, Working/psychologyABSTRACT
Various technologies have been proposed for non-lethal weapons (NLW), some of them credible, or at least plausible, but strong claims were made for others without evidence or references. Five such technologies are examined. For the chemical and biological examples, detailed information is lacking but the diminishing number of such claims over time and general scientific knowledge suggest that fulfilment of the promises is improbable. For acoustic weapons, a detailed study found that many of the claims are plainly untrue. In this case, even wrong values for physiological thresholds were presented. Civil and military NLW programmes in the USA put their main emphasis on simple, short-term technologies rather than exotic ones. In order to avoid dangers arising from unrealistic promises, the concept of preventive arms control should be applied to NLW. Its first step is a scientific analysis, investigating the new weapons, the propagation of their effects and the effect on the targets. Such detailed studies are needed for each proposed NLW technology.
Subject(s)
Military Science/instrumentation , Acoustics/instrumentation , Biological Warfare/prevention & control , Biological Warfare/trends , Chemical Warfare/prevention & control , Chemical Warfare/trends , Electromagnetic Phenomena/instrumentation , Humans , Military Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Program Development , Psychological Warfare , Technology/trends , United States , Wounds and Injuries/etiologyABSTRACT
Literature on 'non-lethal' weapons (NLWs) frequently contains assertions that more robust NLW development and use are needed because of the changing nature of military operations. These assertions are in opposition to international legal analysis of NLWs, which show international law restricting NLW development and use. This article examines this tension by briefly analyzing the restrictive impact that international law has on NLWs and by elaborating three perspectives on what the relationship between NLWs and international law should be. The article outlines the moral foundations for existing international law on the use of force and armed conflict and then sketches international law's current impact on NLW development and use. Next, the article explores the compliance, selective and radical change perspectives that emerge from discourse about international law and NLWs. The compliance perspective insists that NLWs comply with existing rules of international law. The selective change perspective seeks limited changes in international law to allow more robust use of NLWs. The radical change perspective sees in NLWs the potential to reform radically international law on the use of force and armed conflict. Identifying the three perspectives helps clarify future choices NLWs may present in international law and suggests that the future relationship between NLWs and international law will be more complex, controversial and dangerous than people may realize.