ABSTRACT
Pierre Fauchard, considered the father of dentistry, contributed to the development of different fields of dentistry that we know today. However, the contribution of this important individual to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology is unknown. This study aimed to identify Pierre Fauchard's contribution to these areas of dentistry. We focused on "Le Chirurgien Dentiste, or Traité des Dents" in both French and English, looking for information about the oral diseases diagnosed and treated by Fauchard. Information on patient history, disease description, treatment applied, and clinical follow-up was collected. A contemporary analysis of the diseases was performed, and the collected data were systematized, reported, and analyzed descriptively, according to the current literature on the addressed topics. Information on conditions such as scurvy, parulides, epulides, oral ulcers, dentoalveolar abscesses, dental alterations, and post-exodontia incidents were elucidated. Findings indicated that Pierre Fauchard described, diagnosed, and treated different soft and hard tissue diseases of great interest to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology.
Subject(s)
Oral Medicine , Pathology, Oral , Oral Medicine/history , France , History, 19th Century , Pathology, Oral/history , Humans , Mouth Diseases/history , History of Dentistry , History, 20th CenturyABSTRACT
Given his seminal scientific oeuvre, Joseph P. Weinmann (1896-1960) is considered a pioneer of oral pathology. He also paved the way for generations of scientists and physicians with the standard work "Bone and Bones", his textbook on oral pathology and histology, and the "Oral Pathology Program" at the University of Illinois. Far less well known is the fact that Weinmann, as a Jew, was disenfranchised by the Nazis in Vienna in 1938. Against this background, this study aims to shed light on the circumstances of Weinmann's persecution and subsequent forced emigration, as well as the further development of his career in the United States. This includes the question of which factors were decisive for Weinmann's scientific breakthrough in Chicago. The analysis draws on a variety of archival sources and contemporary printed writings. What at first glance looks like the impressive curriculum vitae of a successful scientist turns out to be a story of loss, violence, and a difficult new beginning. Joseph Weinmann first had to overcome several setbacks - disenfranchisement and expropriation by the National Socialists, a brief imprisonment before his planned escape from Vienna, and a failed immigration attempt in Great Britain - before he succeeded in an international career in the USA, which brought him, among other things, a chair and the presidency of the "American Academy of Oral Pathology". From the results, it can be concluded that Weinmann's success was not due to one specific reason, but based on many mutually beneficial factors (personal relationships, scientific prominence, favorable research environment, fortitude, adaptability, highly sought-after professional specialization).
Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/history , Jews/history , Mouth Diseases/history , National Socialism/history , Pathology/history , Refugees/history , Austria , History, 20th Century , Humans , Mouth Diseases/pathology , United StatesABSTRACT
This targeted review of oral paleopathology in the Central Andes explores research that focuses on a set of interrelated, multifactorial processes: dental caries, macrowear, alveolar abscess, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), periodontal disease, and the presence of dental calculus. These conditions help characterize oral health because they result from the culturally mediated interaction of individuals' oral cavity with their external environment. To better understand how osteologists working in the Central Andes have interpreted the frequencies of these conditions, I review the etiology of each, as well as discuss the important issues in their analyses. I then highlight studies that integrate of a number of oral paleopathological conditions, that examine associations between oral conditions and other skeletal indicators of health, or that use multivariate statistical techniques to analyze conditions. In the Central Andes, these proxies for oral health have generally focused on several key research themes including the introduction of domesticated foods may have occurred earlier than expected, but that populations may have maintained mixed subsistence strategies for a significant period. Researchers have also identified that changes accompanying Inca imperialism were likely not as detrimental to local populations as was Spanish colonialism. Finally, the long-practiced, culturally important, activity of chewing coca has been shown to create an identifiable pattern of oral paleopathological conditions.
Subject(s)
Mouth Diseases/history , Paleopathology , Research Design , Cultural Characteristics , Diffusion of Innovation , Forecasting , Health Status , History, Ancient , Humans , Mouth Diseases/ethnology , Mouth Diseases/pathology , Paleopathology/trends , Research Design/trends , South AmericaSubject(s)
Dental Materials/history , Dental Research , History of Dentistry , Mouth Diseases/history , Periodicals as Topic/history , Dental Research/history , Dental Research/statistics & numerical data , Dental Restoration, Permanent , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Oral HealthABSTRACT
Professor Robert J. Genco made extraordinary research advances in immunology, periodontology, and microbiology research, pioneering major advances in oral science. In addition to his extraordinary research advancements in oral biology, his pioneering advances in oral science leadership at the local/university, national, and international levels are recognized worldwide, as are his educational advancements. In his era, he is truly the "father" of oral science.
Subject(s)
Dental Research/history , Mouth Diseases/history , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Schools, Dental/history , United StatesABSTRACT
Aiming at future comparisons with earlier hunter-gatherers or transitional populations, this paper intends to characterize and describe the oral pathology pattern of late agriculturalists from Central Andes dating to the Late Intermediate Period (LIP) and Inca periods (1000-1532 CE), and identify differences and/or similarities between coastal and highland populations. Although the botanical inventories of the LIP suggest carbohydrate-rich diets and similar components, it has been hypothesized that coastal and highland populations had, nevertheless, substantially different oral pathology patterns. We evaluated 14 indicators of oral pathology from Los Pinos (n=200) and Armatambo (n=25) sites in the Central Coast and two chronological phases from Laguna de los Cóndores site (LC-Inca, n=23; and LC-LIP, n=55), in the Peruvian northern highlands. The results showed a recurrent pattern of oral pathologies characterized by cervical caries (above 30%), extra-occlusal caries (above 60%), high rates of gross-gross caries, high frequency of ante mortem tooth loss, and signals of periodontal disease among these four populations. The diets of the coast were slightly more abrasive than those of the highlands. Oral pathology patterns were compatible with a slightly more cariogenic diet in the coast than in the highlands. In all four populations, those patterns were modulated by other common factors such as consumption of fermented drinks (maize beer - chicha) and the coca leaf chewing habit.
Subject(s)
Farmers/history , Mouth Diseases/history , Altitude , Dental Caries/history , Dental Caries/pathology , Diet , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Mouth Diseases/pathology , Paleodontology , Paleopathology , Pathology, Oral , Periodontal Diseases/history , Periodontal Diseases/pathology , Peru , Tooth Loss/history , Tooth Loss/pathologyABSTRACT
The collected works of Hippocrates describe for the first time in a systematic way a large number of oral diseases, such as ulcers, inflammations, abscesses and tumours from the epiglottis, mouth, tongue, palate, uvula and the sublingual area. Several of these case reports are remarkable for the accurate observation of clinical symptoms and signs, the aetiology, the pathogenesis and their therapeutic approach in relation to prognosis. The Hippocratic authors report cases of aphthae as part of a polysystemic disease, described many centuries later by Behçet and Adamantiades, while they associate features of splenomegaly from endemic malaria with gingivitis (ulitis). Benign lip ulcers, caused by sharp teeth bites, were distinguished from the difficult to treat herpes labialis (herpes) and from the necrotising nomae. Although staphylitis and angina (kynanche) were attributed to phlegm accumulation, they were recognised as true emergencies when they were associated with a swollen tongue and uvula. Several cases of kynanche with forward displacement of the first cervical vertebrae, atrophy of the uvula and oedema of the jaws are illustrated. A fatal outcome was anticipated in cases of phagedaenic ulcers of the teeth, causing necrosis and abscess formation. The therapeutic approach of oral diseases proceeded step by step, starting with simple regimens and progressing to invasive techniques, such as phlebotomy, surgical incisions for fluid drainage, and cauterisation. With the aim to avoid adverse events, special attention was paid to the correct timing of surgery and the maintenance of a patent airway with the insertion of small pharyngeal tubes.
Subject(s)
Mouth Diseases/history , Oral Medicine/history , History, Ancient , HumansABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to compare both dental and skeletal stress indicators of the Classic and Postclassic coastal and inland sites of the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The hypothesis is that coastal populations will show osteo and dental pathologies characteristic of a primarily marine food source combined with a diet of horticultural resources. This kind of alimentation provides people with less environmental stress and therefore a better health status. However, over time, in the Postclassic period, the health conditions deteriorated among both coastal and inland inhabitants, according to the hierarchization of the society, militarization, and commercial activities of all the coastal sites. METHODS: The sample was drawn from 19 sites (196 individuals of both sexes) from the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, as well as from inland localities within the boundaries of Quintana Roo. Both dental and osteological stress indicators were analyzed, and crosstabs were applied for absolute and relative frequencies and their corresponding χ(2) and F Fisher analyses. The osteopathological index of the coastal and inland sites of the Classic period were compared over time between the Classic coastal inhabitants and the Postclassic coastal inhabitants so as to understand how life conditions changed over time. The Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, with the crosstabs controlling for sex (males and females), was also carried out. RESULTS: There are low frequencies of dental pathologies and anemia present in both the coastal and inland populations of Quintana Roo in the Classic and Postclassic times. Only the presence of periostitis is highly common in both types of site, and this is the only indicator with significant differences. The dental pathologies, anemia and periostitis, in general, present a slight upward trend in both the coastal and inland populations over time. The coastal populations have fewer frequencies of the above than the inland sites whilst, in the Postclassic period, both the coastal and inland sites register increased frequencies of all the indicators. Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is the only indicator that does not follow this tendency. CONCLUSIONS: The analyzed indicators are in accord with the general tendency reported in the literature. The results revealed a general trend whereby the Classic inland sites display poorer life conditions than the Classic coastal sites. In the Postclassic period, this pattern changed because the frequencies of all stress indicators increased. The explanations regarding this tendency are related to the differential access to food resources between regions; coastal people had a varied diet and better sources of protein, taking into account the culture of alimentation, the type, and the sources (in general, fish) that have an important impact on the absorption of micronutrients and therefore greater impact on local health conditions. Also, it is plausible that they were able to access imported food through commerce (such as meat and vegetables/corn). The decline in health of the coastal people in the Postclassic period was probably associated with social stratification, increasing militarism, changes in the economic corpus, new pathogens, and the decline of the power structures prevailing throughout the Classic period.
Subject(s)
Geography , Oral Health/history , Adolescent , Adult , Anemia/history , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , History, Ancient , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Mouth Diseases/epidemiology , Mouth Diseases/history , Skeleton , Tooth Diseases/epidemiology , Tooth Diseases/historyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: With the aim to get a better picture of dental health, diet and nutrition in early medieval Ireland a population-based study focusing on several attributes of oral health in adult individuals was conducted. The study focused on possible differences between sexes and age groups in terms of frequency and distribution of studied pathologies in order to determine whether these differences result from different diets, cultural practices or are age-related. DESIGN: Permanent dentitions belonging to adult individuals from five Irish early medieval sites were examined for the evidence of caries, ante-mortem tooth loss, abscesses, calculus, alveolar bone resorption and tooth wear. All pathologies were analysed and presented by teeth and alveoli. RESULTS: A total of 3233 teeth and 3649 alveoli belonging to 167 individuals (85 males and 82 females) were included into the analysis. Males exhibited significantly higher prevalence of abscesses, heavy wear and alveolar bone resorption, while females exhibited significantly higher prevalence of calculus. All studied dento-alveolar pathologies showed a strong correlation with advanced age, except calculus in females. Additionally, dental wear associated with habitual activities was observed in two females. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study confirm the data gained by written sources and stable isotopes analyses suggesting the diet of the early Irish was rich in carbohydrates with only occasional use of meat. Furthermore, significant differences between the sexes in terms of recorded pathologies strongly suggest different nutritional patterns with females consuming foods mostly based on carbohydrates in comparison to males. The observed sex-differences might also occur due to differences between male and female sex such as reproductive biology and pregnancy, a somewhat different age distributions, but also as a result of different cultural practices between the sexes.
Subject(s)
Diet/history , Mouth Diseases/epidemiology , Mouth Diseases/history , Oral Health/history , Female , History, Medieval , Humans , Ireland/epidemiology , Male , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Use of matierials of animal or human origin in dentistry (and generally in medicine) these days is regarded as an unusal way of intervention. However in earlier times, different tissues, parts, products and organs of animals were frequently used in healing. Some of these methods were rooted in magical thinking. As analogical treatments--based on similarity or analogy--e.g. powder of horn or teeth of pike was used for the treatment of decayed teeth and different worms, maggots, veenies were applied against "toothworm". By difficult eruption of primary teeth bone marrow or brain mixed with cockridge-blood and goatmilk was a widely used medicine. Butter and honey were able to help the growing of teeth, as well. Parts of frog (fe: flippers) were also components of curing materials. Egg as the symbol of life was often an ingredient of medicaments. For the treatment of inflamed gum different animal materials were used, like chin and teeth of wolf, pike, crayfish, milk, honey, human saliva etc. Animal or human stools, mucks (containing enzymes) did one's bit in healing of oral and dental illnesses and were applied as fomentation or swathing. Placing a leech on the inflamed face was a common procedure in the past even as the use of earwax in lipnook. In our days tissues, parts or products of animals (or human beings) usually never allowed to get into contact with the body of patients. It's a much safer routine, at the same time however a precious traditional knowledge vanishes forever.
Subject(s)
Bandages/history , Biocompatible Materials/history , Inflammation/history , Magic , Medicine, Traditional/history , Mouth Diseases/history , Tooth Diseases/history , Animals , Biocompatible Materials/therapeutic use , Eggs/history , Face , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Honey/history , Horns , Human Body , Humans , Inflammation/therapy , Leeches , Magic/history , Magic/psychology , Milk/history , Mouth Diseases/therapy , Saliva , Tooth , Tooth Diseases/therapySubject(s)
Dental Plaque/history , Mouth Diseases/history , Diet/history , Europe , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Microbiota/geneticsSubject(s)
Analgesics/history , Mouth Diseases/history , Pain/history , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anesthetics/history , Anesthetics/therapeutic use , History of Dentistry , History, 16th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Mouth Diseases/drug therapy , Pain/drug therapyABSTRACT
The Byzantine World covers the eleven-century period between 323-1453 AD and was characterized by a comprehensive system of medicine based on the fundamental principles of Ancient Greek medicine. Several clinical entities, such as epulis, parulis, constrictions of the tongue (short frenum), sublingual ranula, jaws fractures and disclocations, oral fistulae were well-known and treated during the Byzantine period with primarily surgical, but also non-surgical, interventions. Tooth extractions and operations on the uvula were also popular. The variety of these operations, for which special dental instruments were used, demonstrates the high level of surgical knowledge among physicians in Byzantine times.
Subject(s)
Oral Surgical Procedures/history , Byzantium , History, 15th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Jaw Fractures/history , Mouth Diseases/historyABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de corte transversal, en el cual se estudió el comportamiento de la salud bucal en la población de 19 a 59 años, que asistieron al servicio odontológico Los Arales. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por un total de 3875 pacientes que acudieron al servicio, de ellos se seleccionó una muestra de 500 personas. Las variables estuvieron relacionadas con la morbilidad y elementos sociodemográficas, obteniendo como principales resultados, el mayor número de personas examinadas pertenecían al sexo femenino. El 92 por ciento de los pacientes estaba afectado por Caries Dentales, un 45 por ciento por desdentamiento, un 43.6 por ciento por Periodontopatías. El estado de salud bucal se consideró deficiente ya que el 93.8 por ciento de los pacientes examinados fueron enfermos; el 45 por ciento de los pacientes están necesitados de rehabilitación protésica, predominó la condición premaligna en la población estudiada siendo la Estomatitis Subprotesis la más observada.(AU)
It was performed a retrospective, descriptive, observational and transversal research that referred to the bucal health in the population of 19 to 59 years old who assisted to the odontology service in Los Arales. The universe of study was made by 3875 patients that went to the service and a sample of 500 patients was taken from them. The variables were related to the morbidity and socio-demographic elements, obtaining, as main result, that the greatest number of persons belonged to females. The 92 per cent of the patients was affected by dental caries, 45 per cent by the toothless process, 43.6 per cent by Periodontopathies. The bucal health was defficient because the 93.8 per cent of the patients was sick, 45 per cent needs prosthetic rehabilitation and the pre malignant condition prevailed while the subprosthesis stomatitis was the most observed.(EU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Oral Health , Health Status , Mouth Diseases/history , Mouth Diseases/prevention & control , Mouth Diseases/therapy , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Through extensive dietary and dental surveys among infants and children living in Hawai'i starting in the late 1920s, medical researchers transformed immigrant and indigenous children's mouths into objects of pathological comparison, establishing sites of alternative empirical and epistemological contact that are endemic to U.S. Pacific empire. These studies resulted in the extension of odontoclasia, a veterinary diagnosis, from dogs to humans. As a dietary antidote, researchers recommended the wider consumption of poi, a starchy Hawaiian staple. Although this appears to be a novel endorsement of indigenous foodways predating contemporary activist efforts to reinstate traditional food cultures to support indigenous health, narrow technocratic specificity and the biomedical emphasis on the cultural rather than structural etiology of odontoclasia marginalized Hawaiian health by reducing morbidity to failures to conform to U.S. imperial modernity, which included industrial medical surveillance on plantations. Conversely, doctors credited plantations for saving Filipinos through successful imperial and hygienic assimilation.