Young Girl with Right Arm Cramps while Writing.

A 15-year-old girl arrived with her father. She reported experiencing discomfort and cramps in her right arm while writing for the past 3 months. Her father had observed a palpable lump medially in her right mid-arm. She mentioned variations in the size of the lump on occasion. She denied experiencing any notable pain in the lump.

Randomized double-blind personalized N-of-1 clinical trial to test the safety and potential efficacy of TJ-68 for treating muscle cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): study protocol for a TJ-68 trial.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Muscle cramps are a common and often disabling symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disorder. To date, there are no medications specifically approved for the treatment of muscle cramps. Ameliorating muscle cramps in ALS may improve and sustain quality of life. A widely prescribed traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine against muscle cramps, shakuyakukanzoto (TJ-68), has been studied in advanced liver disease, spinal stenosis, kidney failure, and diabetic neuropathy. The Japanese ALS Management Guideline mentions TJ-68 for difficult muscle cramps in ALS. Therefore, the rationale of our trial is to investigate the safety and effectiveness of TJ-68 in treating painful and disabling muscle cramps in people with ALS outside of Japan. Accordingly, we are conducting a randomized clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of TJ-68 in participants with ALS reporting frequent muscle cramps using an innovative, personalized N-of-1 design. If successful, TJ-68 may be used for muscle cramps in a broader population of people with ALS. METHODS: This is a two-site, double-blind, randomized personalized N-of-1 early clinical trial with TJ-68. At least 22 participants with ALS and daily muscle cramps will receive drug or placebo for 2 weeks (one treatment period) followed by a 1-week washout in a four-period cross-over design. While the primary objective is to evaluate the safety of TJ-68, the study has 85% power to detect a one-point shift on the Visual Analog Scale for Muscle Cramps Affecting Overall Daily Activity of the Columbia Muscle Cramp Scale (MCS). Secondary outcomes include the full MCS score, a Cramp Diary, Clinical Global Impression of Changes, Goal Attainment Scale, quality of life scale and ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R). DISCUSSION: The study is underway. A personalized N-of-1 trial design is an efficient approach to testing medications that alleviate muscle cramps in rare disorders. If TJ-68 proves safe and efficacious then it may be used to treat cramps in ALS, and help to improve and sustain quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This clinical trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04998305), 8/9/2021.

Muscle cramps and contractures: causes and treatment.

Muscle cramps are painful, sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are generally self-limiting. They are often part of the spectrum of normal human physiology and can be associated with a wide range of acquired and inherited causes. Cramps are only infrequently due to progressive systemic or neuromuscular diseases. Contractures can mimic cramps and are defined as shortenings of the muscle resulting in an inability of the muscle to relax normally, and are generally myogenic. General practitioners and neurologists frequently encounter patients with muscle cramps but more rarely those with contractures. The main questions for clinicians are: (1) Is this a muscle cramp, a contracture or a mimic? (2) Are the cramps exercise induced, idiopathic or symptomatic? (3) What is/are the presumed cause(s) of symptomatic muscle cramps or contractures? (4) What should be the diagnostic approach? and (5) How should we advise and treat patients with muscle cramps or contractures? We consider these questions and present a practical approach to muscle cramps and contractures, including their causes, pathophysiology and treatment options.

[Muscle cramps]. / Crampes musculaires.

Muscle cramps are very common and can reduce quality of life. There are multiple causes, including some physiological conditions, metabolic, endocrine, vascular disorders or neuromuscular diseases. Adequate management first requires differentiating cramps from other muscular phenomena. In most cases, the investigations are limited to a comprehensive history and clinical examination, but a biological, radiological and/or electrophysiological work-up may be useful. Treatment, when needed, is most often symptomatic and is unfortunately based on little evidence.

Les crampes musculaires sont fréquentes dans la population générale avec, dans certains cas, une altération importante de la qualité de vie. Leur cause est très variée, pouvant être en lien avec certaines conditions physiologiques ou avec des troubles métaboliques, endocriniens, vasculaires ou neuromusculaires. Une prise en charge adéquate nécessite dans un premier temps de différencier les crampes d'autres phénomènes musculaires. Dans la plupart des cas, les investigations se limitent à une anamnèse et un examen clinique, mais un bilan biologique, radiologique et/ou électrophysiologique peut être parfois indiqué. Le traitement, si nécessaire, est le plus souvent symptomatique et repose malheureusement sur peu d'évidences scientifiques.

Fasciculaciones y calambres: bases fisiológicas y enfrentamiento clínico de un fenómeno complejo / Fasciculations and cramps: physiological bases and clinical approach of a complex phenomenon

Fasciculations and cramps originate in the motor unit, a functional unit that includes the lower motor neuron and their innervated muscle fibres. Both are common complaints in outpatient practice. These symptoms can be secondary to neurological or medical pathology, presenting a broad differential diagnosis and a complex approach. Recent neurophysiological studies have increased the knowledge of their origin mainly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The symptomatic management of fasciculations and cramps depends on their etiology and includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. This article aims to present an updated review of the most relevant aspects of physiopathology, clinical approach, and differential diagnosis of both phenomena.

Prevention of leg cramps by using compression stockings or magnesium supplements in the 50-84 age group: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Leg cramps are painful sensations of tightening in the muscles of the legs that commonly appear during the night and are often associated with secondary insomnia. They are common especially in older age. There is no evidence that any method of prevention of nocturnal leg cramps is both safe and effective. There are no previous trials concerning cramp prevention by using compression stockings. The objective of this study is to assess in a prospective randomised controlled trial whether leg cramps can be prevented by the daily use of knee-length compression stockings or magnesium supplements. METHODS: The study will be set in Finland, and 50-84-year-old volunteers will be recruited through Google Ads, the Finnish health library website and Finnish primary health care centres. The participants must have a minimum of two episodes of leg cramps per week for the past 4 weeks to be included in the study. The participants (n = 225) will be allocated to three equal groups: the compression stocking arm, the magnesium supplement arm and the placebo arm. The participants will go through 4 weeks of follow-up without intervention and then another 4 weeks of follow-up with the assigned intervention. The material for the study will be collected through electronic questionnaires. DISCUSSION: This protocol describes a study that compares compression stockings, magnesium supplements and placebo for the prevention of leg cramps. The results of this study can significantly improve knowledge on the methods of preventing leg cramps. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694417. Registered on Jan 4, 2021.

Real-time prediction of intradialytic relative blood volume: a proof-of-concept for integrated cloud computing infrastructure.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate refilling from extravascular compartments during hemodialysis can lead to intradialytic symptoms, such as hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and cramping/myalgia. Relative blood volume (RBV) plays an important role in adapting the ultrafiltration rate which in turn has a positive effect on intradialytic symptoms. It has been clinically challenging to identify changes RBV in real time to proactively intervene and reduce potential negative consequences of volume depletion. Leveraging advanced technologies to process large volumes of dialysis and machine data in real time and developing prediction models using machine learning (ML) is critical in identifying these signals. METHOD: We conducted a proof-of-concept analysis to retrospectively assess near real-time dialysis treatment data from in-center patients in six clinics using Optical Sensing Device (OSD), during December 2018 to August 2019. The goal of this analysis was to use real-time OSD data to predict if a patient's relative blood volume (RBV) decreases at a rate of at least - 6.5 % per hour within the next 15 min during a dialysis treatment, based on 10-second windows of data in the previous 15 min. A dashboard application was constructed to demonstrate how reporting structures may be developed to alert clinicians in real time of at-risk cases. Data was derived from three sources: (1) OSDs, (2) hemodialysis machines, and (3) patient electronic health records. RESULTS: Treatment data from 616 in-center dialysis patients in the six clinics was curated into a big data store and fed into a Machine Learning (ML) model developed and deployed within the cloud. The threshold for classifying observations as positive or negative was set at 0.08. Precision for the model at this threshold was 0.33 and recall was 0.94. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) for the ML model was 0.89 using test data. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from our proof-of concept analysis demonstrate the design of a cloud-based framework that can be used for making real-time predictions of events during dialysis treatments. Making real-time predictions has the potential to assist clinicians at the point of care during hemodialysis.

[Fasciculations and cramps: physiological bases and clinical approach of a complex phenomenon]. / Fasciculaciones y calambres: bases fisiológicas y enfrentamiento clínico de un fenómeno complejo.

Fasciculations and cramps originate in the motor unit, a functional unit that includes the lower motor neuron and their innervated muscle fibres. Both are common complaints in outpatient practice. These symptoms can be secondary to neurological or medical pathology, presenting a broad differential diagnosis and a complex approach. Recent neurophysiological studies have increased the knowledge of their origin mainly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The symptomatic management of fasciculations and cramps depends on their etiology and includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. This article aims to present an updated review of the most relevant aspects of physiopathology, clinical approach, and differential diagnosis of both phenomena.

Evaluation and Management of Difficult Symptoms in Older Adults in Primary Care.

This article reviews the evaluation of 4 vexing symptoms for elderly patients in primary care: leg cramps, dizziness, insomnia, and weight loss. For each, ideal evaluations are proposed.

Case Studies in Management of Muscle Cramps.

Muscle cramps, defined as a painful contraction of a muscle or muscle group, are a common symptom most people have experienced throughout their lifespan. In some cases cramps can be frequent, severe, and disabling, thus requiring medical assessment and intervention. Physiologic states such as pregnancy and exercise are associated with excessive muscle cramps, as are numerous medical and neurologic conditions, medications such as diuretics and statins, and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes. Treatment options for muscle cramps are limited, although recent studies have shown that mexiletine could be a safe and efficient alternative for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

[The cramp-fasciculation-syndrome (CFS)]. / Das Myalgie-Faszikulations-Krampus-Syndrom (MFKS).

The present review focuses on the cramp-fasciculation syndrome, a benign disorder which is regarded as a hyperexcitability syndrome of the peripheral nervous system. The article presents clinical features, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, therapy and a case report to illustrate the cramp-fasciculation-syndrome.

[Non-inflammatory muscle pain]. / Nichtentzündliche Muskelschmerzen.

Muscle pain as a common symptom in daily practice frequently occurs as a non-specific accompanying symptom in multiple internal and neurological diseases. Primarily inflammatory or autoimmune muscular diseases are causing muscle pain. However, a number of non-inflammatory causes of pain can also be considered for differential diagnosis. These are presented in this article. In principle, a distinction must be made between focal and diffuse muscle pain. As an invasive diagnostic procedure, a muscle biopsy should only be performed as the last step in the diagnostic alogorithm. If diffuse muscle pain is only associated with slight muscle weakness or is completely absent, there is usually a primary rheumatic cause. Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) can lead to rhabdomyolysis, muscle fiber atrophy and muscle necrosis by damaging the muscle fiber membrane. Myotonias are autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inherited disorders of muscle function. The genetic defect leads to pronounced muscle stiffness. The cause of metabolic myopathies can be disorders of the carbohydrate, fat or purine metabolism. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a non-inflammatory disease and, according to the current knowledge, recognized as the result of an exposure to physical, biological and psychosocial factors (biopsychological disease model). To help diagnosing FMS, pain regions and core symptoms (fatigue, sleep disturbances) can be detected using questionnaires (Widespread Pain Index [WPI] and Symptom Severity Scale [SSS]).

A Case of Burning Throat Pain.

BACKGROUND: Throat pain is a common complaint in the emergency department. The related diagnoses are varied, from simple gastroesophageal reflux disease to catastrophic aortic dissection. This case highlights the importance of pertinent patient history and frequent reassessments in order to recognize the latter. CASE REPORT: A 58-year-old woman was found to have a type A aortic dissection after initially presenting to the emergency department with a chief complaint of "burning" throat pain. Throughout the patient's evaluation in the emergency department, her symptoms evolved from the complaint of mild throat pain and water brash to development of chest pain and sudden right lower extremity cramping. Her history of hypertension, smoking, and a previous cerebral aneurysm prompted further intervention, including aggressive blood pressure control and emergent imaging. A computed tomography scan with angiography revealed the diagnosis of a type A aortic dissection. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: We highlight the importance of recognizing that patient presentation may change throughout the course of the emergency department stay, and that our case represents an atypical presentation of serious disease.

Cramps during Hemodialysis: Are They Always Innocent?

Cramps are very common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. A high ultrafiltration rate and volume contraction have been implicated in the pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism is not yet fully elucidated. We present a male HD patient with cramps during his session, attributed to acute limb ischemia due to thrombosis of a common femoral artery aneurysm (CFAA). The true CFAAs are extremely rare, but the pseudoaneurysms (or false aneurysms) are less uncommon resulting after femoral catheterization for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This aneurysm was eccentric in shape which in conjunction with the patient's history of femoral catheterization strongly suggests us to consider it a pseudoaneurysm. Although the patient was operated with the clinical suspicion of arterial embolism due to atrial fibrillation and the subtherapeutic anticoagulation, no embolus was found in the aneurysm. We want to emphasize that the presence of cramps is not always innocent, simply attributed to HD. Rarely, it may result from or mask severe and devastating acute leg ischemia caused by thrombosis of a CFAA. Notably, the thrombosis of a CFAA (true or false) is an extremely rare condition. We suggest all the HD patients with a history of femoral cannulation to undergo a vascular ultrasound in the related femoral artery at least once, to manage and to prevent the complications.

Qualitative, Patient-Centered Assessment of Muscle Cramp Impact and Severity.

BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need for new therapeutic options to treat muscle cramps; however, no patient-reported measures exist that capture the entire cramp experience. We conducted a qualitative study to assess the experience of patients suffering muscle cramps, aiming to understand what factors determine the impact cramps have in patients' lives to guide the development of a patient-centered outcome measure of cramp severity and impact. METHODS: We enrolled patients with cramps due to several etiologies, including motor neuron disease, pregnancy-induced cramps, cirrhosis and hemodialysis, and idiopathic and exercise-induced cramps. Patients participated in semistructured interviews about their experiences with muscle cramps and their responses were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed with content analysis using data saturation to determine the sample size. We subsequently developed a conceptual framework of cramp severity and overall cramp impact. RESULTS: Ten patients were interviewed when data saturation was reached. The cramp experience was similar across disease and physiological states known to cause muscle cramps. The main themes that compose the overall cramp impact are cramp characteristics, sleep interference, daytime activities interference, and the effect on mental health. CONCLUSIONS: This framework will be used to develop a patient-reported outcome of cramp severity and impact.

Évaluer qualitativement l'impact et la gravité des crampes musculaires tout en étant axé sur les patients qui en souffrent. Contexte : Il existe un besoin urgent de mettre en œuvre de nouvelles options thérapeutiquespour le soulagementdes crampes musculaires. Cela dit, aucun patient qui en souffre ne semble avoir fait état d'optionstenant compte de la totalité de leurexpérience. À cet égard, nous avons effectué une étude qualitative afin justement de mieux cerner l'expérience de ces patients et de comprendreles facteurs qui déterminentl'impact que les crampes peuvent avoir dans leur vie. Nous voulons du coup orienter l'élaboration d'indicateursaxés sur les patients eux-mêmes, indicateurs visant à mesurer l'impact et la gravité de leurs crampes musculaires. Méthodes : Nous avons recruté des patients atteints de crampes musculaires en raison de plusieurs étiologies, par exemple des pathologies du motoneurone, des crampes liées à une grossesse, des cas de cirrhosenécessitant une hémodialyse, des crampes idiopathiquesou déclenchées par l'exercice, etc. Les patients recrutés ont participé à des entrevues semi-structurées portant sur leur expérience en lien avec des crampes musculaires, leurs réponses étant enregistrées et par la suite transcrites. En plus déterminer la taille de notre échantillon à l'aide de la saturation de données, nous avons ensuite analysé ces dernières au moyen de la méthode d'analyse de contenu. Enfin, nous avons élaboré un cadre conceptuel de la gravité des crampes musculaires et de leur impact général. Résultats : Une fois nos données saturées, dix patients ont été interviewés. Les expériences liées à leurs crampes se sont révélées comparables peu importe les maladies et les états physiologiques. Parmi les principaux aspects caractérisant l'impact général des crampes, mentionnons les suivants : les caractéristiques des crampes, les perturbations du sommeil qu'elles entraînent, leur interférence dans des activités de jour et leurs effets sur la santé mentale. Conclusions : Ce cadre de référence sera utilisé pour élaborer un outil mesurant la gravité et l'impact des crampes musculaires, et ce, en fonction de l'apport des patients eux-mêmes.