Resumen de evidencia para políticas: intervenciones no farmacológicas para abordar las necesidades de adolescentes con Transtorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) / Summary of evidence for policies: non-pharmacological interventions to address the needs of adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Departamento de Salud Mental de la División de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades de la Subsecretaría de Salud Pública solicitó a la Unidad de Política de Salud Informadas por Evidencia del Departamento de Evaluaciones de Tecnología Sanitarias y Salud Basada en Evidencia de la División de Planificación Sanitaria el desarrollo de un Resumen de Evidencia para Políticas sobre el problema intervenciones no farmacológicas para abordar las necesidades de adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Para la elaboración de este informe, el equipo elaborador definió el método con el que se iba a identificar y seleccionar las potenciales opciones de solución. Una vez realizada la selección de las seis opciones, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y síntesis de evidencia del efecto sobre los desenlaces de interés de cada una, utilizando la metodología GRADE. Luego, se hizo una búsqueda no sistemática de evidencia o antecedentes para analizar las consideraciones implementabilidad de cada opción. OPCIÓN 1: Terapia cognitivo conductual - Con moderada certeza de la evidencia, se observa que la terapia cognitivo conductual en adolescentes con TEA mejora levemente las habilidades de la vida diaria en comparación con no realizar la intervención. Con baja certeza de la evidencia, se observa que la terapia cognitivo conductual mejora levemente el funcionamiento social en adolescentes con TEA, en comparación con no recibir la intervención. Con muy baja certeza de la evidencia, se observa que la terapia cognitiva conductual en adolescentes con TEA podría mejorar la calidad de vida y el bienestar, y mejorar levemente la regulación emocional, síntomas depresivos, síntomas ansiosos, y la auto-determinación. La evidencia es limitada y se requieren más estudios para confirmar este resultado. Las distintas formas de terapia cognitivo conductual suelen ser manualizadas y requieren formación del profesional y logística en escuelas, centros de salud o donde se aplique. Existen además otras consideraciones de implementabilidad que se deben ajustar al contexto local. OPCIÓN 2: Musicoterapia: Con baja certeza de la evidencia, se observa que la musicoterapia en adolescentes con TEA mejora levemente la calidad de vida y regulación emocional, en comparación con no recibir la intervención. Con muy baja certeza de la evidencia, se observa que la musicoterapia en adolescentes con TEA podría mejorar síntomas depresivos y podría mejorar levemente la funcionalidad social, y habilidades de la vida diaria. La evidencia es limitada y se requieren más estudios para confirmar este resultado. OPCIÓN 3: Videomodelamiento No es posible establecer el efecto del videomodelamiento en adolescentes con TEA sobre la regulación emocional, funcionamiento social, habilidades de la vida diaria, y auto-determinación en comparación con no realizar la intervención. No se encontraron estudios que evaluaran los desenlaces de regulación emocional, síntomas depresivos, síntomas ansiosos, y calidad de vida y bienestar. Para esta intervención, los modelos podían ser pares, adultos o los mismos participantes, los facilitadores de la intervención fueron profesores, prestadores de salud o padres/cuidadores. Además, existen otras consideraciones de implementabilidad que se deben ajustar al contexto local. OPCIÓN 4: Terapia basada en mindfulness Con muy baja certeza de la evidencia, se observa que la terapia basada en mindfulness en adolescentes con TEA comparación con control podría mejorar levemente la regulación emocional, los síntomas depresivos, síntomas ansiosos, funcionamiento social, calidad de vida y bienestar, habilidades de la vida diaria y auto-determinación. La evidencia es limitada y se requieren más estudios para confirmar este resultado. Su aplicabilidad depende de la guía por parte de profesionales de salud formados en mindfulness o instructores (no profesionales de salud); en setting ambulatorio o colegios. La mayoría se implementó en formato grupal y ninguna incluía a cuidadores o familiares. Además, existen otras consideraciones de implementabilidad que se deben ajustar al contexto local. OPCIÓN 5: Terapia mediada por pares: Con baja certeza de la evidencia, se observa que el uso de intervención mediada por pares en adolescentes con TEA podría mejorar levemente la regulación emocional, y los síntomas ansiosos en comparación con no realizar la intervención. No es posible establecer el efecto de la intervención mediada por pares en adolescentes con TEA sobre el funcionamiento social y auto-determinación, en comparación con no realizar la intervención. No se encontraron estudios que evaluaran síntomas depresivos, calidad de vida y bienestar, y habilidades de la vida diaria. La evidencia que sintetizamos incluyó a las intervenciones mediadas por pares considerando PEERS, PRT, entre otros modelos estructurados o manualizados de marca registrada, cuya aplicabilidad depende de que sean supervisadas por profesores o facilitadores entrenados. Además, existen otras consideraciones de implementabilidad que se deben ajustar al contexto local. OPCIÓN 6: Terapia de integración sensorial: Con certeza baja de la evidencia, se observa que la terapia de integración sensorial comparada en adolescentes con TEA no tiene un efecto sobre regulación emocional, funcionamiento social, y calidad de vida y bienestar. No es posible establecer el efecto de la terapia de integración sensorial en adolescentes con TEA sobre habilidades de la vida diaria y auto-determinación en comparación con control por falta de información en los estudios. No se encontraron estudios que evaluaran síntomas depresivos y síntomas ansiosos. La evidencia que sintetizamos incluyó entre las terapias de integración sensorial los modelos de Ayres, entre otros modelos estructurados o manualizados. La intervención fue aplicada por profesionales de salud entrenados, en sesiones periódicas y en setting escolar, clínico-hospitalario o clínico ambulatorio. Además, existen otras consideraciones de implementabilidad que se deben ajustar al contexto local.

Short-term Music Therapy for Families With Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate short-term effects of music therapy (MT) for premature infants and their caregivers on mother-infant bonding, parental anxiety, and maternal depression. METHODS: Parallel, pragmatic, randomized controlled-trial conducted in 7 level III NICUs and 1 level IV NICU in 5 countries enrolling premature infants (<35 weeks gestational age at birth) and their parents. MT included 3 sessions per week with parent-led, infant-directed singing supported by a music therapist. Primary outcome was mother-infant bonding as measured by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) at discharge from NICU. Secondary outcomes were parents' symptoms of anxiety measured by General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and maternal depression measured by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Group differences at the assessment timepoint of discharge from hospital were tested by linear mixed effect models (ANCOVA). RESULTS: From August 2018 to April 2020, 213 families were enrolled in the study, of whom 108 were randomly assigned to standard care and 105 to MT. Of the participants, 208 of 213 (98%) completed treatment and assessments. Participants in the MT group received a mean (SD) of 10 sessions (5.95), and 87 of 105 participants (83%) received the minimum of 6 sessions. The estimated group effect (95% confidence interval) for PBQ was -0.61 (-1.82 to 0.59). No significant differences between groups were found (P = .32). No significant effects for secondary outcomes or subgroups were found. CONCLUSIONS: Parent-led, infant-directed singing supported by a music therapist resulted in no significant differences between groups in mother-infant bonding, parental anxiety, or maternal depression at discharge.

Effects of therapeutic instrumental music performance and motor imagery on chronic post-stroke cognition and affect: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment, as well as affective disorders, remains persistently high. With improved stroke survival rates and increasing life expectancy, there is a need for effective interventions to facilitate remediation of neurocognitive impairments and post-stroke mood disorders. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP) training with and without Motor Imagery on cognitive functioning and affective responding in chronic post-stroke individuals. METHODS: Thirty chronic post-stroke, community-dwelling participants were randomized to one of three experimental arms: (1) 45 minutes of active TIMP, (2) 30 minutes of active TIMP followed by 15 minutes of metronome-cued motor imagery (TIMP+cMI), (3) 30 minutes of active TIMP followed by 15 minutes of motor imagery without cues (TIMP+MI). Training took place three times a week for three weeks, using a selection of acoustic and electronic instruments. Assessments, administered at two baselines and post-training, included the Trail Making Test (TMT) - Part B to assess mental flexibility, the Digit Span Test (DST) to determine short-term memory capacity, the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist - Revised (MAACL-R) to ascertain current affective state, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) to assess perceived self-efficacy. The Self-Assessment Maniqin (SAM) was also administered prior to and following each training session. RESULTS: Thirty participants completed the protocol, ten per arm [14 women; mean age = 55.9; mean time post-stroke = 66.9 months]. There were no statistically significant differences between pooled group baseline measures. The TIMP+MI group showed a statistically significant decrease in time from pre-test 2 to post-test on the TMT. The TIMP group showed a significant increase on MAACL sensation seeking scores, as well as on the Valence and Dominance portions of the SAM; TIMP+cMI showed respective increases and decreases in positive and negative affect on the MAACL, and increases on the Valence, Dominance, and Arousal portions of the SAM. No statistically significant association between cognitive and affective measures was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The mental flexibility aspect of executive functioning appears to be enhanced by therapeutic instrumental music training in conjunction with motor imagery, possibly due to multisensory integration and consolidation of representations through motor imagery rehearsal following active practice. Active training using musical instruments appears to have a positive impact on affective responding; however, these changes occurred independently of improvements to cognition.

In search of the 'self': Holistic rehabilitation in restoring cognition and recovering the 'self' following traumatic brain injury: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Following mild-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), an individual experiences a range of emotional changes. It is often difficult for the patient to reconcile with their post-injury persona, and the memory of pre-injury personhood is particularly painful. Insight into one's cognitive deficits subsequent to injury can lead to an existential crisis and a sense of loss, including loss of self. OBJECTIVE: Restoration of cognitive functions and reconciliation with loss of pre-traumatic personhood employing a holistic method of neuropsychological rehabilitation in a patient suffering from TBI. METHODS: Ms. K.S, a 25-year-old female, presented with emotional disturbances following TBI. She reported both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. A multidimensional holistic rehabilitation was planned. Treatment addressed cognitive deficits through the basic functions approach. Cognitive behavioural methods for emotional regulation like diary writing helped reduce irritability and anger outbursts. Use of social media created new modes of memory activation and interactions. Compensatory strategies were used to recover lost skills, music-based attention training helped foster an individualised approach to the sense of one's body and self. RESULTS: As a result of these differing strategies, changes were reflected in neuro-psychological tests, depression score and the patient's self-evaluation. This helped generate a coherent self-narrative. CONCLUSION: Treatment challenges in such cases are increased due to patient's actual deficits caused by neuronal/biochemical changes. Innovative and multi-pronged rehabilitation strategies which involve everyday activities provided an answer to some of these problems. This method of rehabilitation may provide an optimistic context for future research.

Lo sonoro musical, un universo posible al margen de las palabras

Relato del tratamiento de un paciente, que asistió al servicio de salud mental durante siete años, especialmente a sesiones de musicoterapia, donde pudo escribir material de su autoría.

Impact of Therapeutic Music Listening on Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Pilot Study.

This pilot study investigated the association between patient-specific, therapeutic music listening as a nursing intervention for mechanically ventilated patients, and the proportion of time those patients were considered to have intensive care unit delirium. The pilot study used the person-centered nursing framework as its theoretic foundation. Findings from an intimate prospective cohort design encourage an expanded look at potential benefits of therapeutic music listening in large, multisite, randomized clinical trials. Research and practice implications are discussed.

Effects of an Active Music Therapy Program on Functional Fitness in Community Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Health problems common among older adults living in community settings include a lack of functional fitness. Many studies have confirmed that exercises and static music therapy improve physical and psychological health problems. Exercise programs involving music have a higher frequency of attendance and motivation than other exercise programs. Active participation in active group music therapy results in better therapeutic effects. PURPOSE: This study was designed to test the effectiveness of a 3-month active group music therapy program on the functional fitness of community older adults in Taiwan. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design with repeated measures was applied. A convenience cluster sample of older adults was drawn from seven senior-citizen activity centers in southern Taiwan. All participants were assigned to either an experimental group (n = 77) or a comparison group (n = 69) based on the requests of each senior center. The experimental group participated in the active group music therapy program for 3 months (twice per week and 60 minutes per session). The comparison group maintained their daily activities. Each participant's level of functional fitness was measured at baseline and at 1 and 3 months after the start of the intervention. RESULTS: Seventy-one participants in the experimental group and 62 participants in the comparison group completed the 3-month study. At the 1-month measurement, the experimental group had greater improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness, upper body flexibility, lower body flexibility, upper limb muscle power, lower limb muscle endurance, and balance than the comparison group (all ps < .05). These significant improvements persisted through the 3-month intervention (all ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Active group music therapy is an effective complementary and alternative therapy for improving six items of functional fitness in community-dwelling older adults. Healthcare professionals may incorporate this active group music therapy program as a health promotion activity for older adults living in community settings.

Musical educational technology for lactation physiology learning: knowledge translation.

OBJECTIVE: create and validate a musical educational technology for lactation physiology learning for professional training in health. METHOD: methodological study with application of a conceptual framework of Knowledge Translation. In the creation cycle, the knowledge of the physiology of lactation was synthetized in key points to create the lyrics and the melody. In the action cycle, the content of the musical educational technology was validated by judges experts in breast feeding, in the period from September to December 2017. RESULTS: 18 judges from all Brazilian regions participated in the validation. The content of the technology obtained a global Content Validity Index of 0.94 with one round of validation. CONCLUSION: the musical educational technology is validated to introduce the content of the physiology of lactation in the learning process of students, mediated by the teacher.

The Effects of Music on the Life Signs of Patients in the Reanimation Unit/Recovery Room After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of music on the life signs of patients in the postanesthesia care unit after laparoscopic surgery. The study was carried out as a quasi-experimental model with pretest-posttest and control group in the postanesthesia care unit of a training and education hospital from March 2017 to May 2018. The sample consisted of 148 patients (74 experiment and 74 control) who were selected by the method of nonprobability sampling determined on the basis of power analysis who met the inclusion criteria. When the change in the life signs between the groups was examined, after music treatment (second measurement), there was a significant difference only in the respiratory rates (P < .05). There was a significant difference in terms of diastolic blood pressures and respiratory rates in the first admission to the clinic from the postanesthesia care unit (third measurement) (P < .05).

Effects of music therapy on anxiety and physiologic parameters in angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Given the anxiety patients experience during angiography, evidence supporting the efficacy of music therapy during these angiographic procedures is potentially of clinical value. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the existing literature forthe use of music therapy during cerebral, coronary, and peripheral angiography to determine whether it improves patient anxiety levels, heart rate, and blood pressure during the procedure. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched to identify studies of interest. Inclusion criteria included studies reporting using music therapy in either cerebral, coronary, or peripheral angiography. Studies focused on a pediatric population; animal studies and case reports were excluded. Participant demographics, interventions, and outcomes were collected by two study authors. Bias and study quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Separate meta-analyses of the RCTs were performed to compare State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in the music intervention group versus control group. Heterogeneity was determined by calculating I2 values, and a random-effects model was used when heterogeneity exceeded 50%. RESULTS: The preprocedure to postprocedure improvement in STAI was significantly greater in the experimental group than the control group (p=0.004), while the decrease in HR, SBP, and DBP was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Recorded music and/or music therapy in angiography significantly decreases patients' anxiety levels, while it has little to no effect on HR and BP. This meta-analysis is limited by the relatively few RCTs published on this subject. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018099103.

Musical educational technology for lactation physiology learning: knowledge translation / Tecnología educativa musical para el aprendizaje de la fisiología de la lactancia: traducción del conocimiento / Tecnologia educativa musical para aprendizagem da fisiologia da lactação: tradução do conhecimento

ABSTRACT Objective: create and validate a musical educational technology for lactation physiology learning for professional training in health. Method: methodological study with application of a conceptual framework of Knowledge Translation. In the creation cycle, the knowledge of the physiology of lactation was synthetized in key points to create the lyrics and the melody. In the action cycle, the content of the musical educational technology was validated by judges experts in breast feeding, in the period from September to December 2017. Results: 18 judges from all Brazilian regions participated in the validation. The content of the technology obtained a global Content Validity Index of 0.94 with one round of validation. Conclusion: the musical educational technology is validated to introduce the content of the physiology of lactation in the learning process of students, mediated by the teacher.

RESUMEN Objetivo: crear y validar una tecnología educativa musical para el aprendizaje de la fisiología de la lactancia en la formación profesional en salud. Método: estudio metodológico con aplicación del Modelo Conceptual de Traducción del Conocimiento. En el ciclo de creación, el conocimiento de la fisiología de la lactancia fue sintetizado en puntos clave con los que se crearon la letra y la melodía. En el ciclo de acción, el contenido de la tecnología educativa musical fue validado por jueces expertos en lactancia materna, en el período de septiembre a diciembre de 2017. Resultados: 18 jueces de todas las regiones brasileñas participaron de la validación. El contenido de la tecnología obtuvo un Índice de Validez de Contenido global de 0.94 con una ronda de evaluación. Conclusión: se validó la tecnología educativa musical para introducir el contenido de la fisiología de la lactancia en el proceso de aprendizaje del alumno, mediado por el profesor.

RESUMO Objetivo: criar e validar uma tecnologia educativa musical para a aprendizagem da fisiologia da lactação na formação profissional em saúde. Método: estudo metodológico com aplicação de Modelo Conceitual de Tradução do Conhecimento. No ciclo de criação foi sintetizado o conhecimento da fisiologia da lactação em pontos-chave, com os quais foram criadas a letra e a melodia. No ciclo de ação foi validado o conteúdo da tecnologia educativa musical por juízes experts em aleitamento materno, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: 18 juízes de todas as regiões brasileiras participaram da validação. O conteúdo da tecnologia obteve Índice de Validade de Conteúdo global de 0,94 com uma rodada de avaliação. Conclusão: a tecnologia educativa musical está validada para introduzir o conteúdo da fisiologia da lactação no processo de aprendizagem de estudantes, mediado pelo docente.

Eficácia terapêutica da música: um olhar transdisciplinar de saúde para equipes, pacientes e acompanhantes / Therapeutic efficacy of music: a transdisciplinary view of health for teams, patients and companions / Eficacia terapéutica de la música: una mirada transdisciplinaria de salud para equipos, pacientes y acompañantes

Objetivo: realizar revisão sistemática sobre a eficácia da música como terapêutica. Método: identificaram-se 404 artigos escritos em Português, através de metadados selecionados no Sistema Scielo Brasil e Portugal, dos quais foram selecionadas 35 publicações indexadas, de 2005 a 2016, com resultados que discutem o seu benefício, para ações nesses países. Resultados: a maioria dos estudos concentra-se na área de enfermagem, tendo-se levantado 15 disciplinas profissionais na origem dos artigos. Destacam-se como principais contribuições e efeitos da música encontrados nas publicações: redução de sintoma de desconforto, sensações positivas, facilitação da comunicação pessoal e interpessoal, sociabilidade aumentada dos indivíduos, redução de dores físicas e mentais, mudanças benéficas em padrões fisiológicos e de estímulo corporal. Conclusão: a música é poderoso recurso terapêutico transdisciplinar para a reabilitação, e transcende os modelos de saúde. Não deve ser negada aos pacientes, aos seus acompanhantes e até à equipe de profissionais de saúde que os assiste.

Objective: to conduct a systematic review on the efficacy of music as therapy. Method: 404 articles written in Portuguese were identified by selected metadata in the Scielo Brazil and Portugal System; of those, 35 publications with results that discuss the benefits for actions in these countries, indexed from 2005 to 2016, were selected. Results: most of the studies were concentrated in the nursing field, with the articles originating in 15 professional disciplines. The main contributions and effects of music were: reduction of symptoms of discomfort, positive feelings, facilitation of personal and interpersonal communication, increased sociability of individuals, reduction of physical and mental pain, beneficial changes in physiological patterns, and bodily stimulus. Conclusion: music is a powerful transdisciplinary therapeutic resource for rehabilitation, and transcends models of health. It should not be denied to patients, their companions or even the team of health professionals caring for them.

Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la eficacia de la música como terapia. Método: a través de metadatos seleccionados en el sistema Scielo Brasil y Portugal, se identificaron 404 artículos escritos en portugués, de los cuales se seleccionaron 35 publicaciones indexadas, de 2005- a 2016, con resultados que discuten su beneficio, para acciones en estos países. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudios se concentra en el área de enfermería, habiéndose relevado 15 asignaturas profesionales en el origen de los artículos. Se destacan como principales aportes y efectos de la música encontrados: reducción de síntoma de incomodidad, sensaciones positivas, facilitación de la comunicación personal e interpersonal, sociabilidad creciente de los individuos, reducción de dolores físicos y mentales, cambios benéficos en patrones fisiológicos y de estímulo corporal. Conclusión: la música es un poderoso recurso terapéutico transdisciplinario para la rehabilitación y trasciende a los modelos de salud. No se debe negarla al paciente, a sus acompañantes y hasta al equipo de profesionales de salud que los asiste.

Future perspectives on neural mechanisms underlying rhythm and music based neurorehabilitation in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized primarily by a dysfunctional basal ganglia (BG) system, producing motor and non-motor symptoms. A significant number of studies have demonstrated that rhythmic auditory stimulation can improve gait and other motor behaviors in PD that are not well managed by the conventional therapy. As music, being highly complex stimulus, can modulate brain activity/function in distributed areas of brain, the therapeutic properties of music potentially extend to alleviate non-motor symptoms of PD. Despite the clinical, behavioral evidence and promises of rhythm and music based interventions, the neural substrates underlying the effectiveness are poorly understood. The goal of this review is to appraise the current state of knowledge in order to direct further neuroimaging studies that help to determine the therapeutic effects of rhythm and music based interventions for motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.

Beneficios de la musicoterapia en las alteraciones conductuales de la demencia. Revisión sistemática / Benefits of music therapy on behaviour disorders in subjects diagnosed with dementia: a systematic review

Introducción. La demencia se caracteriza por un deterioro cognitivo y por la aparición de síntomas psicológicos y conductuales, entre los que destacan las alteraciones de percepción, del contenido del pensamiento, estado de ánimo y de conducta. Para tratar estos síntomas, además del tratamiento farmacológico, se utilizan intervenciones no farmacológicas, entre ellas la musicoterapia. Esta técnica novedosa, por sus características no verbales, puede ser usada en todas las fases del tratamiento de las personas con demencia ya que, aunque haya un gran deterioro cognitivo, las respuestas ante la música se mantienen hasta los estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad. Desarrollo. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica con un intervalo temporal entre 2003 y 2013 en las bases de datos Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Science Direct y Dialnet. Los términos de búsqueda incluyeron la combinación de las palabras claves «music therapy, dementia, behaviour, behavioural disorders y behavioural disturbances». Se seleccionaron 11 registros de los 2188 localizados tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con musicoterapia es beneficioso para mejorar las alteraciones conductuales, la ansiedad y la agitación en pacientes con demencia (AU)

Introduction. Dementia is characterised by cognitive deterioration and the manifestation of psychological and behavioural symptoms, especially changes in perception, thought content, mood, and conduct. In addition to drug therapy, non-pharmacological treatments are used to manage these symptoms, and one of these latter treatments is music therapy. Since this novel technique in non-verbal, it can be used to treat patients with dementia at any stage, even when cognitive deterioration is very severe. Patients’ responses to music are conserved even in the most advanced stages of the disease Development. A literature research was carried out using the following databases: Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Science Direct y Dialnet. The period of publication was 2003 to 2013 and the search keywords were «Music Therapy, Dementia, Behaviour, Behaviour Disorders y Behavioural Disturbances». Out of the 2188 studies that were identified, 11 studies met inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Conclusions. Music therapy is beneficial and improves behavior disorders, anxiety and agitation in subjects diagnosed with dementia (AU)

Performative, Arts-Based, or Arts-Informed? Reflections on the Development of Arts-Based Research in Music Therapy.

Arts-based research (ABR) has emerged in music therapy in diverse ways, employing a range of interpretive paradigms and artistic media. It is notable that no consensus exists as to when and where the arts are included in the research process, or which music therapy topics are most suited to arts-based study. This diversity may pose challenges for music therapists who are developing, reading, and evaluating arts-based research. This paper provides an updated review of arts-based research literature in music therapy, along with four questions for researchers who are developing arts-based research. These questions are 1) When should the arts be introduced? 2) Which artistic medium is appropriate? 3) How should the art be understood? and 4) What is the role of the audience? We argue that these questions are key to understanding arts-based research, justifying methods, and evaluating claims arising from arts-based research. Rather than defining arts-based research in music therapy, we suggest that arts-based research should be understood as a flexible research strategy appropriate for exploring the complexities of music therapy practice.

Efecto de la musicoterapia en el estado de ánimo y calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal / The effectiveness of music therapy on mood and quality of life of colorectal cancer patients

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un tratamiento de musicoterapia en el estado anímico y calidad de vida de pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer colorrectal (CCR). Método: Dieciocho sujetos (14 mujeres y 4 hombres) diagnosticados de CCR participaron en un tratamiento de ocho sesiones de musicoterapia de grupo, de frecuencia semanal y 90 minutos/sesión. Se administró la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HAD), el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo - versión reducida A (POMS-A) así como la Escala de Calidad de Vida Global y Escalas de Funcionamiento del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida de la EORTCQLQ-30 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Core Questionnaire-30) en pre- y post-tratamiento. Se midió el nivel de Ansiedad, Tristeza y Malestar Físico mediante una Escala de Valoración Numérica (EVN) en pre- y post-sesión. Se utilizó una Hoja de Observación y Registro de Conductas (instrumento propio elaborado ad hoc) para registrar las respuestas de cada participante en cada sesión y un Cuestionario de Valoración del Programa de Musicoterapia (instrumento propio, elaborado ad hoc) al finalizar el programa. Resultados: No se han obtenido cambios estadísticamente significativos en el POMS-A, HAD ni EORTC QLQ-C30, si bien todas las puntuaciones obtenidas van en la dirección de cambio deseado. Se ha obtenido una disminución estadísticamente significativa de los niveles de EVN Global de Ansiedad, Tristeza y Malestar. El Cuestionario de Valoración recoge una percepción de alto grado de utilidad y satisfacción por parte de los participantes

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a music therapy treatment on mood and quality of life of colorectal cancer patients. Method: Eighteen subjects (14 women and 4 men) who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer participated in a music therapy program consisting of eight weekly group music therapy sessions, 90 minute-session. Participants completed the following instruments before and after the intervention (pre/post): the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Profile of Mood States-Short Form A (POMS-A), the Global Quality of Life Scale and the Functioning Scales of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Core QuestionnaireC30 (EORTC-QLQ-C30). A 3 item Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for Anxiety, Sadness and Physical Distress was administered at the beginning and end of each session (pre/post session). An Observation Behavior Form (designed ad hoc) was used to evaluate mood after each session. A Music Therapy Program Satisfaction Questionnaire (designed ad hoc) was administered at the end of the program. Results: Although all the obtained scores pointed to a desirable change direction, non significant changes were found in the POMS-A, HADS nor EORTC QLQ-C30. A significant improvement was found in the Anxiety, Sadness and Physical Distress NRS items. The Music. Therapy Program Satisfaction Questionnaire showed that participants perceived this type of intervention as very useful and very satisfactory

Music therapy in cardiac health care: current issues in research.

Music therapy is a service that has become more prevalent as an adjunct to medical practice-as its evidence base expands and music therapists begin to join the cardiology team in every phase of care, from the most serious cases to those maintaining good heart health. Although applications of music medicine, primarily listening to short segments of music, are capable of stabilizing vital signs and managing symptoms in the short-term, music therapy interventions by a qualified practitioner are showing promise in establishing deeper and more lasting impact. On the basis of mind-body approaches, stress/coping models, the neuromatrix theory of pain, and entrainment, music therapy capitalizes on the ability of music to affect the autonomic nervous system. Although only a limited number of randomized controlled trials pinpoint the efficacy of specific music therapy interventions, qualitative research reveals some profound outcomes in certain individuals. A depth of understanding related to the experience of living with a cardiovascular disease can be gained through music therapy approaches such as nonverbal music psychotherapy and guided imagery and music. The multifaceted nature of musical responsiveness contributes to strong individual variability and must be taken into account in the development of research protocols for future music therapy and music medicine interventions. The extant research provides a foundation for exploring the many potential psychosocial, physiological, and spiritual outcomes of a music therapy service for cardiology patients.