ABSTRACT
CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS-VI) A MPS-VI, ou Síndrome Maroteaux-Lamy, é uma doença genética rara, causada pela atividade deficiente da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatase ou arilsulfatase B(ASB), responsável pela degradação do glicosaminoglicano (GAGs) dermatan sulfato (DS), resultando no acúmulo desse componente nos lisossomos de múltiplos tecidos do corpo. Pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva apresentam mortalidade precoce no início da fase adulta, geralmente por insuficiência cardiopulmonar. Nas formas com progressão lenta, as morbidades também podem ser significativas com mortalidade em torno da terceira a quinta década de vida.O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com galsulfase. TECNOLOGIA: galsulfase (Naglazyme®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-VI. A dose recomendada é de 1 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada a reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 412, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 83, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 20, de 05 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.020, de 22 de outubro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em mortalidade, resistência física (teste de caminhada e subida de escadas), excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos, e boa tolerabilidade com o medicamento. Foram incluídos 23 estudos, com pacientes acompanhados por até 15 anos. Cinco estudos foram realizados com a participação de centros ou autores brasileiros. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em janeiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 183 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 4.293,57. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 183 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 3.986,60. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 96.867.232,77 entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 255.792.054 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-VI. Há três tecnologias em fase 1 e 2 de pesquisa clínica: Odiparcil, de uso oral, em fase 2a; Lysosan™, de administração subcutânea, em fase 1/2; e AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB, administrado por via intravenosa, em fase ½. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foi identificada a patente PI0316039 associada ao medicamento, de titularidade da Biomarin, com vigência até 2023. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da galsulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Brazil , Efficacy , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Technological Development and Innovation ProjectsABSTRACT
CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS-VI) A MPS-VI, ou Síndrome Maroteaux-Lamy, é uma doença genética rara, causada pela atividade deficiente da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatase ou arilsulfatase B(ASB), responsável pela degradação do glicosaminoglicano (GAGs) dermatan sulfato (DS), resultando no acúmulo desse componente nos lisossomos de múltiplos tecidos do corpo. Pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva apresentam mortalidade precoce no início da fase adulta, geralmente por insuficiência cardiopulmonar. Nas formas com progressão lenta, as morbidades também podem ser significativas com mortalidade em torno da terceira a quinta década de vida.O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com galsulfase. TECNOLOGIA: galsulfase (Naglazyme®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-VI. A dose recomendada é de 1 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada a reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 412, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 83, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 20, de 05 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.020, de 22 de outubro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em mortalidade, resistência física (teste de caminhada e subida de escadas), excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos, e boa tolerabilidade com o medicamento. Foram incluídos 23 estudos, com pacientes acompanhados por até 15 anos. Cinco estudos foram realizados com a participação de centros ou autores brasileiros. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em janeiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 183 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 4.293,57. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 183 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 3.986,60. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 96.867.232,77 entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 255.792.054 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-VI. Há três tecnologias em fase 1 e 2 de pesquisa clínica: Odiparcil, de uso oral, em fase 2a; Lysosan™, de administração subcutânea, em fase 1/2; e AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB, administrado por via intravenosa, em fase 1/2. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foi identificada a patente PI0316039 associada ao medicamento, de titularidade da Biomarin, com vigência até 2023. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da galsulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Brazil , Efficacy , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Technological Development and Innovation ProjectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulphatase B. The resultant accumulation of dermatan sulphate causes lysosomal damage. The clinical symptoms are related to skeletal dysplasia (i.e. short stature and degenerative joint disease). Other manifestations include cardiac disease, impaired pulmonary function, ophthalmological complications, hepatosplenomegaly, sinusitis, otitis, hearing loss and sleep apnea. Intellectual impairment is generally absent. Clinical manifestation is typically by two or three years of age; however, slowly progressive cases may not present until adulthood. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase is considered a new approach for treating MPS VI. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treating MPS VI by ERT with galsulfase compared to other interventions, placebo or no intervention. SEARCH METHODS: Eletronic searches were performed on the Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register. Date of the latest search: 09 June 2021. Further searches of the following databases were also performed: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov. Date of the latest search: 20 August 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled clinical studies of ERT with galsulfase compared to other interventions or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened the studies, assessed the risk of bias, extracted data and assessed the certainty of the the evidence using the GRADE criteria. MAIN RESULTS: One study was included involving 39 participants who received either ERT with galsulfase (recombinant human arylsulphatase B) or placebo. This small study was considered overall to have an unclear risk of bias in relation to the design and implementation of the study, since the authors did not report how both the allocation generation and concealment were performed. Given the very low certainty of the evidence, we are uncertain whether at 24 weeks there was a difference between groups in relation to the 12-minute walk test, mean difference (MD) of 92.00 meters (95% confidence interval (CI) 11.00 to 172.00), or the three-minute stair climb, MD 5.70 (95% CI -0.10 to 11.50). In relation to respiratory tests, we are uncertain whether galsulfase makes any difference as compared to placebo in forced vital capacity in litres (FVC (L) (absolute change in baseline), given the very low certainty of the evidence. Cardiac function was not reported in the included study. We found that galsulfase, as compared to placebo, may decrease urinary glycosaminoglycan levels at 24 weeks, MD -227.00 (95% CI -264.00 to -190.00) (low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether there are differences between the galsulfase and placebo groups in relation to adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). In general, the dose of galsulfase was well tolerated and there were no differences between groups. These events include drug-related adverse events, serious and severe adverse events, those during infusion, drug-related adverse events during infusion, and deaths. More infusion-related reactions were observed in the galsulfase group and were managed with interruption or slowing of infusion rate or administration of antihistamines or corticosteroids drugs. No deaths occurred during the study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review are based only on one small study (a 24-week randomised phase of the study and prior to the open-label extension). We are uncertain whether galsulfase is more effective than placebo, for treating people with MPS VI, in relation to the 12-minute walk test or the three-minute stair climb, as the certainty of the evidence has been assessed as very low. We found that galsulfase may reduce urinary glycosaminoglycans levels. We are also uncertain whether there are any differences between treatment groups in relation to cardiac or pulmonary functions, liver or spleen volume, overnight apnea-hypopnea, height and weight, quality of life and adverse effects. Further studies are needed to obtain more information on the long-term effectiveness and safety of ERT with galsulfase.
Subject(s)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase , Adult , Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Humans , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , Quality of Life , Recombinant ProteinsABSTRACT
Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) present with a wide range of disease severity and clinical manifestations, with significant functional impairment and shortened lifespan. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase has been shown to improve clinical and biochemical parameters including patient survival, quality of life and growth. The present study is a resurvey of 34 Brazilian MPS VI patients with rapidly progressive disease (classical phenotype) who initiated ERT with galsulfase under five years of age and had been on ERT until data collection in 2019, with few exceptions (n = 4 patients who died before 2019). Anthropometric measures, urinary glycosaminoglycans, and data regarding cardiac, orthopedic, neurologic, sleep apnea, hearing and ophthalmologic outcomes were filled in by specialists. Pubertal development, clinical complications, hospitalizations, and surgeries were also assessed. In this resurvey study, treatment with galsulfase has shown to be safe and well tolerated in MPS VI patients who initiated ERT under the age of 5 years and who have been undergoing ERT for approximately 10 years. Mortality rate suggests that early initiation of ERT may have a positive impact on patients' survival, improving but not preventing disease progression and death. MPS VI patients on ERT also showed improved growth velocity and the pubertal development was normal in all surviving patients. Follow-up data on pneumonia and hospitalization suggest that early ERT may have a protective effect against major respiratory complications. Cardiac valve disease progressed since their prior evaluation and spinal cord compression was observed in a large number of patients, suggesting that these disease complications were not modified by ERT.
Subject(s)
Cognition/drug effects , Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/genetics , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Glycosaminoglycans/urine , Humans , Male , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/enzymology , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/pathology , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/urine , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Phenotype , Quality of Life , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI), also known as Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (OMIM 253200) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder, caused by the deficiency of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase (also known as arylsulfatase B) due to mutations of the ARSB gene. Cardiologic features are well recognized, and are always present in MPS VI patients. Generally, the onset and the progression of the cardiologic symptoms are insidious, and just a few patients have developed a rapidly progressive disease. Cardiac involvement in MPS VI is a common and progressive feature. For MPS patients, cardiac evaluations are recommended every 1 to 2 years, including blood pressure measurement, electrocardiography and echocardiography. However, congestive heart failure and valvular surgical repair are not frequently seen, and if so, they are performed in adults. Here we report on an atypical MPS VI case with ascites fetalis and a rapidly progressive cardiac disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 6-month-old Brazilian male, only child of a Brazilian healthy non-consanguineous couple. During pregnancy, second trimester ultrasonography observed fetal ascites and bilateral hydrocele. Physical exam at 6 months-old revealed a typical gibbus deformity and MPS was suspected. Biochemical investigation revealed a diagnosis of MPS type VI, confirmed by molecular test. Baseline echocardiogram revealed discrete tricuspid regurgitation and a thickened mitral valve with posterior leaflet prolapse, causing moderate to severe regurgitation. The patient evolved with mitral insufficiency and congestive heart failure, eventually requiring surgical repair by the first year of age. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first case of MPS VI whose manifestations started in the prenatal period with fetal ascites, with severe cardiac valvular disease that eventually required early surgical repair. Moreover, in MPS with neonatal presentation, including fetal hydrops, besides MPS I, IVA and VII, clinicians should include MPS VI in the differential diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Heart Failure/genetics , Heart/physiopathology , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/genetics , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/genetics , Ascites , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Progression , Heart/diagnostic imaging , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/diagnostic imaging , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Humans , Infant , Male , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnostic imaging , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/physiopathology , Mutation , PhenotypeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis VI is a rare disease characterized by the arylsulfatase B enzyme deficiency, which is responsible for different clinical manifestations. The treatment consists of enzyme replacement therapy with intravenous administration of galsulfase. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of the enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase for the mucopolysaccharidosis VI treatment. METHOD: Systematic review of observational studies. The databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease were reviewed. The selection of studies, data mining, and methodological quality assessment were independently conducted by two authors. RESULTS: Eighteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two studies were cohorts, one was longitudinal study, one was cross-sectional, one was a case-control, eight were case series, and five were case reports. A total of 362 participants with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI were evaluated, and 14 different outcomes related to the treatment effect were identified. Seven outcomes showed positive results, characterized by the patient survival, quality of life, respiratory function, joint mobility, physical resistance, reduction of urinary glycosaminoglycans, and growth. The hearing function and the cognitive development were stable after the treatment. Other outcomes related to the cardiac function, visual acuity, sleep apnea, and the size of the liver and spleen presented inconclusive outcomes. Concerning safety, light adverse reactions of hypersensitivity were reported. CONCLUSION: This review provided a broader panoramic view of the outcomes related to mucopolysaccharidosis type VI. Regardless of the inherent limitations of observational studies, the outcomes indicate that the enzyme replacement therapy has a positive effect on most of the outcomes associated to the disease.
Subject(s)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme Replacement Therapy/methods , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Observational Studies as Topic , Quality of Life , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
CONTEXTO: A síndrome de Maroteaux-Lamy, também conhecida como mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS VI) é uma doença de depósito de mucopolissacarídeos causada pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas específicas, resultando no acúmulo de substratos dos glicosaminoglicanos no organismo levando a manifestações clínicas variando de formas graves com rápida progressão a formas leves com o diagnostico apenas na fase adulta. São características as deformidades ósseas, macrocefalia, baixa estatura, lábios e gengivas espessados, rigidez das articulações e a infecção respiratória de repetição. Não há tratamento específico no SUS e o único aprovado pela ANVISA é o galsulfase. A doença é muito rara, estima-se que no Brasil existam 183 pacientes. TECNOLOGIA: Naglazyme® (galsulfase). PERGUNTA: O uso de galsulfase por pacientes com MPS VI é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo quando comparado ao placebo? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Galsulfase é o único tratamento aprovado havendo apenas um único ensaio clínico randomizado de baixa qualidade metodológica. Foi demonstrada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da intervenção quando comparada ao placebo em relação ao teste de caminhada de 12 minutos, um acréscimo médio de 92±40 metros (11 a 172 metros) com valor p 0,025 e um aumento médio na capacidade de subir degraus de 5,7±2,9 degraus por minuto (p = 0,053). Há uma importante limitação neste ensaio, uma vez que a randomização não foi descrita e os grupos eram diferentes, sendo o grupo placebo mais jovem, mais baixo, de menor peso e com maior capacidade basal para a caminhada de 12 minutos (381±202 metros versus 227±170 metros p = 0,014). Os estudos observacionais confirmam os dados observados no único ensaio clínico encontrado na literatura, de que o impacto da galsulfase na função cardíaca dos pacientes é pouco relevante clinicamente. Outros desfechos avaliados como crescimento e qualidade de vida também não apresentaram mudanças clinicamente importantes após o uso da terapia enzimática. Por outro lado, os estudos adicionaram informação em relação a um efeito positivo da galsulfase na função pulmonar avaliada através de espirometria, com melhora de mais de 50% nos parâmetros no estudo com número amostral mais elevado. Entretanto, de acordo com avaliação da qualidade da evidência através do sistema GRADE realizado pelo próprio demandante, os estudos observacionais incluídos foram classificados com nível de evidência muito baixo, principalmente devido a imprecisão dos resultados e a falta de descrição da magnitude do efeito nas medidas de desfecho utilizadas. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: Modelo de estados transicionais, com uso de dados dos estudos ASB-03- 05 e Resurvey, complementados por painel Delphi e dados próprios do demandante. Perspectiva do SUS e horizonte temporal de 50 anos. No caso base, observou-se ganho médio de 3,72 anos de vida e 3,77 QALY, gerando razão de custo-efetividade incremental de cerca de 2 milhões e meio de reais por QALY ou por ano de vida. O estudo é limitado pela indisponibilidade de dados robustos de literatura, sendo questionável a decisão do demandante de pressupor redução da mortalidade com uso de galsulfase. Sendo assim, resta significativa incerteza em torno da real relação de custo-efetividade da droga. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Modelo dinâmico, utilizando o mesmo modelo da análise de custo-utilidade. Estimativa da população vinda de estudo de mercado realizado pelo próprio demandante, associada a análises de compras no Diário Oficial, calculando 183 pacientes para tratamento no primeiro ano, e 12-13 novos casos nos anos subsequentes. Custo total determinado predominantemente pelo custo dos medicamentos. Impacto orçamentário estimado em 120 a 250 milhões de reais por ano. Análise limitada por incerteza das variáveis, sendo particularmente questionável o pressuposto de mortalidade igual à do estudo de custoutilidade, com grande potencial de subestimar a real população a receber a droga. DISCUSSÃO: A evidência apresentada pelo demandante é bastante frágil para que possa sustentar de forma consistente a eficácia clínica de galsulfase. Os dados são baseados apenas em um único estudo que apresenta vieses relevantes, como um processo de randomização não adequadamente descrito e a presença de significativa heterogeneidade entre os grupos de intervenção e controle. Além disso, o principal desfecho de eficácia, o teste de caminhada, apresenta limitação quanto ao valor clínico do ganho evidenciado. Com relação às análises econômicas, destaca-se a razão de custo-efetividade extremamente alta, associada a elevado grau de incerteza em torno das estimativas de custo-efetividade (provavelmente beneficiando o fármaco em questão, por considerar grande benefício de sobrevida) e de impacto orçamentário. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR: Os membros do plenário da CONITEC na 70ª reunião ordinária da Comissão em 29 de agosto de 2018 recomendaram, por unanimidade, a não incorporação de galsulfase para o tratamento de pacientes com mucopolissacaridose tipo VI. O entendimento preliminar do plenário foi que, de acordo com as evidências disponíveis, a magnitude de efeito comprovada com o tratamento é pequena, de repercussão clínica questionável e com altos custos, razões de custo-utilidade e custo-efetividade. O modelo econômico apresentado pelo demandante, ancorado principalmente em opinião de especialistas associa-se a um elevado grau de incerteza. A matéria segue para consulta pública com recomendação inicial de não incorporação ao Sistema Único de Saúde. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Após apreciação das contribuições encaminhadas pela Consulta Pública, verificou-se a necessidade de inclusão de outros estudos nas análises, apresentados pelo demandante, considerando que as evidências científicas em relação às doenças raras devem ser analisadas de modo diferente quando comparadas às doenças de alta prevalência. De maneira geral priorizam-se os Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados para essas últimas; no entanto, este tipo de desenho pode ser mais difícil de ser conduzido naquelas populações, trazendo a necessidade de realizar uma busca mais abrangente em relação ao desenho dos estudos que irão compor a análise dos resultados. Ainda, diante desta falta de dados sobre a eficácia, verificou-se a necessidade de acompanhamento destes pacientes para que osresultados do tratamento sejam monitorados e documentados. Adicionalmente, a empresa fabricante encaminhou à CONITEC uma nova proposta de preço de R$ 3.986,60 (três mil novecentos e oitenta e seisreais e sessenta centavos), o que representa uma redução de aproximadamente 25% do preço proposto para incorporação. Frente a esta discussão, o plenário da CONITEC entendeu que houve argumentação suficiente para alterar sua recomendação inicial. DECISÃO: Incorporar a galsulfase para a terapia de reposição enzimática de longo prazo, em pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (deficiência de Nacetilgalactosamina 4-sulfa), no âmbito do SUS, mediante os seguintes condicionantes: 1 - Protocolo de uso da galsulfase estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde; 2 - atendimento e tratamento restritos a hospitais que integrem a Rede Nacional de Pesquisa Clínica; 3 - registro dos dados clínicos e farmacêuticos em sistema nacional informático do SUS; 4 - uso ad experimentum (reavaliação em 3 anos); 5 - laudo próprio para dispensação do medicamento; 6 - fornecimento aos respectivos hospitais; e 7 - negociação para redução significante de preço. Dada pela Portaria nº 83, publicada no DOU 244, seção 1, página 187, em 20 de dezembro de 2018.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Health Evaluation/economics , Unified Health System , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economicsABSTRACT
INTRODUCCION: Antecedentes: El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) ha recibido la solicitud de evaluar el uso de Galsulfasa para el uso en pacientes con diagnóstico de mucopolisacaridosis tipo VI (MPS-VI) confirmada por pruebas enzimáticas o genéticas y que presentan síntomas y signos propios de la enfermedad, indicación actualmente no contemplada en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALUD. Aspectos Generales: La mucopolisacaridosis de tipo VI (MPS-VI) o síndrome de Maroteaux-Lamy es una enfermedad de almacenamiento lisosómico con afectación sistémica progresiva, asociada a un déficit de la enzima N-acetilgalactosamina 4-sulfatasa, conocida también como arilsulfatasa B (ASB). Este déficit enzimático provoca la acumulación de dermatán sulfato. Esta enfermedad presenta un amplio espectro de signos y síntomas. Se caracteriza por presentar displasia esquelética que incluye: estatura baja, disostosis múltiple y enfermedad articular degenerativa. La MPS-VI es una enfermedad de transmisión autosómica recesiva, causada por mutaciones en el gen ARSB, ubicado en el cromosoma 5. Se estima que aproximadamente 1 en 340,000 nacimientos están afectados con MPS-VI. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Galsulfasa: La galsulfasa (Naglazyme O) es una forma recombinante de la enzima N-acetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatasa humana. Es el único tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático propuesto disponible para la MPS-VI. El fundamento y mecanismo de acción del tratamiento enzimático sustitutivo es restablecer un nivel de actividad enzimática suficiente para hidrolizar el sustrato y evitar la acumulación de dermatán sulfato. Tras la perfusión intravenosa, la galsulfasa se elimina rápidamente de la circulación y es captada por las células, probablemente por los receptores manosa-6-fosfato, y transportada a los lisosomas.\r\nMETODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de \r\nGalsulfasa para el tratamiento de MPS-VI en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, DARE y TRIPDATABASE. Se hizo una búsqueda adicional en www.clinicaltrials.gov, para poder identificar ensayos clínicos aún en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados. RESULTADOS: Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica y de evidencia científica que sustente el uso de galsulfasa en el tratamiento de MPS-VI. Guías Clínicas: se identificaron cuatro documentos de guías de tratamiento; Evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria: se identificó una ETS (España). Galsulfasa no ha sido evaluado hasta el momento por las agencias de ETS de NICE o IETS, tampoco por ningunas de las agencias miembros de la INAHTA; Revisiones sistemáticas: Se identificó una RS Cochrane; Ensayos clínicos: se identificaron cuatro ensayos de los cuales solo uno es un ECA fase III controlado con placebo, el resto corresponden a ensayos de un solo brazo sin grupo comparador (un ensayo fase 1/11, uno de fase II, uno de fase IV); Ensayos Clínicos registrados: se encontró un estudio registrado en fase de reclutamiento; Estudios observacionales: se identificó un estudio transversal con mediciones en dos puntos temporales. CONCLUSIONES: La presente evaluación identificó cinco ensayos que evaluaron galsulfasa en la MPS VI y un reciente estudio transversal. El estudio de Harmatz 2006 es el único ensayo que provee información sobre la eficacia de galsulfasa por ser aleatorizado y controlado con placebo. El resto de ensayos fueron de fase I o II de un solo brazo o comparando dos dosis diferentes, y en muestras pequeñas (5 10 pacientes). El estudio transversal comparó parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio de pacientes con MPS VI obtenidos en dos encuestas realizadas con diez años de diferencia, pero en la segunda medición solo se recogió información de aproximadamente la mitad de los pacientes. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnología en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, no aprueba el uso de galsulfasa para el tratamiento de la mucopolisacaridosis tipo VI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/administration & dosage , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnosis , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Galsulfasa es un tratamiento de alto costo y con evidencia de baja calidad de un beneficio que no se traduce en desenlaces clínicos importantes relevantes como calidad de vida y la mortalidad de los pacientes con MPS, resultando en un balance bastante incierto entre el costo y su beneficio. 3.2. En condiciones habituales de práctica médica, la galsulfasa no alcanzó a lograr los objetivos primarios en un paciente con diagnóstico de Mucopolisacaridosis tipo VI. Se recomienda no brindar cobertura al medicamento galsulfasa en mucopolisacaridosis tipo VI.(AU)
Subject(s)
Cost-Benefit Analysis/statistics & numerical data , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/adverse effects , Technology Assessment, BiomedicalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI can be screened by measuring the lysosomal arylsulfatase B (ARSB) residual enzyme activity in dried blood spots (DBS) using synthetic substrates. However, we have found experimental obstacles when determining ARSB activity with the fluorescent method due to the significant quenching effect rendered by DBS components. METHODS: We adapted the methods originally described by Chamoles et al. [1] and Civallero et al. [2] and put forward 2 distinct approaches for ARSB activity quantification from DBS samples by measuring the 4-methylumbelliferone (ß-MU) fluorescence generated from the ARSB 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate (ß-MUS) substrate. RESULTS: We demonstrate the high throughput feasibility of a novel approach for measuring ARSB activities by incorporating tailor-made calibration curves according to each patient's DBS sample quenching properties. The second method is used to calculate ARSB activities by measuring the fluorescence and absorbance parameters in each reaction sample with a single DBS-free calibration curve. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative correlation between the DBS sample absorbance and its quenching effect can be used to calculate predictive ARSB activities and would serve as an affordable first tier screening test. The method described herein demonstrates the critical importance of adapting the ß-MU calibration curves to each patient's unique DBS sample matrix and its positive impact on the accuracy and reliability of ARSB activity measurements.
Subject(s)
Dried Blood Spot Testing/standards , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/blood , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnosis , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/blood , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/metabolism , Dried Blood Spot Testing/methods , Enzyme Activation/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/metabolism , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
La mucopolisacaridosis de tipo VI (MPS VI) es una enfermedad de almacenamiento lisosomal resultante del déficit o ausencia de la arilsulfatasa B, que conduce a una acumulación patológica de dermatán-sulfato. Presenta un amplio espectro de síntomas, que van desde formas lentas hasta rápidamente progresivas. Los síntomas característicos son el compromiso esquelético, facies tosca, cardiopatía y compresión medular cervical. El diagnóstico se realiza por la determinación de glucosaminoglucanos en la orina y de la actividad enzimática en una gota de sangre seca, leucocitos o cultivo de fibroblastos. Actualmente, la terapia de reemplazo enzimático (TRE) con galsulfasa ha mostrado mejorar el compromiso esquelético y estabilizar la función respiratoria y cardíaca. El compromiso medular no suele responder a la TRE cuando ya se encuentra presente, por lo que la descompresión quirúrgica debe indicarse en forma temprana. El pronóstico varía en función del fenotipo y de la edad de inicio del tratamiento
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disease associated with a deficiency or absence of arylsulfatase B leading to the abnormal accumulation of dermatan sulfate. MPS VI shows a wide spectrum of symptoms from slowly to rapidly progressing forms. The characteristic spectrum includes skeletal displasia, coarse facies, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary complications and spinal compression. Diagnosis generally requires measurement ofurinary glycosaminoglycans and arylsulfatase B enzyme activity in dried blood spot, leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase is now widely available providing improvement in skeletal performance and stabilization in pulmonary and cardiac functioning. Spinal involvement does not respond to ERT when is present, surgical decompression should be indicated early. Prognosis is variable depending on the age of onset and age at initiation of ERT.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnosis , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Disease ProgressionABSTRACT
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disease associated with a deficiency or absence of arylsulfatase B leading to the abnormal accumulation of dermatan sulfate. MPS VI shows a wide spectrum of symptoms from slowly to rapidly progressing forms. The characteristic spectrum includes skeletal displasia, coarse facies, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary complications and spinal compression. Diagnosis generally requires measurement ofurinary glycosaminoglycans and arylsulfatase B enzyme activity in dried blood spot, leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase is now widely available providing improvement in skeletal performance and stabilization in pulmonary and cardiac functioning. Spinal involvement does not respond to ERT when is present, surgical decompression should be indicated early. Prognosis is variable depending on the age of onset and age at initiation of ERT.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnosis , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Child , Disease Progression , HumansABSTRACT
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a clinically heterogeneous and progressive disorder with multiorgan manifestations caused by deficient N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity. A cross-sectional Survey Study in individuals (n = 121) affected with MPS VI was conducted between 2001 and 2002 to establish demographics, urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels, and clinical progression of disease. We conducted a Resurvey Study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01387854) to obtain 10-year follow-up data, including medical histories and clinical assessments (n = 59), and survival status over 12 years (n = 117). Patients received a mean (SD) of 6.8 (2.2) years of galsulfase ERT between baseline (Survey Study) and follow-up. ERT patients increased in height by 20.4 cm in the 4-7-year-old baseline age group and by 16.8 cm in the 8-12-year-old baseline age group. ERT patients <13 years-old demonstrated improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC) by 68% and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) by 55%, and those ≥13 years-old increased FVC by 12.8% and maintained FEV1. Patients with >200 µg/mg baseline uGAG levels increased FVC by 48% in the <13-year-old baseline age group and by 15% in the ≥13-year-old baseline age group. ERT patients who completed the 6-min walk test demonstrated a mean (SD) increase of 65.7 (100.6) m. Cardiac outcomes did not significantly improve or worsen. Observed mortality rate among naïve patients was 50% (7/14) and 16.5% (17/103) in the ERT group (unadjusted hazard ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10-0.59). Long-term galsulfase ERT was associated with improvements in pulmonary function and endurance, stabilized cardiac function and increased survival.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Body Weights and Measures , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise Test , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Heart Function Tests , Humans , Male , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/mortality , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/urine , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/urine , Quality of Life , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/urine , Respiratory Function Tests , Young AdultABSTRACT
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Marateaux-Lamy syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficient activity of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphatase (arylsulphatase B). Cytoplasmic vacuoles full of dermatan sulphate are observed in endothelial cells, myocyte, and fibroblasts, compromising the function of cardiovascular structures and contributing significantly towards morbidity and mortality. The primary objective of this study was to assess the advantages of early replacement therapy with recombinant human arylsulphatase B through the echocardiographic follow-up of sisters who started treatment at quite different ages: one at 9 years and the other at 1 year and 7 months. The older sibling showed striking mitral and aortic valve compromise when she was only 2 years old and finally needed cardiac surgery at the age of 8, even before starting enzyme replacement. Differently, the younger one has developed only mild mitral and aortic lesions throughout the follow-up period of 3 years. The two siblings had left ventricle cardiomyopathy, but partial reverse remodelling was induced by enzyme replacement therapy in both cases. The younger sibling has never received any cardiovascular drugs, whereas the older one has been using ß-blockers and diuretics in addition to enzyme therapy to cope with heart failure. Comparing the outcomes of these two sisters with a very aggressive phenotype of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, the conclusion was that early onset of therapy may slow down the disease progression and prevent severe cardiac lesions to be established. Moreover, patients' compliance is essential for the success of treatment, as sequential echocardiographic evaluation demonstrated worsening of some cardiac lesions whenever infusions were missed.
Subject(s)
Aortic Valve Insufficiency/drug therapy , Cardiomyopathies/drug therapy , Early Medical Intervention , Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/drug therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Siblings , Aortic Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Aortic Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Cardiomyopathies/diagnostic imaging , Cardiomyopathies/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Child , Echocardiography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/complications , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnostic imaging , Ventricular RemodelingABSTRACT
La mucopolisacaridosis tipo VI (MPS VI), o también llamada síndrome de Maroteaux- Lamy, es una enfermedad por depósito lisosómico (MDL). Está causada por el déficit de la enzima de N-acetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatosulfatasa o arisulfatasa B (ARSB) necesario para la degradación del dermatán sulfato, un tipo de glicosaminoglicano (GAG) y principal componente principal del tejido conectivo. La progresiva acumulación de dermatán sulfato en los lisosomas puede conducir a daños tisulares irreversibles y alterar la función normal de algunos órganos. Como resultado de la utilización de galsulfasa en pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis tipo VI se observó mejoras en su estado funcional y en términos de calidad de vida. Se recomienda cubrir con generación de evidencia.(AU)
Subject(s)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/diagnosis , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/administration & dosage , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a progressive, chronic and multisystem lysosomal storage disease with a wide disease spectrum. Clinical and biochemical improvements have been reported for MPS VI patients on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with rhASB (recombinant human arylsulfatase B; galsulfase, Naglazyme®, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc.), making early diagnosis and intervention imperative for optimal patient outcomes. Few studies have included children younger than five years of age. This report describes 34 MPS VI patients that started treatment with galsulfase before five years of age. METHODS: Data from patients who initiated treatment at <5 years of age were collected from patients' medical records. Baseline and follow-up assessments of common symptoms that led to diagnosis and that were used to evaluate disease progression and treatment efficacy were evaluated. RESULTS: A significant negative correlation was seen with treatment with ERT and urinary GAG levels. Of those with baseline and follow-up growth data, 47% remained on their pre-treatment growth curve or moved to a higher percentile after treatment. Of the 9 patients with baseline and follow-up sleep studies, 5 remained unaffected and 1 patient initially with mild sleep apnea showed improvement. Data regarding cardiac, ophthalmic, central nervous system, hearing, surgical interventions and development are also reported. No patient discontinued treatment due to an adverse event and all that were treatment-emergent resolved. CONCLUSIONS: The prescribed dosage of 1mg/kg IV weekly with galsulfase ERT is shown to be safe and effective in slowing and/or improving certain aspects of the disease, although patients should be closely monitored for complications associated with the natural history of the disease, especially cardiac valve involvement and spinal cord compression. A long-term follow-up investigation of this group of children will provide further information on the benefits of early treatment as well as disease progression and treatment efficacy and safety in this young patient population.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/therapy , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/genetics , Child, Preschool , Enzyme Replacement Therapy/adverse effects , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/enzymology , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/genetics , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/adverse effects , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/metabolism , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic useABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic disorders caused by a deficiency in lysosomal enzymes that affect the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans and cause their accumulation, resulting in a multisystemic clinical picture. Their clinical manifestations result in limited ability to perform daily life tasks. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate functional capacity and joint range of motion (ROM) in patients with MPS followed at the reference center for lysosomal disorders at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHODS: This was a prospective longitudinal study with a convenience sample. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) were used to evaluate functionality and goniometry was used to evaluate ROM at three times (baseline, 6 months, and 12 months after study inclusion). An exploratory analysis was done of the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in both variables; thus, patients were divided into Group 1 (patients without ERT), Group 2 (patients on ERT before and after study inclusion), and Group 3 (patients who started ERT after study inclusion). RESULTS: 21 patients were included: 7 in Group 1 (MPS II: 3, MPS III-B: 2, MPS IV-A: 2), 6 in Group 2 (MPS I: 3; MPS VI: 3), and 8 in Group 3 (MPS I: 3, MPS II: 4, MPS VI: 1). A limitation in the mobility of all joints studied was found especially in MPS I, II, and VI. Functionality compromise was also frequent (PEDI=5/7 patients; MIF=9/14 patients), even in individuals with preserved cognition. No correlation was found between the findings of goniometry and the PEDI domains (self-care, mobility, social function). ERT did not seem to significantly change the parameters analyzed. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The compromise of joint mobility and functionality seems to be common in MPS I, II, III-B, IV-A, and VI. This finding is in line with the fact that, although these types of MPS are caused by different genetic defects, they share metabolic routes and physiopathogenic processes and present similar clinical manifestations. The preservation of functionality is an increasing challenge in the treatment of MPS patients, and maintenance of occupational performance should be defined as an objective to be reached by therapies used. Further studies with a greater sample size are necessary in order to verify the effect of ERT in these variables.
Subject(s)
Disability Evaluation , Disabled Children/rehabilitation , Enzyme Replacement Therapy/methods , Lysosomes/enzymology , Mucopolysaccharidoses , Range of Motion, Articular/drug effects , Activities of Daily Living/classification , Adolescent , Brazil , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism , Humans , Infant , Male , Mobility Limitation , Mucopolysaccharidoses/classification , Mucopolysaccharidoses/complications , Mucopolysaccharidoses/diagnosis , Mucopolysaccharidoses/physiopathology , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/metabolism , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/therapeutic use , Recovery of Function , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder associated with severe disability and premature death. The presence of a mucopolysaccharidosis-like disease in indigenous ethnic groups in Colombia can be inferred from archaeological findings. There are several indigenous patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI currently receiving enzyme replacement therapy. We discuss the ethical and economic considerations, regarding both direct and indirect costs, of a high-cost orphan disease in a marginalised minority population in a developing country.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/economics , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/administration & dosage , Rare Diseases/economics , Colombia , Disabled Persons , Enzyme Replacement Therapy/economics , Ethnicity , Humans , Minority Groups , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/drug therapy , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/enzymology , Mucopolysaccharidosis VI/ethnology , Rare Diseases/ethnologyABSTRACT
This study analyzes expenditures backed by court rulings to ensure the public provision of medicines for treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), a rare disease that requires high-cost drugs not covered by the Brazilian government's policy for pharmaceutical care and which have disputed clinical efficacy. The methodology included a review of files from 196 court rulings ordering the Brazilian Ministry of Health to provide the medicines, in addition to Ministry of Health administrative records. According to the analysis, the "judicialization" of the health system subjected the Brazilian government to a monopoly in the distribution of medicines and consequently the loss of its capacity to manage drug purchases. The study also indicates that the imposition of immediate, individualized purchases prevents obtaining economies of scale with planned procurement of larger amounts of the medication, besides causing logistic difficulties in controlling the amounts consumed and stored. In conclusion, litigation results from the lack of a clear policy in the health system for rare diseases in general, thereby leading to excessive expenditures for MPS treatment.
Subject(s)
Drug Costs/legislation & jurisprudence , Drugs, Essential/economics , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Mucopolysaccharidoses/drug therapy , Rare Diseases/drug therapy , Brazil , Drugs, Essential/supply & distribution , Health Expenditures/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Iduronate Sulfatase/economics , Iduronate Sulfatase/supply & distribution , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/economics , N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase/supply & distribution , Public Sector , Recombinant Proteins/economics , Recombinant Proteins/supply & distributionABSTRACT
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of arylsulphatase B. The incidence of MPS VI is very low, usually less than 1 case for every 1,000,000 newborns. In Northeast Brazil we identified in the county of Monte Santo (52,360 inhabitants) thirteen patients with MPS VI. The aim of this work was to identify the mutation(s) present in these patients and analyze intragenic SNPs to define possible haplotypes. The 13 MPS VI patients were found to be homozygous for the p.H178L mutation. All patients have the same haplotype for the intragenic SNPs. Based on current data, the prevalence of MPS VI in this region is estimated as 1:5,000 newborns. These results, together with pedigree analysis, strongly suggest a founder effect accounting for the high frequency of p.H178L mutation in this area. This reinforces the need of a comprehensive community genetics program for this area.