Skeletal phenotype amelioration in mucopolysaccharidosis VI requires intervention at the earliest stages of postnatal development.

Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a rare lysosomal disease arising from impaired function of the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB). This impairment causes aberrant accumulation of dermatan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) abundant in cartilage. While clinical severity varies along with age at first symptom manifestation, MPS VI usually presents early and strongly affects the skeleton. Current enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) does not provide effective treatment for the skeletal manifestations of MPS VI. This lack of efficacy may be due to an inability of ERT to reach affected cells or to the irreversibility of the disease. To address the question of reversibility of skeletal phenotypes, we generated a conditional by inversion (COIN) mouse model of MPS VI, ArsbCOIN/COIN, wherein Arsb is initially null and can be restored to WT using Cre. We restored Arsb at different times during postnatal development, using a tamoxifen-dependent global Cre driver. By restoring Arsb at P7, P21, and P56-P70, we determined that skeletal phenotypes can be fully rescued if Arsb restoration occurs at P7, while only achieving partial rescue at P21 and no significant rescue at P56-P70. This work has highlighted the importance of early intervention in patients with MPS VI to maximize therapeutic impact.

Dual-functional hydrogel system for spinal cord regeneration with sustained release of arylsulfatase B alleviates fibrotic microenvironment and promotes axonal regeneration.

Traumatic damage to the spinal cord does not spontaneously heal, often leading to permanent tissue defects. We have shown that injection of imidazole-poly(organophosphazene) hydrogel (I-5) bridges cystic cavities with the newly assembled fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). The hydrogel-created ECM contains chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), collagenous fibrils together with perivascular fibroblasts, and various fibrotic proteins, all of which could hinder axonal growth in the matrix. In an in vitro fibrotic scar model, fibroblasts exhibited enhanced sensitivity to TGF-ß1 when grown on CSPGs. To alleviate the fibrotic microenvironment, the I-5 hydrogel was equipped with an additional function by making a complex with ARSB, a human enzyme degrading CSPGs, via hydrophobic interaction. Delivery of the I-5/ARSB complex significantly diminished the fibrotic ECM components. The complex promoted serotonergic axonal growth into the hydrogel-induced matrix and enhanced serotonergic innervation of the lumbar motor neurons. Regeneration of the propriospinal axons deep into the matrix and to the lumbar spinal cord was robustly increased accompanied by improved locomotor recovery. Therefore, our dual-functional system upgraded the functionality of the hydrogel for spinal cord regeneration by creating ECM to bridge tissue defects and concurrently facilitating axonal connections through the newly assembled ECM.

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Galsulfase no tratamento da mucopolissacaridose tipo VI / Monitoring the technological horizon: Galsulfase in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI

CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS-VI) A MPS-VI, ou Síndrome Maroteaux-Lamy, é uma doença genética rara, causada pela atividade deficiente da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatase ou arilsulfatase B(ASB), responsável pela degradação do glicosaminoglicano (GAGs) dermatan sulfato (DS), resultando no acúmulo desse componente nos lisossomos de múltiplos tecidos do corpo. Pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva apresentam mortalidade precoce no início da fase adulta, geralmente por insuficiência cardiopulmonar. Nas formas com progressão lenta, as morbidades também podem ser significativas com mortalidade em torno da terceira a quinta década de vida.O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com galsulfase. TECNOLOGIA: galsulfase (Naglazyme®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-VI. A dose recomendada é de 1 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada a reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 412, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 83, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 20, de 05 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.020, de 22 de outubro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em mortalidade, resistência física (teste de caminhada e subida de escadas), excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos, e boa tolerabilidade com o medicamento. Foram incluídos 23 estudos, com pacientes acompanhados por até 15 anos. Cinco estudos foram realizados com a participação de centros ou autores brasileiros. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em janeiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 183 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 4.293,57. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 183 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 3.986,60. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 96.867.232,77 entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 255.792.054 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-VI. Há três tecnologias em fase 1 e 2 de pesquisa clínica: Odiparcil, de uso oral, em fase 2a; Lysosan™, de administração subcutânea, em fase 1/2; e AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB, administrado por via intravenosa, em fase ½. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foi identificada a patente PI0316039 associada ao medicamento, de titularidade da Biomarin, com vigência até 2023. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da galsulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.

Monitoramento do horizonte tecnológico: Galsulfase no tratamento da mucopolissacaridose tipo VI / Monitoring the technological horizon: Galsulfase in the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI

CONDIÇÃO CLÍNICA: Mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS-VI) A MPS-VI, ou Síndrome Maroteaux-Lamy, é uma doença genética rara, causada pela atividade deficiente da enzima Nacetilgalactosamina-4-sulfatase ou arilsulfatase B(ASB), responsável pela degradação do glicosaminoglicano (GAGs) dermatan sulfato (DS), resultando no acúmulo desse componente nos lisossomos de múltiplos tecidos do corpo. Pacientes com a forma rapidamente progressiva apresentam mortalidade precoce no início da fase adulta, geralmente por insuficiência cardiopulmonar. Nas formas com progressão lenta, as morbidades também podem ser significativas com mortalidade em torno da terceira a quinta década de vida.O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença inclui intervenções gerais e específicas. Entre estas, encontram-se o transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) e a terapia de reposição enzimática com galsulfase. TECNOLOGIA: galsulfase (Naglazyme®) Medicamento que atua como terapia de reposição enzimática específica para pacientes com MPS-VI. A dose recomendada é de 1 mg por kg de peso corporal, administrados uma vez por semana em infusão intravenosa. HISTÓRICO DA INCORPORAÇÃO: Incorporação em dezembro de 2018, condicionada a reavaliação em três anos. Relatório Técnico da Conitec nº 412, de dezembro de 2018. Portaria de incorporação SCTIE/MS nº 83, de 20 de dezembro de 2018. PCDT publicado pela Portaria Conjunta SAS/SCTIE/MS nº 20, de 05 de dezembro de 2019. Inclusão do procedimento na Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses/Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS pela Portaria SAES/MS nº 1.020, de 22 de outubro de 2020. EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS: Melhora observada em mortalidade, resistência física (teste de caminhada e subida de escadas), excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos, e boa tolerabilidade com o medicamento. Foram incluídos 23 estudos, com pacientes acompanhados por até 15 anos. Cinco estudos foram realizados com a participação de centros ou autores brasileiros. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi publicado após a incorporação do medicamento. UTILIZAÇÃO DO MEDICAMENTO NO SUS: Início da dispensação em janeiro de 2021, com o atendimento de 183 pacientes até novembro de 2021. Aquisição do medicamento realizada com preço unitário de R$ 4.293,57. Não há informações clínicas disponíveis sobre o desempenho do medicamento no contexto do SUS. No momento da incorporação, previu-se o atendimento a 183 pacientes no primeiro ano de incorporação, com preço proposto de R$ 3.986,60. IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO OBSERVADO: R$ 96.867.232,77 entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Previu-se na incorporação um impacto orçamentário de R$ 255.792.054 no primeiro ano. O valor observado foi inferior ao esperado devido ao acesso gradual dos pacientes ao longo dos meses. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Não foram identificadas tecnologias em fase de pesquisa clínica 3 ou 4 em andamento para o tratamento da MPS-VI. Há três tecnologias em fase 1 e 2 de pesquisa clínica: Odiparcil, de uso oral, em fase 2a; Lysosan™, de administração subcutânea, em fase 1/2; e AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB, administrado por via intravenosa, em fase 1/2. ESTUDO DE SITUAÇÃO PATENTÁRIA: Foi identificada a patente PI0316039 associada ao medicamento, de titularidade da Biomarin, com vigência até 2023. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: O Plenário da Conitec, em sua 105ª Reunião Ordinária, no dia 10 de fevereiro de 2021, recomendou a continuidade do monitoramento da galsulfase para mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, considerando a implementação recente da tecnologia no SUS.

Oral treatment for mucopolysaccharidosis VI: Outcomes of the first phase IIa study with odiparcil.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of rare, progressive lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and classified according to the deficient enzyme. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of MPS VI has limited effects on ophthalmic, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. Odiparcil is an orally available small molecule that results in the synthesis of odiparcil-linked GAGs facilitating their excretion and reducing cellular and tissue GAG accumulation. Improve MPS treatment was a Phase 2a study of the safety, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of two doses of odiparcil in patients with MPS VI. The core study was a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients receiving ERT and an open-label, noncomparative, single-dose cohort not receiving ERT. Patients aged ≥ 16 years receiving ERT were randomized to odiparcil 250 or 500 mg twice daily or placebo. Patients without ERT received odiparcil 500 mg twice daily. Of 20 patients enrolled, 13 (65.0%) completed the study. Odiparcil increased total urine GAGs (uGAGs), chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate concentrations. A linear increase in uGAG levels and odiparcil exposure occurred with increased odiparcil dose. Odiparcil demonstrated a good safety and tolerability profile. Individual analyses found more improvements in pain, corneal clouding, cardiac, vascular, and respiratory functions in the odiparcil groups vs placebo. This study confirmed the mechanism of action and established the safety of odiparcil with clinical beneficial effects after only a short treatment duration in an advanced stage of disease. Further assessment of odiparcil in younger patients is needed.

Long-term impact of early initiation of enzyme replacement therapy in 34 MPS VI patients: A resurvey study.

Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) present with a wide range of disease severity and clinical manifestations, with significant functional impairment and shortened lifespan. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase has been shown to improve clinical and biochemical parameters including patient survival, quality of life and growth. The present study is a resurvey of 34 Brazilian MPS VI patients with rapidly progressive disease (classical phenotype) who initiated ERT with galsulfase under five years of age and had been on ERT until data collection in 2019, with few exceptions (n = 4 patients who died before 2019). Anthropometric measures, urinary glycosaminoglycans, and data regarding cardiac, orthopedic, neurologic, sleep apnea, hearing and ophthalmologic outcomes were filled in by specialists. Pubertal development, clinical complications, hospitalizations, and surgeries were also assessed. In this resurvey study, treatment with galsulfase has shown to be safe and well tolerated in MPS VI patients who initiated ERT under the age of 5 years and who have been undergoing ERT for approximately 10 years. Mortality rate suggests that early initiation of ERT may have a positive impact on patients' survival, improving but not preventing disease progression and death. MPS VI patients on ERT also showed improved growth velocity and the pubertal development was normal in all surviving patients. Follow-up data on pneumonia and hospitalization suggest that early ERT may have a protective effect against major respiratory complications. Cardiac valve disease progressed since their prior evaluation and spinal cord compression was observed in a large number of patients, suggesting that these disease complications were not modified by ERT.

Retrospective chart review of urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion and long-term clinical outcomes of enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare, inherited metabolic diseases that result from a deficiency in one of several lysosomal enzymes essential for stepwise glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation, leading to GAG accumulation and widespread cellular pathology and clinical disease. Although disease presentation is heterogeneous, the clinical hallmarks are largely comparable across several MPS subtypes. Extensive data have shown that the level of urinary GAG (uGAG) excretion above normal is strongly correlated with disease severity and clinical outcomes in MPS diseases. Thus, change in uGAG excretion may have significant value as a potential primary endpoint in clinical trials of MPS diseases that are too rare to study using traditional clinical endpoints. METHODS: A retrospective medical chart review was undertaken of patients with MPS I, II, and VI who had been treated long term with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). The relationship between uGAG reduction and clinical outcomes relevant to the major clinical manifestations of these MPS diseases was evaluated. A multi-domain responder index (MDRI) score was calculated, measuring the following 4 domains: 6-min walk test, pulmonary function, growth rate, and Clinician Global Impression of Change. For each domain, a minimal important difference (MID) was defined based on published information of these outcome measures in MPS and other diseases. RESULTS: Of the 50 patients evaluated, 18 (36%) had MPS I, 23 (46%) had MPS II, and 9 (18%) had MPS VI. Forty-two were clinical practice patients and 8 had participated in clinical trials. Across all MPS subtypes, the mean (± SD) uGAG level at baseline was 66.0 ± 51.5 mg/mmol creatinine (n = 48) and there was a mean reduction of 54.6% following ERT. Analysis of the MDRI score based on the MID defined for each domain showed a greater magnitude of improvement in patients with increased uGAG reduction when compared with those patients with lower uGAG reduction for all assessed uGAG thresholds, and a trend toward a higher likelihood of positive mean MDRI score in patients with a uGAG reduction ≥40%. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, uGAG reduction was associated with long-term clinical outcomes as assessed by a number of approaches, supporting the use of uGAG reduction as a biomarker primary endpoint.

[Cardiovascular findings and effects of enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI]. / Mukopolisakkaridoz tip VI'li çocuklarda kardiyovasküler bulgular ve enzim replasman tedavisinin etkisi.

OBJECTIVE: The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are an important group of lysosomal storage diseases. Commonly reported cardiac involvement includes mitral leaflet thickening and accompanying prolapsus, regurgitation, and rarely, stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac involvement in patients with MPS type VI. METHODS: The study included a total of 13 children with MPS type VI who were admitted to a single pediatric department between 2016 and 2018. Cardiac status was evaluated prospectively with clinical findings, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The age of the patients (8 boys, 5 girls) ranged between 2 and 14 years (median: 9 years). RESULTS: No arrhythmia was observed in any patient. Thickening of the mitral valve with or without regurgitation and prolapsus was the most common lesion seen. Additional involvement of the aortic valve was detected in 12 (92.3%) patients, and additional involvement of the tricuspid valve in 4 (30.8%). Isolated septal hypertrophy was found in 2 patients, and congestive heart failure in another. CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement is frequent in MPS. Mitral valve deformation is the most frequent finding. An echocardiographic examination should be performed periodically even if the patient has no clinical signs of cardiac disease, and any cardiac involvement should be kept under control with medical treatment.

Enzyme replacement therapy initiated in adulthood: Findings from the mucopolysaccharidosis VI Clinical Surveillance Program.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) when initiated in adulthood for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI. METHODS: In 2005, the multi-national, MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program (CSP) was established to collect long-term observational data from routine clinical and laboratory assessments. A sub-analysis was performed in patients who started ERT at ≥16 years of age and had received galsulfase for ≥6 months. Urinary glycosaminoglycans (uGAG), 6-min walk test (6MWT), 3-min stair climb test (3MSCT), pulmonary function measures, cardiac function, ophthalmology measures, liver and spleen sizes, and safety were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 223 patients enrolled in the CSP, 51 were included in the sub-analysis. Patients were between 16 and 63 years of age at first infusion. From pre-treatment baseline, uGAG level decreased by a mean (±standard deviation [SD]) of 66 (±45)% (N = 29) after a median follow-up of 7.2 years. 6MWT distance decreased slightly by a mean of 17 (±107) meters (N = 23) after 6.6 years. Stairs/min in the 3MSCT increased by a mean of 26 (±33) (N = 14) after 2.8 years. Pulmonary function measures, forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity, increased by a mean of 0.06 (±0.21) L after 7.3 years and 0.05 (±0.28) L after 7.2 years, respectively (N = 19 for both measures). Overall, galsulfase was well tolerated, with most adverse events reported being MPS-related clinical manifestations and not related to galsulfase. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this sub-analysis of the CSP suggest that initiation of galsulfase in adulthood is well tolerated and can possibly stabilize MPS VI in the long term.

Enzyme replacement therapy outcomes across the disease spectrum: Findings from the mucopolysaccharidosis VI Clinical Surveillance Program.

The impact of galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI with phenotypes at either end of the disease spectrum was evaluated. The MPS VI Clinical Surveillance Program (CSP) was established to collect long-term observational data from routine clinical and laboratory assessments. A subanalysis of the CSP was performed in patients with pretreatment urinary glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) levels <100 µg/mg and ≥200 µg/mg creatinine (low- and high-uGAG) who had received galsulfase for ≥6 months. uGAG, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 3-minute stair climb test (3MSCT), pulmonary function measures, height/growth, cardiac function, and safety were evaluated. Patients with a high-uGAG level at pre-treatment baseline (N = 68) showed greater impairments in endurance and pulmonary function than those with low-baseline uGAG levels (N = 39). From pre-treatment baseline, the distance walked on the 6MWT in the low- and high-uGAG groups increased by a mean (±SD) of 49 (±151) meters and 42 (±165) meters (median follow-up 5.5 and 7.7 years), respectively. The number of stairs/min climbed in the 3MSCT in the low- and high-uGAG groups increased by a mean of 18 (±33) and 30 (±45) (median follow-up 2.8 and 3.5 years), respectively. Overall, pulmonary function remained unchanged for both groups. No impact was seen on cardiac function. Galsulfase was generally well tolerated in both groups, with most adverse events being MPS-related complications unrelated to galsulfase. Results of this CSP sub-analysis suggest that galsulfase stabilizes MPS VI in the long-term and has an acceptable safety profile, regardless of baseline disease severity.

Clinical effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase in mucopolysaccharidosis type VI treatment: Systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis VI is a rare disease characterized by the arylsulfatase B enzyme deficiency, which is responsible for different clinical manifestations. The treatment consists of enzyme replacement therapy with intravenous administration of galsulfase. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of the enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase for the mucopolysaccharidosis VI treatment. METHOD: Systematic review of observational studies. The databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease were reviewed. The selection of studies, data mining, and methodological quality assessment were independently conducted by two authors. RESULTS: Eighteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two studies were cohorts, one was longitudinal study, one was cross-sectional, one was a case-control, eight were case series, and five were case reports. A total of 362 participants with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI were evaluated, and 14 different outcomes related to the treatment effect were identified. Seven outcomes showed positive results, characterized by the patient survival, quality of life, respiratory function, joint mobility, physical resistance, reduction of urinary glycosaminoglycans, and growth. The hearing function and the cognitive development were stable after the treatment. Other outcomes related to the cardiac function, visual acuity, sleep apnea, and the size of the liver and spleen presented inconclusive outcomes. Concerning safety, light adverse reactions of hypersensitivity were reported. CONCLUSION: This review provided a broader panoramic view of the outcomes related to mucopolysaccharidosis type VI. Regardless of the inherent limitations of observational studies, the outcomes indicate that the enzyme replacement therapy has a positive effect on most of the outcomes associated to the disease.

Galsulfase para o tratamento da mucopolissacaridose tipo VI / Galsulfase for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI

CONTEXTO: A síndrome de Maroteaux-Lamy, também conhecida como mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (MPS VI) é uma doença de depósito de mucopolissacarídeos causada pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas específicas, resultando no acúmulo de substratos dos glicosaminoglicanos no organismo levando a manifestações clínicas variando de formas graves com rápida progressão a formas leves com o diagnostico apenas na fase adulta. São características as deformidades ósseas, macrocefalia, baixa estatura, lábios e gengivas espessados, rigidez das articulações e a infecção respiratória de repetição. Não há tratamento específico no SUS e o único aprovado pela ANVISA é o galsulfase. A doença é muito rara, estima-se que no Brasil existam 183 pacientes. TECNOLOGIA: Naglazyme® (galsulfase). PERGUNTA: O uso de galsulfase por pacientes com MPS VI é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo quando comparado ao placebo? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Galsulfase é o único tratamento aprovado havendo apenas um único ensaio clínico randomizado de baixa qualidade metodológica. Foi demonstrada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da intervenção quando comparada ao placebo em relação ao teste de caminhada de 12 minutos, um acréscimo médio de 92±40 metros (11 a 172 metros) com valor p 0,025 e um aumento médio na capacidade de subir degraus de 5,7±2,9 degraus por minuto (p = 0,053). Há uma importante limitação neste ensaio, uma vez que a randomização não foi descrita e os grupos eram diferentes, sendo o grupo placebo mais jovem, mais baixo, de menor peso e com maior capacidade basal para a caminhada de 12 minutos (381±202 metros versus 227±170 metros p = 0,014). Os estudos observacionais confirmam os dados observados no único ensaio clínico encontrado na literatura, de que o impacto da galsulfase na função cardíaca dos pacientes é pouco relevante clinicamente. Outros desfechos avaliados como crescimento e qualidade de vida também não apresentaram mudanças clinicamente importantes após o uso da terapia enzimática. Por outro lado, os estudos adicionaram informação em relação a um efeito positivo da galsulfase na função pulmonar avaliada através de espirometria, com melhora de mais de 50% nos parâmetros no estudo com número amostral mais elevado. Entretanto, de acordo com avaliação da qualidade da evidência através do sistema GRADE realizado pelo próprio demandante, os estudos observacionais incluídos foram classificados com nível de evidência muito baixo, principalmente devido a imprecisão dos resultados e a falta de descrição da magnitude do efeito nas medidas de desfecho utilizadas. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: Modelo de estados transicionais, com uso de dados dos estudos ASB-03- 05 e Resurvey, complementados por painel Delphi e dados próprios do demandante. Perspectiva do SUS e horizonte temporal de 50 anos. No caso base, observou-se ganho médio de 3,72 anos de vida e 3,77 QALY, gerando razão de custo-efetividade incremental de cerca de 2 milhões e meio de reais por QALY ou por ano de vida. O estudo é limitado pela indisponibilidade de dados robustos de literatura, sendo questionável a decisão do demandante de pressupor redução da mortalidade com uso de galsulfase. Sendo assim, resta significativa incerteza em torno da real relação de custo-efetividade da droga. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: Modelo dinâmico, utilizando o mesmo modelo da análise de custo-utilidade. Estimativa da população vinda de estudo de mercado realizado pelo próprio demandante, associada a análises de compras no Diário Oficial, calculando 183 pacientes para tratamento no primeiro ano, e 12-13 novos casos nos anos subsequentes. Custo total determinado predominantemente pelo custo dos medicamentos. Impacto orçamentário estimado em 120 a 250 milhões de reais por ano. Análise limitada por incerteza das variáveis, sendo particularmente questionável o pressuposto de mortalidade igual à do estudo de custoutilidade, com grande potencial de subestimar a real população a receber a droga. DISCUSSÃO: A evidência apresentada pelo demandante é bastante frágil para que possa sustentar de forma consistente a eficácia clínica de galsulfase. Os dados são baseados apenas em um único estudo que apresenta vieses relevantes, como um processo de randomização não adequadamente descrito e a presença de significativa heterogeneidade entre os grupos de intervenção e controle. Além disso, o principal desfecho de eficácia, o teste de caminhada, apresenta limitação quanto ao valor clínico do ganho evidenciado. Com relação às análises econômicas, destaca-se a razão de custo-efetividade extremamente alta, associada a elevado grau de incerteza em torno das estimativas de custo-efetividade (provavelmente beneficiando o fármaco em questão, por considerar grande benefício de sobrevida) e de impacto orçamentário. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR: Os membros do plenário da CONITEC na 70ª reunião ordinária da Comissão em 29 de agosto de 2018 recomendaram, por unanimidade, a não incorporação de galsulfase para o tratamento de pacientes com mucopolissacaridose tipo VI. O entendimento preliminar do plenário foi que, de acordo com as evidências disponíveis, a magnitude de efeito comprovada com o tratamento é pequena, de repercussão clínica questionável e com altos custos, razões de custo-utilidade e custo-efetividade. O modelo econômico apresentado pelo demandante, ancorado principalmente em opinião de especialistas associa-se a um elevado grau de incerteza. A matéria segue para consulta pública com recomendação inicial de não incorporação ao Sistema Único de Saúde. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: Após apreciação das contribuições encaminhadas pela Consulta Pública, verificou-se a necessidade de inclusão de outros estudos nas análises, apresentados pelo demandante, considerando que as evidências científicas em relação às doenças raras devem ser analisadas de modo diferente quando comparadas às doenças de alta prevalência. De maneira geral priorizam-se os Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados para essas últimas; no entanto, este tipo de desenho pode ser mais difícil de ser conduzido naquelas populações, trazendo a necessidade de realizar uma busca mais abrangente em relação ao desenho dos estudos que irão compor a análise dos resultados. Ainda, diante desta falta de dados sobre a eficácia, verificou-se a necessidade de acompanhamento destes pacientes para que osresultados do tratamento sejam monitorados e documentados. Adicionalmente, a empresa fabricante encaminhou à CONITEC uma nova proposta de preço de R$ 3.986,60 (três mil novecentos e oitenta e seisreais e sessenta centavos), o que representa uma redução de aproximadamente 25% do preço proposto para incorporação. Frente a esta discussão, o plenário da CONITEC entendeu que houve argumentação suficiente para alterar sua recomendação inicial. DECISÃO: Incorporar a galsulfase para a terapia de reposição enzimática de longo prazo, em pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de mucopolissacaridose tipo VI (deficiência de Nacetilgalactosamina 4-sulfa), no âmbito do SUS, mediante os seguintes condicionantes: 1 - Protocolo de uso da galsulfase estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde; 2 - atendimento e tratamento restritos a hospitais que integrem a Rede Nacional de Pesquisa Clínica; 3 - registro dos dados clínicos e farmacêuticos em sistema nacional informático do SUS; 4 - uso ad experimentum (reavaliação em 3 anos); 5 - laudo próprio para dispensação do medicamento; 6 - fornecimento aos respectivos hospitais; e 7 - negociação para redução significante de preço. Dada pela Portaria nº 83, publicada no DOU 244, seção 1, página 187, em 20 de dezembro de 2018.

Family study of a novel mutation of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI with a severe phenotype and good response to enzymatic replacement therapy: Case report.

RATIONALE: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is produced by the deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase B, responsible for the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 3-year-old male with Moroccan origins is the index case. He had healthy consanguineous parents and 4 healthy brothers and sisters. The patient showed a wide spectrum of symptoms including skeletal dysplasia and short stature with elevated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in urine. DIAGNOSES, INTERVENTIONS, AND OUTCOMES: GAGs were quantified by spectrometry method with 1,9-dimethylen blue in 24-hour urine samples. The qualitative analysis of urine GAGs was obtained by thin-layer chromatography to determine the predominant presence of dermatan sulfate. The activities of both arylsulfatase B and beta-galactosidase as well as genetic studies were performed in dried blood spots. The genetic study was performed with deoxyribonucleic acid by massive sequencing a of lisosomal storage diseases. Results showed a new mutation c.263A > C with the severe phenotype in homozygous in the patient. The familiar study of ARSB and GLB1 genes presented some asymptomatic SNPs but with a discrete decrease in the activity of arylsulfatase B and beta-galactosidase. After an early detection by pediatricians, and both enzymatic and genetic confirmation, the patient had a good response to substitutive enzymatic treatment with galsulfase. LESSONS: Mucoplysaccharidosis type VI is an autosomal recessive rare disease characterized by a lysosomal storage disorder. Although a number of mutations have been already associated to the disease, we have found a new mutation located in the arylsulfatase B enzyme gene. We have described that this mutation is the ultimate cause of a severe presentation of the disease.

The effect of galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy on the growth of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome).

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder arising from deficient activity of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B) and subsequent intracellular accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate. Manifestations are multi-systemic and include skeletal abnormalities such as dysostosis multiplex and short stature. Reference height-for-age growth charts for treatment-naïve MPS VI patients have been published for both the slowly and rapidly progressing populations. Categorization of disease progression for these charts was based on urinary GAG (uGAG) level; high (>200µg/mg creatinine) levels identified subjects as rapidly progressing. Height data for 141 patients who began galsulfase treatment by the age of 18years were collected and stratified by baseline uGAG level and age at ERT initiation in 3-year increments. The reference MPS VI growth charts were used to calculate change in Z-score from pre-treatment baseline to last follow-up. Among patients with high baseline uGAG levels, galsulfase ERT was associated with an increase in Z-score for those beginning treatment at 0-3, >3-6, >6-9, >9-12, and >12-15years of age (p<0.05). Increases in Z-score were not detected for patients who began treatment between 15 and 18years of age, nor for patients with low (≤200µg/mg creatinine) baseline uGAG levels, regardless of age at treatment initiation. The largest positive deviation from untreated reference populations was seen in the high uGAG excretion groups who began treatment by 6years of age, suggesting an age- and severity-dependent impact of galsulfase ERT on growth.

Enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase for mucopolysaccharidosis type VI.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulphatase B. The resultant accumulation of dermatan sulphate causes lysosomal damage.The clinical symptoms are related to skeletal dysplasia (i.e. short stature and degenerative joint disease). Other manifestations include cardiac disease, impaired pulmonary function, ophthalmological complications, hepatosplenomegaly, sinusitis, otitis, hearing loss and sleep apnea. Intellectual impairment is generally absent. Clinical manifestation is typically by two or three years of age; however, slowly progressive cases may not present until adulthood.Enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase is considered a new approach for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type VI. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treating mucopolysaccharidosis VI by enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase compared to other interventions, placebo or no intervention. SEARCH METHODS: Eletronic searches were performed on the Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register, in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease and ClinicalTrials.gov. Date of the last search of the Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register: 05 February 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled clinical studies of enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase compared to other interventions or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened the studies, assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: One study was included involving 39 participants who received either enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase (recombinant human arylsulphatase B) or placebo. This small study was considered to be of overall unclear quality, since the authors did not report how both the allocation generation and concealment were performed.The key finding at 24 weeks in the 12-minute walk test was a statistically significant mean difference of 92.00 meters between the two groups in favour of the galsulfase group (95% confidence interval 11.00 to 172.00). While week 24 results for the three-minute stair climb demonstrated some improvement in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group, this was not significant, mean difference 5.70 (95% confidence interval -0.10 to 11.50).A significant decrease in the urinary glycosaminoglycan levels was observed in favour of the galsulfase group at 24 weeks, mean difference -227.00 (95% confidence interval -264.00 to -190.00).In general, the dose of galsulfase was well tolerated and there were no significant differences in relation to adverse events. These events include drug-related adverse events, serious and severe adverse events, those during infusion, drug-related adverse events during infusion, and deaths. More infusion-related reactions were observed in the galsulfase group and were managed with interruption or slowing of infusion rate or administration of antihistamines or corticosteroids drugs. No deaths occurred during the study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of one small study (based on 24-week randomised phase of the study and prior to the open-label extension) demonstrated that galsulfase is more effective than placebo in people with MPS VI, with significant improvements in the 12-minute walk test and a reduction in urinary glycosaminoglycans.There were no significant changes in cardiac or pulmonary functions, liver or spleen volume, overnight apnea-hypopnea, height and weight, quality of life and adverse effects.Further studies are needed to obtain more information on the long-term effectiveness and safety of enzyme replacement therapy with galsulfase.

[Management of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI in adults]. / SMJERNICE ZA LIJECENJE MUKOPOLISAHARIDOZE (MPS) VI U ODRASLIH BOLESNIKA.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, MPS VI) is a progressive multisystemic lysosomal storage disease. Physical symptoms generally include growth retardation, and bone dysplasia. Enzyme replacement therapy is the treatment of choice and is done with recombinant version of enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase (galsulfase) which is administered intravenously. The enzyme replacement therapy should be applied once a week as a life-long treatment. Division of metabolic diseases, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb continues with the treatment of MPS VI patients after they turn 18 years of life and are not treated any more by the pediatricians. The aim of this document is to provide the guidelines for diagnosis and management of adult patients with MPS VI which consists not only of regular galsulfase adiministration, but also of regular follow up and treatment of numerous comorbidities. These guidelines were produced by experts from the Division of metabolic diseases, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb which is the Referral center for rare and metabolic diseases of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Croatia. The guidelines are result of collaboration with pediatricians, radiologists and biochemists without whose experience and advices appropriate treatment of these patients would not be possible. The guidelines were endorsed by the Croatian society for rare diseases, Croatian Medical Association.

Mucopolisacaridosis VI: aspectos clínicos, iagnósticos y del tratamiento con terapia de eemplazo enzimático / Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment with enzyme replacement therapy

La mucopolisacaridosis de tipo VI (MPS VI) es una enfermedad de almacenamiento lisosomal resultante del déficit o ausencia de la arilsulfatasa B, que conduce a una acumulación patológica de dermatán-sulfato. Presenta un amplio espectro de síntomas, que van desde formas lentas hasta rápidamente progresivas. Los síntomas característicos son el compromiso esquelético, facies tosca, cardiopatía y compresión medular cervical. El diagnóstico se realiza por la determinación de glucosaminoglucanos en la orina y de la actividad enzimática en una gota de sangre seca, leucocitos o cultivo de fibroblastos. Actualmente, la terapia de reemplazo enzimático (TRE) con galsulfasa ha mostrado mejorar el compromiso esquelético y estabilizar la función respiratoria y cardíaca. El compromiso medular no suele responder a la TRE cuando ya se encuentra presente, por lo que la descompresión quirúrgica debe indicarse en forma temprana. El pronóstico varía en función del fenotipo y de la edad de inicio del tratamiento

Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disease associated with a deficiency or absence of arylsulfatase B leading to the abnormal accumulation of dermatan sulfate. MPS VI shows a wide spectrum of symptoms from slowly to rapidly progressing forms. The characteristic spectrum includes skeletal displasia, coarse facies, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary complications and spinal compression. Diagnosis generally requires measurement ofurinary glycosaminoglycans and arylsulfatase B enzyme activity in dried blood spot, leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase is now widely available providing improvement in skeletal performance and stabilization in pulmonary and cardiac functioning. Spinal involvement does not respond to ERT when is present, surgical decompression should be indicated early. Prognosis is variable depending on the age of onset and age at initiation of ERT.

[Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment with enzyme replacement therapy]. / Mucopolisacaridosis VI: aspectos clínicos, iagnósticos y del tratamiento con terapia de eemplazo enzimático.

Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disease associated with a deficiency or absence of arylsulfatase B leading to the abnormal accumulation of dermatan sulfate. MPS VI shows a wide spectrum of symptoms from slowly to rapidly progressing forms. The characteristic spectrum includes skeletal displasia, coarse facies, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary complications and spinal compression. Diagnosis generally requires measurement ofurinary glycosaminoglycans and arylsulfatase B enzyme activity in dried blood spot, leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with galsulfase is now widely available providing improvement in skeletal performance and stabilization in pulmonary and cardiac functioning. Spinal involvement does not respond to ERT when is present, surgical decompression should be indicated early. Prognosis is variable depending on the age of onset and age at initiation of ERT.