ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: to analyze the Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength (PFMS) of pregnant women with one or more vaginal or cesarean deliveries; to compare the PFMS of these with pregnant women with the PFMS of primiparous women. METHODS: cross-sectional study with women up to 12 weeks pregnant, performed in Itapecerica da Serra, São Paulo state, from December 2012 to May 2013. The sample consisted of 110 pregnant women with one or more vaginal deliveries or cesarean sections and 110 primigravidae. The PFMS was evaluated by perineometry (Peritron(tm)) and vaginal digital palpation (modified Oxford scale). RESULTS: the average PFMS in pregnant women with a history of vaginal delivery or cesarean section was 33.4 (SD=21.2) cmH2O. From the Oxford scale, 75.4% of the pregnant women with previous vaginal or cesarean deliveries presented grade ≤ 2, and 5.5% grade ≥ 4; among the primiparae, 39.9% presented grade ≤ 2, and 50.9% grade ≥ 4, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). From the perineometry, there was no statistically significant difference between the PFMS and age, type of delivery, parity, body mass index, and genitourinary tract symptoms, however, there was a statistically significant difference between the pregnant women with and without a history of episiotomy (p=0.04). In the palpation, none of the variables showed a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: pregnancy and childbirth can reduce the PFMS. .
OBJETIVOS: analisar a força muscular do assoalho pélvico de gestantes com um ou mais partos normais ou cesarianas; comparar a a força muscular do assoalho pélvico dessas gestantes com a de primigestas. MÉTODO: estudo transversal com gestantes até 12 semanas de gravidez, realizado em Itapecerica da Serra, SP, de dezembro de 2012 a maio de 2013. A amostra foi composta por 110 gestantes, com um ou mais partos normais ou cesarianas e 110 primigestas. A força muscular do assoalho pélvico foi avaliada pela perineometria e palpação digital vaginal (Escala de Oxford modificada). RESULTADOS: a média da força muscular do assoalho pélvico em gestantes com antecedentes de parto normal ou cesariana foi 33,4 (desvio-padrão=21,2) cmH2O. Pela escala de Oxford, 75,4% das gestantes com partos ou cesarianas anteriores apresentaram grau ≤2 e 5,5%, grau ≥4; entre as primigestas, 39,9% apresentaram grau ≤2 e 50,9%, grau ≥4, com diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Pela perineometria, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a força muscular do assoalho pélvico e idade, tipo de parto, paridade, índice de massa corpórea e sintomas do trato geniturinário, mas houve entre as gestantes com e sem antecedente de episiotomia (p=0,04). Na palpação, nenhuma das variáveis mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante. CONCLUSÃO: a gravidez e o parto podem reduzir a força muscular do assoalho pélvico. .
OBJETIVOS: analizar la Fuerza Muscular del Suelo Pélvico (FMSP) de embarazadas con uno o más partos normales o cesáreas; comparar la FMSP de estas embarazadas con la FMSP de primigestas. MÉTODO: estudio transversal con embarazadas hasta 12 semanas de embarazo, realizado en Itapecerica de la Serra, SP, de diciembre de 2012 a mayo de 2013. La muestra fue de 110 embarazadas con uno o más partos normales o cesáreas y 110 primigestas. La FMSP fue evaluada por la perineometría (Peritron(tm)) y palpación digital vaginal (escala de Oxford modificada). RESULTADOS: el promedio de la FMSP en embarazadas con antecedentes de parto normal o cesárea fue 33,4 (de=21,2) cmH2O. Por la escala de Oxford, 75,4% de las embarazadas con partos o cesáreas anteriores presentaron grado ≤ 2 y 5,5%, grado ≥ 4; entre las primigestas, 39,9% presentaron grado ≤ 2 y 50,9%, grado ≥ 4, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001). Por la perineometría, no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la FMSP y edad, tipo de parto, número de partos anteriores, índice de masa corporal y síntomas del tracto genitourinario, pero hubo entre las embarazadas con y sin antecedente de episiotomía (p=0,04). En la palpación, ninguna de las variables mostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa. CONCLUSIÓN: el embarazo y el parto pueden reducir la FMSP. .
Subject(s)
Calcium , Calmodulin , Calpain , Binding Sites , Calcium/pharmacology , Calmodulin/antagonists & inhibitors , Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors , Calpain/metabolism , Fluorescent Dyes , Felodipine/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Leucine/analogs & derivatives , Leucine/pharmacology , Molecular Conformation , Naphthalenesulfonates/pharmacology , Spectrometry, FluorescenceABSTRACT
The design of therapeutic compounds targeting transthyretin (TTR) is challenging due to the low specificity of interaction in the hormone binding site. Such feature is highlighted by the interactions of TTR with diclofenac, a compound with high affinity for TTR, in two dissimilar modes, as evidenced by crystal structure of the complex. We report here structural analysis of the interactions of TTR with two small molecules, 1-amino-5-naphthalene sulfonate (1,5-AmNS) and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (1,8-ANS). Crystal structure of TTR:1,8-ANS complex reveals a peculiar interaction, through the stacking of the naphthalene ring between the side-chain of Lys15 and Leu17. The sulfonate moiety provides additional interaction with Lys15' and a water-mediated hydrogen bond with Thr119'. The uniqueness of this mode of ligand recognition is corroborated by the crystal structure of TTR in complex with the weak analogue 1,5-AmNS, the binding of which is driven mainly by hydrophobic partition and one electrostatic interaction between the sulfonate group and the Lys15. The ligand binding motif unraveled by 1,8-ANS may open new possibilities to treat TTR amyloid diseases by the elucidation of novel candidates for a more specific pharmacophoric pattern.
Subject(s)
Amyloidosis/drug therapy , Naphthalenesulfonates/chemistry , Naphthalenesulfonates/pharmacology , Prealbumin/chemistry , Prealbumin/metabolism , Amyloid/drug effects , Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates/chemistry , Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Ligands , Models, Molecular , Protein Binding , Protein ConformationABSTRACT
The effect of cervical vagus nerve stimulation, gastric distension and CCK-8S administration was studied on the activity of 120 neurons located in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of anesthetized newborn lambs. One hundred cells responded to the three different inputs. The distribution of the cells in the NTS was from 3 mm rostral to 3 mm caudal to the obex, the major responsive cells being located at the level of the obex. Neurons were either excited or inhibited by gastric distension and CCK-8S, and the responses to these two stimuli were always in the same direction. A small number of cells responded to gastric distension and CCK-8S but not to vagus nerve stimulation. Injection of the CCK-A receptor antagonist 2-NAP abolished both the responses to CCK-8S and to gastric distension. The results are consistent with the idea that CCK-8S acts directly on vagal mechanoreceptive endings in the gastric corpus close to duodenum. These results from lambs may reflect the pathway by which gastric distension and peripheral CCK-8S modulate NTS cells activity during colostrum ingestion, which could in turn activate structures related to learning and memory processes involved in the development of mother preference.
Subject(s)
Sincalide/pharmacology , Solitary Nucleus/drug effects , Solitary Nucleus/physiology , Stomach/innervation , Stomach/physiology , Anesthesia , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Aspartic Acid/pharmacology , Catheterization , Electrophysiology , Microelectrodes , Naphthalenesulfonates/pharmacology , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/agonists , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/physiology , Sheep , Vagus Nerve/physiologyABSTRACT
The antimalarial properties of azomethine H represent the basis for its use as a chemotherapeutic agent. This work was carried out in order to verify the biological side effects of azomethine H and to clarify the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. It was shown that azomethine H increased serum activities of amylase, alanine transaminase (ALT) and the TBARS concentrations, in rats. No changes were observed in glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. The drug-induced tissue damage might be due to superoxide radicals (O2.-), since Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities were increased by azomethine H treatment. This study allows tentative conclusions to be drawn regarding which reactive oxygen metabolites play a role in azomethine H activity. We concluded that (O2.-) maybe produced as a mediator of azomethine H action.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/pharmacology , Liver/drug effects , Naphthalenesulfonates/pharmacology , Pancreas/drug effects , Superoxides/metabolism , Thiosemicarbazones/pharmacology , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Amylases/blood , Animals , Catalase/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Free Radicals , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Male , Naphthalenesulfonates/administration & dosage , Naphthalenesulfonates/toxicity , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/metabolism , Thiosemicarbazones/administration & dosage , Thiosemicarbazones/toxicityABSTRACT
Superoxide radical (O2-) is a free radical that may be involved in various toxic processes. Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide free radical and protects cells from oxidative damage. A rat bioassay validated for the identification of the toxic effects of azomethine H revealed increased serum activities of amylase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. The lipoperoxide and bilirubin concentrations were also increased in animals that received azomethine H (1 g/kg) from ascorbic or hydrochloric acid solutions. Azomethine H increased Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity. This elevation of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity was highest on the 7th day and was at levels comparable with those of control rats from day 60 onwards. Superoxide is an important intermediate in the action and toxicity of azomethine H.