Abordaje Terapéutico de Agrandamiento Gingival Influenciado por Ciclosporina y Nifedipino. Reporte de Caso / Therapeutic Approach of Gingival Enlargement Influenced by Cyclosporine and Nifedipine. Case Report

RESUMEN: Este reporte de caso muestra un paciente atendido en el Postítulo de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile con diagnóstico de Agrandamiento Gingival influenciado por ciclosporina y nifedipino. El abordaje terapéutico consideró la fase sistémica, la fase higiénica con el tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico para lograr la eliminación de la infección periodontal antes y después de la fase quirúrgica, y la fase de terapia de soporte periodontal. Se logró así la eliminación de los agrandamientos gingivales influenciados por ciclosporina y nifedipino.

ABSTRACT: This case report shows a patient attended in the Postgraduate Periodontics Program at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Chile with a diagnosis of Gingival Enlargement influenced by cyclosporine and nifedipine. The therapeutic approach considered the systemic phase, the hygienic phase with the non-surgical periodontal treatment to achieve the elimination of the periodontal infection before and after the surgical phase, and the phase of periodontal support therapy. Thus, the elimination of gingival enlargements influenced by cyclosporine and nifedipine was achieved.

Influence of 3 calcium channel blockers on gingival overgrowth in a population of severe refractory hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to assess the association between 3 different calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (nifedipine, amlodipine and felodipine) and gingival overgrowth in patients with a diagnosis of severe refractory hypertension. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two patients with severe refractory hypertension, taking CCBs, were selected. Gingival overgrowth was graded and periodontal measurements were recorded (probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index and bleeding on probing). Unconditional multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between CCB intake and gingival overgrowth after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 162 patients, 26 (16.0%) were current smokers and 101 (62.3%) were females. The mean age (SD) was 54.1 (8.5) years and the median age (range) 52.5 (39-78) years. Gingival overgrowth was observed in 55 patients (34.0%). Nifedipine was the most common medication (35.2%; 57 of 162). The results of multiple binary logistic regression showed statistically significant associations between CCB intake (exposure) and gingival overgrowth (outcome) after adjusting for the variables treatment time with antihypertensive and plaque index. Patients with gingival overgrowth were 2.5 (odds ratio = 2.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-5.82) and 4.0 (odds ratio = 3.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.47-10.35) times more likely to be taking nifedipine and amlodipine, respectively, than patients without gingival overgrowth. On the other hand, this significant association was not observed for felodipine. CONCLUSION: Nifedipine and amlodipine, but not felodipine, were associated with gingival overgrowth in patients with severe refractory hypertension.

[Drug related colonic perforation: Case report]. / Perforación colónica secundaria a polifarmacia: reporte de caso.

BACKGROUND: Acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon is a disorder characterised by an increase in intra-luminal pressure that leads to ischaemia and necrosis of the intestinal wall. The mechanism that produces the lesion is unknown, although it has been associated with: trauma, anaesthesia, or drugs that alter the autonomic nervous system. The pathophysiology of medication induced colon toxicity can progress to a perforated colon and potentially death. OBJECTIVE: Present a case of a colonic pseudo-obstruction in a patient with polypharmacy as the only risk factor and to review the medical literature related to the treatment of this pathology. CLINICAL CASE: The case is presented of a 67 year old woman with colonic pseudo-obstruction who presented with diffuse abdominal pain and distension. The pain progressed and reached an intensity of 8/10, and was accompanied by fever and tachycardia. There was evidence of free intraperitoneal air in the radiological studies. The only risk factor was the use of multiple drugs. The colonic pseudo-obstruction progressed to intestinal perforation, requiring surgical treatment, which resolved the problem successfully. CONCLUSION: It is important to consider drug interaction in patients with multiple diseases, as it may develop complications that can be avoided if detected on time.

Nifedipine versus terbutaline, tocolytic effectiveness and maternal and neonatal adverse effects: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.

Although previous evidence suggests advantages of nifedipine over terbutaline as tocolytic agents, in some jurisdictions, terbutaline is approved for use and nifedipine is not. In women in preterm labour, we compared the impact of terbutaline versus nifedipine on inhibition of uterine contractions, preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, intracranial haemorrhage or necrotizing enterocolitis, death or admission to a neonatal intensive care unit and maternal adverse reactions. We randomized 32 women to nifedipine and 34 to terbutaline. We found no difference between groups in tocolysis or preterm birth. No serious maternal adverse effects or serious neonatal adverse outcome occurred in either group. Less serious maternal adverse effects less common with terbutaline included flushing (2.94% versus 43.7%) and headache (5.9% versus 31.2%). The administration of terbutaline increased tremor (76.4% versus 0%), nausea (58.8% versus 9.4%) and dizziness (29.4% versus 6.25%). The total number of side effects, and the proportion of women experiencing one or more side effects, proved greater with terbutaline. In this study, terbutaline and nifedipine performed similarly in their tocolytic effects. Each drug has specific side effects, although overall, nifedipine was associated with fewer adverse effects.

Nifedipine-induced histological changes in the parotid glands of hypertensive rats.

Nifedipine is a widely used anti-anginal and anti-hypertensive agent. It is associated with significant gingival changes attributed more to collagen hyperplasia than to enhancement of protein synthesis. We investigated the influence of nifedipine on morphological changes in the parotid glands of rats in a model of hypertension. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks; 200±15 g) were divided into four groups (A-D). Hypertension was induced by surgical means in groups C and D. Animals in groups B and D were treated with nifedipine (0.85 mg/kg) via a gastroesophageal catheter the day after surgery (experimental day-1) for 2 weeks. A significant difference was observed between the control group and nifedipine group and between the control group and hypertension group with regard to the weight of the parotid gland and its surface area. Histological findings demonstrated changes in the parotid glands of hypertensive animals with mild vessel dilatation and infiltration of inflammatory cells. These histological findings seemed to be due more to changes in venous function than to alterations in gland architecture.

Agrandamientos gingivales inducidos por fármacos / Drug-induced gingival enlargements

El término agrandamiento gingival por fármacos se refiere a un crecimiento anormal de la encía, secundario al uso de una medicación sistémica. Si bien se reporta una larga lista de medicamentos relacionados, se encontró una fuerte asociación sólo con la Fenitoína , la Nifedipina y la Ciclosporina A. La prevalencia del Agrandamiento Gingival varía ampliamente, sin embargo la prevalencia relacionada con el uso de la Fenitoína es aproximadamente del 50 por ciento. La Nifedipina y la ciclosporina producen cambios en el 25 por ciento de los pacientes tratados. Existe controversia entre la dosis y el riesgo o severidad del Agrandamiento.El grado de Agrandamiento gingival parece estar relacionado con la susceptibilidad del paciente y el grado dehigiene bucal de éste. Después de 1 a 3 meses de iniciada la medicación del fármaco los agrandamientos originadosen la papila interdental, se expande afectando otras áreas de la encía llegando a cubrir en casos extremosuna porción importante de los dientes principalmente en los segmentos anteriores por vestibular. El uso discontinuo de la medicación por el médico de cabecera y más aún la sustitución del fármaco por otroresulta en la regresión y el cese del Agrandamiento. (AU)

Agrandamientos gingivales inducidos por fármacos / Drug-induced gingival enlargements

El término agrandamiento gingival por fármacos se refiere a un crecimiento anormal de la encía, secundario al uso de una medicación sistémica. Si bien se reporta una larga lista de medicamentos relacionados, se encontró una fuerte asociación sólo con la Fenitoína , la Nifedipina y la Ciclosporina A. La prevalencia del Agrandamiento Gingival varía ampliamente, sin embargo la prevalencia relacionada con el uso de la Fenitoína es aproximadamente del 50 por ciento. La Nifedipina y la ciclosporina producen cambios en el 25 por ciento de los pacientes tratados. Existe controversia entre la dosis y el riesgo o severidad del Agrandamiento.El grado de Agrandamiento gingival parece estar relacionado con la susceptibilidad del paciente y el grado dehigiene bucal de éste. Después de 1 a 3 meses de iniciada la medicación del fármaco los agrandamientos originadosen la papila interdental, se expande afectando otras áreas de la encía llegando a cubrir en casos extremosuna porción importante de los dientes principalmente en los segmentos anteriores por vestibular. El uso discontinuo de la medicación por el médico de cabecera y más aún la sustitución del fármaco por otroresulta en la regresión y el cese del Agrandamiento.

Drug-induced gingival overgrowth: a case report.

A variety of systemic drugs can lead to adverse effects in the oral environment. This article reports the case of a 61-year-old man who had a severe drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) caused by nifedipine. DIGO is relevant due to severe gingival enlargement, which causes disfigurement and blocks physiological and social functions such as mastication and speaking. Management of DIGO is always a challenge due to the patient's systemic condition. This article shows, step-by-step, how the treatment was executed and how the DIGO was reversed.

Nifedipine-Induced gingival overgrowth / Aumento gengival induzido por nifedipina

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate gingival overgrowth induced by nifedipine and to correlate it with plaque accumulation. Material and Methods: Sixty patients were divided into a treated group (n=30) consisting of hypertensive patients long-term treated with nifedipine and a control group (n=30) consisting of patients without arterial hypertension. The following exams were performed on the first visit: anamnesis, measurement of blood pressure, weight and height, extra- and intraoral examination, and determination of the vertical and horizontal gingival overgrowth indices, plaque index, and bleeding index. The measurements were repeated after 30 days. Results: Most patients using nifedipine (60.7%) presented grade I horizontal gingival overgrowth (1 to 2 mm), with 3.6% showing minimum vertical gingival overgrowth. On the return visit, the plaque index was reduced by 8.3% and bleeding on probing was reduced by 1.5%. The individuals of control group, presented neither vertical gingival overgrowth nor horizontal, the plaque index was reduced by 7.2% and bleeding on probing was reduced by 5.3%. A significant difference in the horizontal gingival overgrowth index was observed between the treated and control groups (chi-square test, p = 0.015, p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the present study, authors conclude that the presence of dental biofilm and inflammation influences the degree of gingival overgrowth in patients using nifedipine.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o aumento gengival induzido por nifedipina e correlacioná-lo com o acúmulo de placa. Material e Métodos: Sessenta pacientes foram divididos em um grupo de hipertensos crônicos, sob tratamento contínuo com nifedipina, (n=30) e um grupo controle, pacientes saudáveis, sem hipertensão (n=30). Os seguintes exames foram realizados na primeira consulta: anamnese, aferição da pressão arterial, peso, altura, exame intra e extra-bucal, índices de aumento gengival vertical e horizontal, índice de placa e índice de sangramento. Os exames foram realizados novamente após 30 dias. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes sob uso de nifedipina (60,7%) apresentou aumento gengival horizontal grau I (1 a 2 mm), e 3,6% demonstraram mínimo aumento gengival vertical. Na visita de retorno, o índice de placa foi reduzido em 8,3% e sangramento à sondagem em 1,5%. Os indivíduos do grupo controle não apresentaram aumento gengival vertical e nem horizontal, o índice de placa foi reduzido em 7,2% e sangramento à sondagem em 5,3%. Diferença significativa no índice de aumento gengival horizontal foi observada entre os grupos teste e controle (p = 0,015, p < 0,05). Conclusão: Neste estudo os autores concluíram que a presença do biofilme dental e a inflamação influenciam no grau de aumento gengival em pacientes sob tratamento com nifedipina.

Long-term effects of nifedipine on human gingival epithelium: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study.

The chronic usage of nifedipine is associated with the appearance of gingival overgrowth (GO). The frequency of GO associated with chronic nifedipine therapy remains controversial and the possible subclinical effects of this drug on the gingival epithelium should be investigated. We investigated the epithelial proliferation index and apoptosis rate, and their association with epithelial enlargement. Proliferation (Ki67 and Cyclin B1) and apoptosis (BCL2, Bax and p53) markers were identified by immunohistochemistry in twenty-one samples of gingival tissue from patients undergoing chronic treatment with nifedipine and in eleven samples of gingival tissue from healthy patients who did not use drugs associated with GO (control). Our results show that the epithelial tissue of nifedipine users has considerably longer rete pegs compared to control (P = 0.01). However, the density of Ki67(+) and Cyclin B1(+) cells was similar in both groups. Regarding apoptosis, we found more BCL2(+) cells in the nifedipine group when compared to controls (P = 0.12). An increase in Bax(+) cells in the nifedipine group compared to control (P = 0.003) was also seen, and slightly lower levels of p53(+) expression were observed (P = 0.51). Our results suggest that the chronic use of nifedipine is not associated with subclinical changes in gingival tissue.

Tocólisis con clorhidrato de isoxuprina o nifedipina en la amenaza de parto pretérmino / Tocolysis with isoxuprine hydrochloride or nifedipine in preterm labor

Comparar la eficacia del clorhidrato de isoxuprina o la nifedipina en la tocólisis de la amenaza de parto pretérmino. Se seleccionaron 82 pacientes con edad gestacional entre 24 y 34 semanas y diagnóstico de amenaza de parto pretérmino. Las pacientes se dividieron al azar en 2 grupos para recibir clorhidrato de isoxuprina (grupo A) o nifedipina (grupo B). Se determinaron el tiempo de cese de las contracciones, tensión arterial materna, concentraciones de glucosa y efectos adversos maternos. Maternidad "Dr. Nerio Belloso", Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo. Estado Zulia. Se logró una tocólisis efectiva en las primeras 24 horas en 61,0 por ciento y 70,7 por ciento de las pacientes del grupo A y B, respectivamente (P = ns). Después de 7 días de tratamiento, 36,6 por ciento de las pacientes en el grupo A y 31,7 por ciento de las pacientes en el grupo B aun permanecían sin contracciones (P = ns). Se logró un retraso del parto hasta las 34 semanas o más en 26,8 por ciento y 29,3 por ciento de las pacientes de los grupos A y B, respectivamente. En el grupo de pacientes tratadas con clorhidrato de isoxuprina se observó un aumento significativo de las concentraciones séricas de glucosa (P < 0,001). Los efectos adversos maternos fueron significativamente más frecuentes en el grupo de clorhidrato de isoxuprina después de 2 y 24 horas de tratamiento (P < 0,05). La nifedipina es igual de efectiva que el clorhidrato de isoxuprina en la tocólisis de la amenaza de parto pretérmino y produce menos efectos adversos

To compare the efficacy of isoxuprine clorhidrate or nifedipine in tocolysis of threatened preterm labor. 82 patients with a gestational age between 24 and 34 weeks and threatened preterm labor diagnosis were selected. Patients were randomly divided in 2 groups to receive isoxuprine clorhidrate (group A) or nifedipine (group B). Time of cease of contractions, maternal blood pressure, glucose concentrations and maternal adverse effects were determined. Maternidad "Dr. Nerio Belloso", Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo. Estado Zulia. An effective tocolysis was obtained within 24 hours in 61.0 percent and 70.7 percent for patients in group A and B, respectively (P = ns). After 7 days of treatment, 36.6 percent of patients in group A and 31,7 percent of patients in group B were still without contractions (P = ns). A delay in labor till 34 weeks or more was made in 26.8. percent and 29.3 percent of patients in group A and B, respectively. In the group of patients treated with isoxuprine clorhidrate a significant raise of glucose concentrations was observed (P < 0.001). Maternal adverse effects were significant more frequent in isoxuprine clorhidrate group after 2 and 24 hours of treatment (P < 0,05). Nifedipine has a similar effectivity than isoxuprine clorhidrate for tocolysis in threatened preterm labor and produces less adverse effects

Non-surgical treatment of gingival overgrowth induced by nifedipine: a case report on an elderly patient.

Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is a significant problem for periodontologists and this side effect is frequently associated with three particular drugs: phenytoin, cyclosporin A and nifedipine. A case report of gingival overgrowth induced by nifedipine in an elderly patient treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy is described. A 75-year-old male with generalised gingival overgrowth reported the problem of oral malodour and significant gingival bleeding. The medical history revealed a controlled hypertensive state and Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) 3 years prior to consultation. The diagnosis was gingival overgrowth associated with nifedipine, no other risk factors being identified. The patient had been taking nifedipine for 18 months, but after the consultation with the patient's doctor, nifedipine was suspended, as the hypertension was controlled. Treatment consisted of meticulous oral hygiene instruction, scaling, root surface instrumentation and prophylaxis. Six months after the first intervention, clinical parameters revealed a significant improvement with a considerable reduction in gingival overgrowth, demonstrating the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in severe cases of gingival overgrowth. Non-surgical treatment of DIGO is a far less invasive technique than surgical approaches and has demonstrated an impressively positive treatment response. It should therefore be considered as a first treatment option for DIGO.

Epidemiological analysis of nifedipine and phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in users of the Primary Health Care System / Análise epidemiológica do aumento gengival induzido por nifedipina e fenitoína em usuários da Atenção Primária à Saúde

Purposes: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) in Brazilian users of nifedipine and/or phenytoin and to determine the presence of predisposing/modifying factors. Methods: Demographic, pharmacological, and periodontal data were obtained from 100 users of the Brazilian Primary Health Care System in Diamantina, Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, who were taking nifedipine and/or phenytoin. Clinical evaluations including gingival overgrowth analysis were carried out by a single calibrated examiner. Bivariate analysis (Chi-square test or Student's t-test) were used to identify demographic, periodontal and drug-related significant factors associated with gingival overgrowth severity. Multivariate analysis (Poisson regression) was used to assess confounding factors. Results: The prevalence of DIGO was high (86%), but its severity was predominately mild. The prevalence of DIGO was significantly higher in phenytoin users than in nifedipine users (p=0.01). There was no association between DIGO and demographic, pharmacological or periodontal variables. Conclusion: The high occurrence of DIGO among users of nifedipine and phenytoin emphasizes the importance of the dentist as part of the public health team to provide the prevention, early diagnostic, and control of this alteration.

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos aumentos gengivais medicamentosos em usuários brasileiros de nifedipina e fenitoína e determinar a presença de fatores preditores/modificadores. Metodologia: Dados demográficos, farmacológicos e periodontais foram obtidos de 100 pacientes usuários da Atenção Primária no Vale do Jequitinhonha que usavam nifedipinae/ou fenitoína. Avaliações clínicas, incluindo a análise do aumento gengival, foram feitas por um avaliador calibrado. Análises bivariadas (teste do qui-quadrado ou teste t de Student) foram usadas para identificar fatores demográficos, periodontais e medicamentosos que apresentassem associação com a severidade do aumento gengival. Foi utilizada análise multivariada (regressão de Poisson) para estimar a razão de prevalência e intervalo de 95% de confiança para identificar os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento do AG. Resultados: A prevalência do aumento gengival foi elevada (86%), mas a gravidade mais comumente observada foi a leve. A prevalência foi maior em usuários de fenitoína do que de nifedipina (P=0.01). Não houve associação entre aumento gengival e as variáveis demográficas, farmacológicas e periodontais. Conclusão: A alta prevalência do aumento gengival medicamentoso entre os usuários de nifedipina e fenitoína enfatiza a importância do cirurgião dentista no diagnóstico, prevenção e controle dessa alteração.

O impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de usuários do sistema único de saúde que fazem uso contínuo de nifedipina e fenitoína em Diamantina, Minas Gerais / The impact of oral health in the quality of life in the Unique System of Health users with continuous nifedipine and phenytoin at Diamantina, Minas Gerais

O uso continuado de alguns medicamentos, como anifedipina e fenitoína, pode acarretar o desenvolvimento de um aumento de volume gengival descrito como aumento gengival medicamentoso. Este estudo teve por objetivo a avaliação do impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que faziam uso continuado destes medicamentos em Diamantina (MG) levando em consideração a presença/ausência de dentes e a presença do aumento gengival medicamentoso. Foram aplicados 152 questionários em indivíduos edêntulos e não-edêntulos abrangendo aspectos gerais, condição médica e odontológica e informações relacionadas ao uso de medicamentos. Avaliações clínicas, incluindo a análise do aumento gengival, foram feitas por um avaliador calibrado pelo teste-reteste. O impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida foi avaliado através do OHIP-14, apresentando um valor médio de impacto de 4,49 pontos. Os resultados desta análise demonstraram que 43% dos indivíduos avaliados tinham aumento gengival. Houve correlação significativa entre o OHIP, a idade e profissão dos indivíduos avaliados, bem como com a presença de dentes e com o aumento gengival (p< 0,05). O aumento gengival apresentou correlação com 8 dos 14 itens do OHIP, demonstrando afetar 5 das 7 dimensões avaliadas. A alta ocorrência do aumento gengival entre usuários de nifedipinae fenitoína e o impacto desta alteração na qualidade devida enfatizam a importância do desenvolvimento de estratégias para avaliação e controle da saúde bucal desses pacientes.

The continuous use of some drugs such as nefidipine and phenytoin could develop a gingival enlargement calleddrug-induced gingival overgrowth. This study aimed to evaluate the oral health impact in the quality of life of the Unique Health System users who were under treatment with these drugs considering the presence/absence of teeth and gingiva lovergrowth. 152 questionnaires were applied to dentate and non dentate subjects enclosing general aspects, medical and dental condition and information related to the medicine use. Clinical evaluations, including the analysis of the gingival overgrowth was made by an appraiser calibrated for theretest-test. The impact of the oral health in the quality of life was evaluated through the OHIP-14, presenting an averagevalue of impact of 4.49 points. The results of this analysis showed that 43% of examined subjects had gingival overgrowth. It was also demonstrated a significant association between OHIP and age, and OHIP and profession of the evaluated subjects, as well as with the tooth presence and the gingival overgrowth (p< 0.05). The gingival overgrowth showed correlation with 8 of the 14 item of the OHIP, demonstrating to affect 5 of the 7 evaluated dimensions. The higher occurrence of the gingival overgrowth among users of nifedipine and phenytoin and the impact of this alteration in the quality of life emphasize the importance of the development of strategies for evaluation and controlof the oral health of these patients.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da nifedipina na inibição do trabalho de parto prematuro / Hemodynamics effects of nifedipine as a tocolytic agent in preterm labour

Realizou-se revisão da literatura a respeito do uso da nifedipina no trabalho de parto prematuro, descrevendo-se os principais aspectos farmacológicos, eficiência como agente de tocólise, bem como os potenciais efeitos adversos maternos e fetais, com ênfase na hemodinâmica útero-placentária. De acordo com as evidências atuais, a nifedipina é a medicação de escolha para tocólise, apresentando boa eficácia na inibição das contrações uterinas, custo mais baixo quando comparada aos demais fármacos e melhor tolerância materna por ter menos efeitos colaterais, sobretudo em relação aos betamiméticos. Os efeitos colaterais maternos mais freqüentes com o uso da medicação são a cefaléia, a fadiga e o rubor cutâneo. Os efeitos adversos fetais são pouco conhecidos. Pesquisas futuras são necessárias objetivando encontrar um regime posológico padrão que apresente boa eficácia tocolítica e nenhum ou mínimos efeitos adversos para o binômia materno-fetal.

A literature review on nifedipine in preterm labour was performed describing its pharmacological aspects, efficiency as tocolytic agent and its potential maternal-fetal side effects, emphasizing utero-placental hemodynamics. Recent evidence supports the use of nifedipine as medication of choice for tocolysis, presenting a satisfactory action to inhibit uterine contraction, lower proce when compared to other tocolytics agents and better maternal tolerance. The most frequent side effects with nifedipine for tocolysis are cutaneous flush, headache and fatigue. Fetal side effects are less known. Future research is necessary to find an ideal nifedipine posologic scheme which presents a satisfactory tocolysis performance and none or minimal maternal-fetal side effects.

Crecimiento gingival por el uso de ciclosporina A y nifedipino en un paciente con transplante renal / Gingival growth due to the use of cyclosporin A and nifedipine in a patient with renal transplant

Se presenta un paciente del sexo masculino, de 43 años de edad, con un transplante renal que inició tratamiento inmunosupresor con ciclosporina. Al interrogatorio expresa aumento de tamaño de las encías que fue empeorando progresivamente hasta impedirle cerrar la boca, le causaba molestias para comer alimentos sólidos. En el examen físico se observó engrosamiento gingival en sentido antero posterior, papilas interdentales con superficie irregular, lobulada, que cubrían las coronas clínicas de los dientes presentes. La proliferación llegó a tomar toda la encía, sin manifestación alguna en las zonas desdentadas. Es frecuente la relación entre el crecimiento gingival y el consumo de ciclosporina. Al no encontrar en la literatura médica cubana ningún reporte de caso aun cuando este medicamento es muy usado en los servicios de nefrología, motivó la presentación de este caso.

A 43-year-old male patient with a renal transplant that received immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporin was presented. On interviewing him, he referred enlargement of the gingival size that progressively worsened until impeding him to close the mouth. It was difficult for him to eat solid food. On the physical examination, gingival thickening in anteroposterior sense, and interdental papillae with irregular and lobulated surface that covered the clinical crowns of the present teeth were observed. The proliferation reached all the gingiva with no manifestation in the edentulous zones. The relation between gingival growth and the consumption of cyclosporin is common. The fact that no case report was found in Cuban medical literature, even though this drug is used a lot in the nephrology services, motivated us to publish this paper.

Efficacy of nitroglycerine infusion versus sublingual nifedipine in severe pre-eclampsia: a randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial.

1. Information regarding the use of continuous i.v. administration of nitroglycerine as an antihypertensive agent in the management of pre-eclampsia is scarce. In the present study, i.v. nitroglycerine or sublingual nifedipine were administered to 32 women with severe pre-eclampsia who were being managed with controlled plasma volume expansion and MgSO(4) loading and maintenance doses. Maternal blood pressure and heart rate responses, fetal heart rate responses and perinatal fetal-maternal adverse effects were evaluated using classical parametric and non-parametric data analysis and data modelling by mixed models. 2. An important hypotensive response was observed in both groups, although this reponse was greater, faster and exhibited less variability (more precision) in the nitroglycerine-treated group. Heart rate also increased in both the nitroglycerine- and nifedipine-treated groups (4.6 +/- 4.4 vs 8.6 +/- 5.3 b.p.m., respectively), although the increase in the nifedipine-treated group was almost twofold that in the nitroglycerine-treated group. There were no significant changes in fetal heart rate in response to vasodilator therapy. The frequency of perinatal fetal-maternal adverse effects was similar in both groups at 40% and the adverse effects observed included flushing, headache, palpitations and nausea. 3. In conclusion, i.v. infusion of nitroglycerine is an effective, safe and alternative therapy for severe pre-eclampsia.

Avaliação manométrica anal pré e pós tratamento da fissura anal crônica com nifedipina tópica 0,2 por cento / The role of nifedipine 0,2 percent in cronic anal fissure-manometric study pre and post treatment

No tratamento da fissura anal, novas drogas têm sido utilizadas, dentre elas os bloqueadores de canais de cálcio. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi à avaliação manométrica de pacientes com fissura anal crônica após tratamento com nifedipina tópica 0,2 por cento, correlacionando com a cicatrização e a dor. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo realizado em pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Coloproctologia do Hospital Universitário de Taubaté. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame manométrico antes e após 30 dias da utilização de nifedipina tópica gel 0,2 por cento três vezes ao dia no ânus e margem anal. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney considerando significante, se p<0,05. Os dez pacientes não demonstraram nenhuma alteração manométrica provocada pelo tratamento com nifedipina, mas 50 por cento deles relataram melhora dos sintomas e 40 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram cicatrização da fissura, mostrando que a nifedipina foi efetiva no tratamento da fissura anal e segura do ponto de vista funcional, por não causar lesões esfincterianas. A avaliação manométrica demonstrou não haver alterações nas pressões anais demonstrando, entretanto, melhora da dor em 50 por cento e cicatrização em 40 por cento dos pacientes.

In the treatment of the anal fissure, calcium channel blockers are among the new drugs which have been used. The objective of this research was the manometric evaluation of patients with chronic anal fissure after topic treatment with 0.2 percent nifedipine and correlation with the healing and pain. This is a prospective study of patients from Coloproctology Clinic of the University of Taubaté Hospital. The patients had been submitted to a manometric examination before and after 30 days of the use of topic 0.2 percent nifedipine gel three times a day in the anus and anal edge. For the statistics analysis Mann-Whitney test was applied to a significance of p= 0,05. Ten patients did not exihibit manometric alteration associated with nifedipina treatment, however 50 percent of them reported improvement of the symptoms and 40 percent depicted healing of the fissure. The results demonstrated that nifedipine was effective and safe for anal fissure treatment and considering the functional point of view it did not cause injuries as well. The manometric evaluation did not demonstrate alterations in the anal pressure; however, it was observed that 50 percent of the patients had improvement in pain and 40 percent in healing.

[Cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia: report of one case]. / Hiperplasia gingival por ciclosporina: a propósito de un caso.

Gingival enlargement can be an adverse effect of cyclosporine A and nifedipine use. It has a high relapse rate if the drugs are not discontinued. There is a genetic predisposition to the development of this condition and dental biofilm can also play a role. We report a 64 years old male who received a renal allograft and was treated with cyclosporine and nifedipine. He required six surgical interventions for generalized gingival enlargement. After the sixth relapse, the patient was subjected to a periodontal treatment to eliminate the dental biofilm, which decreased the rate of recurrence of gingival enlargement.

A double-blind, controlled, multicenter, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effectiveness and tolerance of a daily dose of two nifedipine formulations: nifedipine microgranules versus nifedipine osmotic pump.

INTRODUCTION: Controlled clinical studies have clearly established the advantages of blood pressure (BP) reduction. However, optimal control of BP in the population is still not adequate. Monotherapy is ineffective in the majority of hypertensive patients, and multidrug therapy increases costs. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess to what extent and how uniformly BP can be controlled with two different 24-hour drug-releasing formulations of nifedipine, used as monotherapy. METHODS: One hundred ninety-two patients of both genders, aged 18 to 65 years, with mild to moderate (Stage 1 and 2) essential hypertension with systolic BP <200 mm Hg and diastolic BP between 90 and 115 mm Hg were randomized in a double-blind, double-dummy fashion to receive sustained-release formulations of 30 mg nifedipine/day either as microgranules (NMG) or via osmotic pump (NOP) for 8 weeks. Office BP was measured at baseline (after 2 weeks of placebo) and after the third to fourth week of treatment. If at the third to fourth week the systolic BP/diastolic BP did not reach values of <140/<90 mm Hg, the dose was doubled to 60 mg/day. Monotherapy that did not yield these BP values at 8 weeks was considered a failure. Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (AMBP) was also performed after the placebo period and at the end of treatment. Smoothness index (SI) and trough/peak ratio (T/P) were calculated and their correlation was checked. RESULTS: The initial systolic/diastolic BP values were similar at baseline and decreased significantly after the third to fourth week of treatment, with no difference between the groups. The proportions of patients reaching the goal BP (<140/<90 mm Hg) were similar in the two groups: NMG, 71%, and NOP, 78% (P = 0.12). There were no changes in the heart rate in either group. There was no difference between groups in the reduction in mean arterial pressure measured by AMBP. The frequency of SI values >1.4 and T/P ratios of >0.5 was similar in both groups. An important correlation was found between the SI and T/P values. The incidence of adverse effects was low and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Target BP was reached in more than 70% of patients receiving monotherapy with either formulation. Both formulations were tolerated well.