A Survey of Midwives' Attitudes Toward Men in Midwifery.

INTRODUCTION: The midwifery profession in the United States demonstrates a significant lack of diversity. The critical need to address the lack of racial and ethnic diversity in the midwifery workforce is well recognized; little attention, however, has been given to gender diversity. This study focused on gender diversity within midwifery, specifically with regard to men who are midwives. Nearly 99% of midwives in the United States are women. No research has previously explored the attitudes of the predominantly female midwifery workforce toward its male members. METHODS: An invitation to an internet survey was sent to the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) membership. Quantitative and open-ended questions assessed attitudes toward and experiences with male midwives, whether members thought men belong in the profession, whether gender impacts quality of care, if ACNM should facilitate gender diversification, and whether exposure to male midwives impacts attitudes toward gender diversification. Data analysis of qualitative responses used a qualitative description methodology to identify common themes. RESULTS: Six thousand, nine hundred sixty-five surveys were distributed, and 864 participants completed the survey. Respondents reported beliefs that men belong in midwifery (71.4%), that gender does not affect quality of care (74%), and that ACNM should support gender diversity (72%). Respondents' perspectives revealed 3 dichotomous themes pertaining to the core nature of midwifery and how men fit within the profession: 1) inclusion versus exclusion, 2) empowerment versus protection, and 3) sharing with versus taking from. Often, the same respondent expressed both aspects of the dichotomy simultaneously. DISCUSSION: This study contributes new information about midwives' attitudes and beliefs toward gender diversity in midwifery in the United States. The values of professionalism, tradition, feminism, protection, and diversification inform participant responses. Findings support efforts toward gender diversification and have implications for implementation in education and practice.

Stressors and rewards experienced by men in nursing: A qualitative study.

This study explored men's experiences in nursing. A qualitative research design was utilized to examine (a) the stressors experienced by male nurses, (b) the strategies male nurses use to cope with these stressors, (c) the factors that motivate men to pursue a career in nursing and (d) what motivates men to remain in the profession. Six participants were conveniently and purposively selected from a range of nursing positions including cardiac, intensive care unit, theater, and general nursing to participate in semi-structured interviews detailing their experiences. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed that male nurses still experience gender role conflict, feelings of exclusion, and numerous other stressors working in a female-dominated occupation. Despite these challenges, participants reported that they experienced a great sense of satisfaction in their nursing careers. Further development of educational programs aimed at challenging and breaking down the perceived social stigma regarding men entering the profession may assist in recruiting more men into nursing roles. At a broader policy level, the development of more effective strategies to prevent and manage stress may assist health care agencies to deliver more gender diverse care and retain more men in the profession.

Male nurse: A concept analysis.

Use of the term male nurse is common in nursing wherever the practice setting may be, but no formal analysis has been done to illuminate the meaning of the concept. The term male nurse is often problematic to those referred to, as the label carries stereotypes that further marginalize this extreme minority in the nursing profession. The Nurse Registration Act of 1919 (UK) banned men from nursing de jure, whilst Nightingale's reform of nursing education established the same de facto years before. This potent mix of tradition and law served as the basis for sex-segregation and feminization of nursing. Fast forward to today-in the centennial of the Nurse Registration Act-women still dominate nursing, and attempts to recruit and retain men into the profession remains to be a very challenging task. Walker and Avant's methodology was utilized in this concept analysis. Seven defining attributes of the male nurse were identified: perceived as a male, credentialed as a nurse, increased visibility, nonconformist as to career choice, cautious caregivers, stereotyped/stigmatized, and increased role strain. Antecedents, consequences, and illustrative cases were also discussed. Gender-based labels such as male nurse are injurious to nursing, as it preserves sex-segregation as well as stereotypes that affect both men and women in the profession. This concept analysis corroborates the need to degender nursing and caring, which is a recurrent theme in nursing literature. Ultimately, degendering nursing should translate to measures to increase the proportion of men in the nursing workforce. A gender-balanced workforce, coupled with degendered notions of caring will strengthen the nursing profession and optimize our ability to serve our clientele.

Exploring attitudes of acceptance of males in nursing among registered nurses.

AIMS: To explore attitudes of acceptance of male nurses and examine correlations between female nurses' levels of acceptance and certain demographic variables. BACKGROUND: Collaboration and teamwork are essential skills for the nursing profession and for successful health care environments. Attitudes of acceptance between male and female nurses can impact the ability to sustain these skills and influence nursing satisfaction. METHODS: Female (n = 251) and male (n = 60) nurses from three medical centres in or near a large, Midwestern city participated. Data were collected via an anonymous online survey using the Sexist Attitude Inventory. RESULTS: Male nurses' attitudes of acceptance of male nurses were greater than female nurses' attitudes of acceptance. A small, positive correlation was found between the female nurse's level of education and her acceptance of male nurses. Male and female nurses' responses were also significantly different on 35% of the inventory items-providing areas of focus for relationship improvement. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The significant difference between male and female nurses' acceptance of male nurses necessitates further investigation. Addressing male/female perspective differences on professional work issues may improve both groups' work experience, job satisfaction, and acceptance of all nursing colleagues, regardless of gender.

Professional male caregiving: A concept analysis.

The number of men in professional caregiving roles has increased. While still a small percentage, the numbers of men in these roles continues to expand. Too often, the methods that professional male caregivers use to provide care differ from their female counterparts. There has not been much research conducted to understand how males in the professional role differ from their female counterparts in terms of caregiving characteristics.

Diversity and education of the nursing workforce 2006-2016.

BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, The Future of Nursing, included recommendations to increase nurse diversity, the percent of nurses obtaining a bachelor's degree, and inter-professional education. PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to report the progress toward achievement of these recommendations. METHODS: We used a longitudinal, multi-state data from four cohorts of nurses newly licensed in 2004 to 2005, 2007 to 2008, 2010 to 2011, and 2014 to 2015 to examine and compare the trends. FINDING: The percentage of males who became licensed increased, from 8.8% in 2004 to 2005 cohort to 13.6% in the 2014 to 2015 cohort. The percentage of white-non-Hispanic nurses who were licensed decreased from 78.9% in 2007 to 2008 to 73.8% in 2014 to 2015. These differences primarily reflect an increase in white-Hispanic nurses. More nurses are obtaining a bachelor's degree as their first professional degree, from 36.6% in 2004 to 2005 cohort to 48.5% in 2014 to 2015 cohort. About 40% of the 2014 to 2015 cohort reported that they learned to work in inter-professional teams. Collegial nurse-physician relations had an upward positive trajectory over time increasing almost 7%. DISCUSSION: The diversity and education of new nurses have increased, but are short of meeting the IOM recommendations.

A inserção masculina na Enfermagem: o que se escreve sobre esta questão? / La inserción masculina en la Enfermería: ¿qué se ha escrito sobre esta cuestión? / Male insertion in nursing: what is writing on this question?

Estudo cujos objetivos foram identificar e analisar produções científicas sobre a inserção masculina no exercício da Enfermagem. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa com amostra de 47 artigos publicados em bancos de dados nacionais e internacionais. O método utilizado foi uma estratégia de busca onde articulou-se as palavras-chaves com os boleanos AND e OR em diferentes combinações para encontrar o maior número de produções. Os resultados permitiram construir quatro categorias: o exercício da enfermagem por homens se deu no contexto religioso e pela sua força física; a feminilização da enfermagem se deu pela modernização por Florence Nightingale; o homem na Enfermagem alcança mais facilmente cargos de poder e prestigio por sua masculinidade e os enfermeiros exercem a profissão também por realização pessoal embora sofram preconceito. Concluiu-se que a Enfermagem continua sendo majoritariamente feminina, mas com a presença masculina aumentando gradativamente. Os homens, ao se inserirem na enfermagem, desenvolvem estratégias para superar as dificuldades de ser homem e tornar-se enfermeiro (AU)

Estudios cuyos objetivos han sido identificar y analizar producciones científicas sobre la inserción masculina en el ejercicio de la enfermería. Se trata de una revisión integrativa con amuestra de 47 artículos publicados en bancos de datos nacionales e internacionales. El método utilizado fue una estrategia de búsqueda donde se articuló las palabras claves con los booleanos AND y OR en distintas combinaciones para encontrar el mayor número de producciones. Los resultados permitieron construir cuatros categorías: el ejercicio de la enfermería por hombres se inició en el contexto religioso y por su fuerza física, la feminización de la enfermería empezó por la modernización con Florence Nightingale: el hombre en la enfermería alcanza con más facilidad cargos de poder y prestigio por su masculinidad y los enfermeros también ejercen la profesión por realización personal aunque sufran prejuicios. Se concluye que la enfermería sigue siendo mayormente femenina, pero la presencia masculina ha aumentado gradualmente. Los hombres, al integrarse en la enfermería, desarrollan estrategia para superar las dificultades de ser hombre y hacerse enfermero (AU)

Study whose objectives were to identify and analyze scientific production about the male insertion in the practice of nursing. This was an integrative review with sample of 47 articles published in national and international databases. The method used was a search strategy where an articulated the keywords with the words AND and OR in different combinations to find as many productions. The results showed four categories: the practice of nursing by men occurred in there ligious context and its physical strength; the feminization of nursing occurred by modernization with Florence Nightingale; it is easier to man in nursing to achieve power positions because of their masculinity and they also exercising the profession for personal fulfillment though they suffer preconception. It was concluded that nursing is still predominantly female but with the male presence gradually increasing. It was observed that for men to integrate into the nursing they develop strategies to overcome the difficulties of being a man and become nurse (AU)

Valores: utopía o necesidad para enfermeros / Values: utopia or necessity for nurses

La globalización es un fenómeno reciente, que avalado por adelantos científicos técnicos interrelaciona todos los países del mundo, esta interacción en esferas: económicas, políticas, socioculturales ha creado una cultura global que en muchos casos ha resquebrajado el sistema de valores de cada país. Nuestro sistema de valores respaldado y formado por años de historia y lucha, ha creado un pueblo identificado por sus ansias de solidaridad e internacionalismo manifiesto, a pesar de todo, la crisis económica mundial ha incidido directamente en la formación de valores en los profesionales de la salud de nuestro país sobre todo el personal de enfermería y específicamente los enfermeros de cuidados progresivos. Se diseñó un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo en el Hospital Pediátrico General Docente Eliseo N. Caamaño, con el objetivo de cualificar y reforzar el conjunto de valores específicos que se consideran ideales para un enfermero de nuestros tiempos. El universo de estudio se constituyó por la totalidad de los enfermeros físicos(112), se definió una muestra de estudio de forma aleatoria conformada por 60 enfermeros, y una pequeña representación comparativa de familiares acompañantes.(30) Creamos un panel de apoyo compuesto por varios especialistas que tipificaron de forma práctica los valores morales específicos ideales para nuestros enfermeros, de esta manera conformamos un cuestionario con las variables objetos de estudio que se aplicó en dos tiempos, antes y después de impartir un taller didáctico sobre el tema que nos ocupa, los datos obtenidos en ambos tiempos se tabularon y compararon demostrando la eficacia de nuestro proyecto para reforzar valores morales específicos y necesarios para nuestro personal de enfermería (AU).

Globalization is a recent phenomenon interrelating all the countries around the world supported by scientific and technical advances. This interrelation in the economic, political and socio-cultural spheres has created a global culture that has crashed the values´ system of every country. Cuba is not out of the reach of these globalization´s negative effects. Our values´ system, formed in years of history and struggles, has created a sui generis people identified by its freedom eagerness, solidarity and internationalism. The world economic crisis has directly struck on the health professionals´ values formation in our country, especially in the case of the Nursing staff and mostly in progressive care nurses. This motivated the design of a prospective, longitudinal study in the Teaching Pediatric Hospital ¨Eliseo N. Caamaño¨ to qualify and strengthen the whole of specific values considered ideal for a nurse. The study universe were the totality of the hospital´s nurses, and the sample was randomly formed by 60 nurses and a little comparative representation of the family companions. It was created a panel of specialists who typified the ideal moral values specific for nurses. That way a questionnaire was elaborated with the variables that were object of study, to be applied before and after carrying out a didactic workshop on the theme. The obtained data were tabulated and compared, showing the efficacy of the project to reinforce moral values that are necessary and specific in the nursing staff (AU).

Valores: utopía o necesidad para enfermeros / Values: utopia or necessity for nurses

La globalización es un fenómeno reciente, que avalado por adelantos científicos técnicos interrelaciona todos los países del mundo, esta interacción en esferas: económicas, políticas, socioculturales ha creado una cultura global que en muchos casos ha resquebrajado el sistema de valores de cada país. Nuestro sistema de valores respaldado y formado por años de historia y lucha, ha creado un pueblo identificado por sus ansias de solidaridad e internacionalismo manifiesto, a pesar de todo, la crisis económica mundial ha incidido directamente en la formación de valores en los profesionales de la salud de nuestro país sobre todo el personal de enfermería y específicamente los enfermeros de cuidados progresivos. Se diseñó un estudio longitudinal y prospectivo en el Hospital Pediátrico General Docente Eliseo N. Caamaño, con el objetivo de cualificar y reforzar el conjunto de valores específicos que se consideran ideales para un enfermero de nuestros tiempos. El universo de estudio se constituyó por la totalidad de los enfermeros físicos(112), se definió una muestra de estudio de forma aleatoria conformada por 60 enfermeros, y una pequeña representación comparativa de familiares acompañantes.(30) Creamos un panel de apoyo compuesto por varios especialistas que tipificaron de forma práctica los valores morales específicos ideales para nuestros enfermeros, de esta manera conformamos un cuestionario con las variables objetos de estudio que se aplicó en dos tiempos, antes y después de impartir un taller didáctico sobre el tema que nos ocupa, los datos obtenidos en ambos tiempos se tabularon y compararon demostrando la eficacia de nuestro proyecto para reforzar valores morales específicos y necesarios para nuestro personal de enfermería (AU).

Globalization is a recent phenomenon interrelating all the countries around the world supported by scientific and technical advances. This interrelation in the economic, political and socio-cultural spheres has created a global culture that has crashed the values´ system of every country. Cuba is not out of the reach of these globalization´s negative effects. Our values´ system, formed in years of history and struggles, has created a sui generis people identified by its freedom eagerness, solidarity and internationalism. The world economic crisis has directly struck on the health professionals´ values formation in our country, especially in the case of the Nursing staff and mostly in progressive care nurses. This motivated the design of a prospective, longitudinal study in the Teaching Pediatric Hospital ¨Eliseo N. Caamaño¨ to qualify and strengthen the whole of specific values considered ideal for a nurse. The study universe were the totality of the hospital´s nurses, and the sample was randomly formed by 60 nurses and a little comparative representation of the family companions. It was created a panel of specialists who typified the ideal moral values specific for nurses. That way a questionnaire was elaborated with the variables that were object of study, to be applied before and after carrying out a didactic workshop on the theme. The obtained data were tabulated and compared, showing the efficacy of the project to reinforce moral values that are necessary and specific in the nursing staff (AU).

De la enfermera general a la enfermera geriátrica / From the general nurse to the geriatric nurse

Introducción: la definición enfermera está estrechamente ligada a su función y en consecuencia la definición de enfermería. Es un profesional que se dedica al cuidado de la salud de los seres humanos. La historia de la enfermería profesional comenzó con Nightingale, sus postulados sobre la formación de las enfermeras en la instrucción de principios científicos y experiencias prácticas para el desarrollo de habilidades sirvieron de modelo universal para las primeras escuelas de enfermería, lo que devino en la formación de enfermeras en las diferentes especialidades, como la atención al paciente geriátrico. Este temprano acierto en la formación de recursos de enfermería se refleja en las diferentes definiciones de enfermera que se aprecian en las diversas teorías aplicadas a enfermería. Objetivo: indagar sobre la evolución de la definición de enfermera, teniendo en cuenta su indispensable valor en la atención al paciente anciano. Métodos: se realizó análisis de contenido de documentos, que incluyó distintos libros de texto, artículos originales y de revisión publicados de 1993 al 2015 con las siguientes palabras clave, enfermera, geriatría, enfermería en SciELO, Dialnet y elsevier, se identificaron y revisaron 20 artículos de los que fueron útiles 11, así como monografías de varias revistas que permitió el análisis histórico lógico de la evolución de la categoría. Conclusiones: la indagación sobre la evolución de la definición de enfermera geriátrica permitió definir operacionalmente esta categoría, a partir de las particularidades de la enfermera geriátrica y el reto que enfrenta la demanda de servicios de geriatría y de enfermería en correspondencia con la satisfacción de necesidades al paciente geriátrico(AU)

Introduction: The definition of nurse is closely related to the professional's function and, in consequence, the definition of nursing, too. That person is a professional dedicated to caring for the health of human beings. The history of professional nursing started with Nightingale: her postulates about the training of nurses in the instruction of scientific principles and practical experiences for the development of skills served as a universal model for the first nursing schools, which later became the training of nurses in the different specialties, such as the care for the geriatric patient. This positive aspect at the beginning in the training of nursing resources is reflected in the deferent definitions of nursing perceived in the different theories applied to nursing. Objective: Inquire into the evolution of the definition of nurse, considering the indispensable value in the care for the elderly patient. Methods: Documental contents analysis was carried out, which included different text books, original and review articles published from 1993 and 2015 with the following key words: nurse, geriatrics, nursing, in SciELO, Dialnet and Elsevier. We identified and reviewed 20 articles, out of which 11 were useful, as well as monographs from several journals, which permitted the logical-historical analysis of the category's evolution. Conclusions: Inquiries into the evolution of the definition of geriatric nurse permitted to operationally define this category, from the particularities of the geriatric nurse and the challenge before the geriatric and nursing services demand in correspondence with the meeting of the geriatric patient's needs(AU)

The first men in leadership positions in the american association of nurse anesthetists.

PURPOSE: This exploratory study focuses on the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. It sheds light on the process by which men gain access to leadership positions in a female-dominated setting. It also expands the narrative of the professional association's history. CONCLUSIONS: As soon as men became eligible for membership in 1947, they gained access to leadership positions in disproportionate numbers and at a faster pace than women at the national level and in a number of states. The specific pattern of findings is consistent with volitional relational practices, suggesting that women facilitated the integration and empowerment of male colleagues who constituted a small minority in the association. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The paper discusses the need to understand and manage the interactions between relational practices that are gendered female and views of leadership as male-gendered.

Fighting the trauma demons: what men in nursing want you to know.

PROBLEM: Occupations develop a tradition of what is sex-role appropriate, and the ramifications for both men and women are tremendous. METHODS: This qualitative research was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the lived experiences of men in nursing through their own voice. FINDINGS: To increase equity in the medical professions, researchers should examine nontraditional male career choices alongside women who work in male-dominated occupations.

A intenção de abandonar a profissão entre enfermeiros de grandes hospitais públicos no Rio de Janeiro / The intention to leave the profession among nurses in large public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro

Na última década a escassez e a alta rotatividade de enfermeiros têm sido reconhecidas como um problema mundial, sendo pesquisadas de forma mais intensa na Europa. Esses fenômenos são frequentemente investigados através da variável intenção de abandonar a profissão, definida como a antecipação de desocupar o emprego em um futuro previsível. A presente dissertação teve o objetivo de analisar a intenção de abandonar a profissão em enfermeiros de grandes hospitais públicos segundo as características sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde mais comumente associadas à intenção de sair, de acordo com a literatura. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se o banco de dados do estudo intitulado Trabalho noturno e sua associação com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares entre enfermeiros – O Estudo da Saúde dos Enfermeiros. Trata-se de pesquisa de desenho seccional realizada nos dezoito maiores hospitais públicos do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram deste estudo 3229 enfermeiros que atuavam diretamente na assistência entre abril de 2010 e dezembro de 2011, através de um questionário multidimensional, auto-preenchível. O desfecho - intenção de abandonar a profissão – foi definido como o pensamento de deixar a enfermagem com frequência igual ou maior que algumas vezes por mês. (...) Além disso, as chances de referir à intenção de abandonar a profissão foram maiores nos que referiam trabalho ativo, com pouco apoio do supervisor, do sexo masculino, os mais jovens, aqueles que não trabalhavam na saúde antes de serem enfermeiros e não tinham cargo de chefia. Destaca-se que a intenção de abandonar a enfermagem é um indicador que antecipa a ação real de saída. Por isso, deve ser avaliada continuamente e merece ser estudada para subsidiar a elaboração de ações voltadas para a redução da saída precoce da profissão, particularmente em relação aos fatores psicossociais e à saúde dos trabalhadores.

In the last decade the shortage and high turnover of nurses have been recognized as a global problem being researched more intensively in Europe. These phenomena are often investigated by variable intention to leave the profession, defined as the anticipation of vacating the job in the foreseeable future. This work aimed to analyze the intention to leave the profession of nursing major public hospitals according to sociodemographic, occupational and health characteristics most commonly associated with intention to leave, according to the literature. For data analysis we used the database of the study entitled Night work and its association with risk factors for cardiovascular disease among nurses - The Nurses Health Study." It is sectional survey design in the eighteenth largest public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. The study included 3229 nurses working directly with care between April 2010 and December 2011, through a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire. The outcome - intention to leave the profession - was defined as the thought of leaving nursing often equal to or greater than a few times a month. (...) Moreover, the chances refer to intention to leave the profession who reported were higher in active work, with little support from the supervisor, male, younger, those who have not worked in health nurses before and had no position of leadership. It is noteworthy that the intention to leave nursing is an indicator that anticipates the actual output action. So it must be continually evaluated and deserves to be studied to support the development of actions aimed at reducing early exit from the profession, particularly in relation to psychosocial factors and health workers.

O modelo neoliberal e suas repercussões para a saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem / The neoliberal model and its repercussions for health of the nursing worker

O objeto deste estudo são as repercussões do modelo neoliberal na saúde dos trabalhadores de enfermagem que atuam no contexto hospitalar. Os objetivos foram: (I) identificar as características do modelo produtivo neoliberal no trabalho hospitalar e de enfermagem; (II) analisar as implicações do neoliberalismo no processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores de enfermagem; e (III) propor recomendações à organização do trabalho para minimização dos efeitos do modelo neoliberal na saúde desses trabalhadores. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, foi desenvolvida em um hospital universitário localizado no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sujeitos são trabalhadores de enfermagem, dos quais 14 são enfermeiros e 20, técnicos de enfermagem. O instrumento de coleta de dados caracteriza-se na entrevista semiestruturada. O projeto foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética da instituição na qual se desenvolveu o estudo, sob número de protocolo 365.716, conforme resolução 466/12. A técnica utilizada para o tratamento dos dados coletados é a Análise Temática de Conteúdo, que fez emergir quatro categorias. I) As configurações da organização e processo de trabalho hospitalar no contexto neoliberal, em que se discutem as características dessa organização laboral e do processo de trabalho da enfermagem diante do impacto do modelo neoliberal na forma de gestão. Elabora-se também uma análise dos efeitos desse modelo tanto na previsão e provisão de recursos, humano e material, quanto na precarização dos vínculos de trabalho e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da produtividade da enfermagem. Discute-se ainda o modo operatório dos trabalhadores de enfermagem diante das transformações do mundo do trabalho, impostas pela influência do neoliberalismo no ambiente hospitalar...

The object of this study are the effects of the neoliberal model on health of nursing workers who work in hospitals. The objectives were: (I) identifying the characteristics of the productive neoliberal model in hospital and of nursing; (II) analysing the implications of neoliberalism in the health-disease process of nursing workers; and (III) proposing recommendations to the organization of work for minimization of the effects of the neoliberal model in the health of these workers. The research, of a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory character, was developed in a university hospital located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The subjects are nursing staff, including 14 nurses and 20 nursing technicians. The instrument for data collection is characterized in semi-structured interviews. The project was approved by the ethics committee of the institution where the study was developed, under the protocol n. 365.716, in accordance with resolution 466/12. The technique used for the treatment of the collected data is the Content Analysis, which did emerge four categories. I) The settings of the organization and the hospital work process in neoliberal context in which they discuss the characteristics of work organization and process of nursing work on the impact of the neoliberal model in the form of management. Also prepares an analysis of the effects of this model, both in forecasting and provision of resources, human and material, as the precariousness of work contracts and their effects on the quality and quantity of nursing productivity. Still discuss the experimental procedure of nursing on the changing world of work imposed by the influence of neoliberalism in the hospital environment...

The campaigns for men to become midwives in the 1970s.

The oral testimony of forty men entering nursing (1950-2000) and twenty men entering midwifery (1970-2000) in Australia is littered with descriptions of gender discrimination. Men identify many of the barriers they encountered entering a female dominated profession. The Nurses' Registration Act in the States of Victoria (1958) and Tasmania (1952) explicitly stated no male could be registered as a midwife and this paper focuses on the personal accounts of three men (1974-1976) to change this legal impediment. In twenty-first century Australia the percentage of male midwives, like many countries around the world, remains very small, and depending on the state or territory of Australia is between 1 to 2.7 percent.