Essential fatty acids in farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from the Brazilian Amazon Area

The goal of this study was to determine the essential fatty acids of the total lipids of the fillet, head and orbital cavity tissue from farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fish from a Brazilian Amazon area. The tambaqui were acquired from different fish farms in the Roraima state, located at Western Brazilian Amazon. The meat, the head and the fatty tissue from orbital cavity were dissected for lipid extraction and analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography. The fatty acids were quantified in mg g-1of total lipids using C23:0 as an internal standard. The nutritional quality of the lipids was determined by using the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, and also by the ratio between hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic fatty acids. The orbital cavity tissue had the higher concentration amount of linoleic and α-linolenic acid, whereas the fillet had higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration was: 1.28, 0.97, 1.71 mg g-1of total lipids, in the filet, in head, and in orbital cavity tissue,respectively. All essential fatty acids were detected in the three parts analyzed. The nutritional quality of the total lipids from the head and from the orbital cavity tissue was similar to the fillet.(AU)

Intake, digestibility, and ingestive behavior of sheep fed with thornless Mandacaru, cactus pear genotypes Orelha de Elefante Mexicana and Miúda

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility, and ingestive behavior of sheep fed with different species of forage cacti. Fifteen sheep (17.27kg ± 1 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and five replicates. The treatments were diets on a dry matter basis composed of 430.9 g kg-1of thornless Mandacaru cactus (Cereus hildmannianus), 525.7 g kg-1of cactus pear cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta) and 492.1 g kg-1of cactus pear cv. Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera) in addition to Sabiá hay (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia) (194.7 to 233.8 g kg-1), plus concentrate feed. The intake of the dry matter,organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, total digestible nutrientsand voluntary water intake in g day-1was not differ (p > 0.05) by experimental diets. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in digestibility coefficients of the dry matter,organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrientsbetween the experimental diets. The feeding times differed (p < 0.05) between diets, with a higher value for the Opuntiadiet, while the rumination times, feeding efficiency, and rumination efficiency did not differ (p > 0.05). The cactus Cereusand Opuntiaand Nopaleahave similar nutritional value in sheep's diet.(AU)

Influence of irrigation and supplementation on performance and ingestive behavior of beef cattle on mixed grass pastures

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle with two levels of energy-protein supplementation of low-consumption on African Bermudagrass pasture, overseeded in winter with oat and ryegrass, with or without irrigation. Twenty-four castrated Angus steers (11 months old and had an initial average of 220 kg body weight (BW)) were used in experimental area of 3.6 ha. The experiment was completely randomized in a 2×2 factorial design, with three replicates. The evaluation period was 249 days (July/2019 to March/2020). The treatments were: irrigated pasture with supplementation of 1 g/kg BW or 2.7 g/kg BW and non-irrigated pasture with 1 g/kg BW of supplement or 2.7 g/kg BW. The grazing method was continuous with a variable stocking rate. Irrigation provided pastures with better chemical composition in winter and spring. Irrigation increased the daily accumulation rate in winter (84.6 vs. 45.9 kg DM/ha/day), providing a greater stocking rate (1,702 vs. 1,385 kg/ha) and, consequently, body weight gain per hectare. Supplementation of 2.7 g/kg BW provided a greater stocking rate in winter (1,652 vs. 1,435 kg/ha) and spring (3,096 vs. 2,811 kg/ha), not changing in summer. The association of irrigation and supplementation of 2.7 vs. 1.0 g/kg BW improves the intake pattern by the animal in summer without changing productivity parameters. Irrigation increases productivity and the nutritional value of pasture with higher livestock production per area in periods of water deficit. The supply of 2.7 vs. 1.0 g/kg BW provides a greater stocking rate and body weight gain per hectare.(AU)

Influence of the fungicide strobilurin on forage rye production under different harvesting systems / Influência do uso de fungicida (estrobilurina) na produção de forragem de centeio sob diferentes sistemas de corte

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of successive harvests, with or without application of foliar fungicide, on the morphometric characteristics, yield and nutritional value of rye forage harvested at the hard dough grain stage, aiming at silage production. The preventive control of foliar diseases was carried out with the fungicide OrkestraTM SC®, in a single application, at early flowering, for both harvesting systems. The first harvest was conducted at the full vegetative stage and the second, at the hard dough grain stage. The system with two harvests resulted in higher cumulative yield compared with the single-harvest system (40,680 and 9,029 kg ha-1 fresh and dry biomass with two harvests, against 8,816 and 5,375 kg ha-1 fresh and dry biomass). Fungicide application promoted a reduction in neutral detergent fiber content in both systems, with values of 753.9 against 790.6 g kg-1 for the single-harvest system and 734.4 against 773.3 g kg-1 for the two-harvest system, with and without fungicide, respectively. For lignin content, the application of the fungicide reduced values (97.2 against 110.3 g kg-1) only in the two-harvest system. Rye management with a harvest at the vegetative stage increases the cumulative dry biomass yield without negatively affecting the harvest yield at the hard dough grain stage, and without drastic changes in the nutritional value of the plant. Even under adverse conditions, fungicide application positively interferes with plant cell wall componentes.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de cortes sucessivos, com ou sem uso de fungicida foliar, sobre as características morfométricas, o rendimento e o valor nutricional da forragem de centeio colhida em estágio de grão farináceo, visando a confecção de silagem. O controle preventivo de doenças foliares foi feito com o fungicida OrkestraTM SC®, em aplicação única, em estágio inicial de florescimento, para ambos sistemas de corte. A sucessão de cortes teve o primeiro em estágio de pleno vegetativo e o segundo em estágio de grão farináceo. O sistema com dois cortes gerou maior rendimento acumulado em comparação ao sistema de corte único (40.680 e 9.029 kg ha-1 de biomassa fresca e seca com dois cortes, contra 8.816 e 5.375 kg ha-1 de biomassa fresca e seca). O uso de fungicida promoveu redução nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro em ambos os sistemas, com valores de 753,9 contra 790,6 g kg-1 para o sistema de um corte e 734,4 contra 773,3 g kg-1 para o sistema de dois cortes, com e sem fungicida respectivamente. Para teores de lignina, apenas no sistema de dois cortes o uso de fungicida promoveu redução de valores (97,2 contra 110,3 g kg-1). O manejo do centeio com um corte no estágio vegetativo eleva o rendimento de biomassa seca acumulada sem prejudicar o rendimento para colheita em grão farináceo, e tampouco promove mudanças drásticas no valor nutricional da planta. Mesmo em condições adversas, o uso de fungicida interfere positivamente nos componentes da parede celular da planta.(AU)

Pantanal's fish native meatballs has the nutritional values increased with the use of pequi in its recipe

The study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of pequi increases the nutritional value of meatballs made with piranha and pacu fillets. Piranhas were obtained from the colony of fishermen; pacu with the fish farmer and the pequis were collected in nature. Fish were filleted and triturated, and the resulting masses were used to prepare 4 types of meatballs: piranha fillet with 2.0% pequi pulp, piranha fillet without pequi pulp, pacu fillet with with 2.0% pequi pulp, and pacu fillet without pequi pulp. After preparation, acceptance, purchase intention and frequency of consumption were evaluated with untrained tasters. Chemical composition parameters evaluated were crude protein, lipids, ash, moisture, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Results of acceptability for all formulations were similar. The chemical composition of piranha meatballs presented differences (p < 0.05) for lipids and carotenoids. Pacu meatballs showed no difference (p > 0.05) for moisture, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. The addition of pequi did not alter the organoleptic characteristics, however increased the nutritional values, therefore, it can add value to the product to be marketed and be more nutritionally attractive to the consumer.(AU)

Effect of mixed organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, leaf macronutrient contents and yield of pitaya(Hylocereus undatus) under field conditionsronutrient contents and yield of pitaya(Hylocereus undatus) under field conditions / Efeito da combinação de fertilizantes orgânicos e inorgânicos no crescimento, conteúdo de macronutrientes nas folhase rendimento de pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) emcondições de campo

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the pitaya's Hylocereus undatusperformance under field conditions. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Five treatments consisting of the four different fertilizer dosages were included in this study, namely T1 (00-120-320-120); T2 (04-080-160-080); T3 (06-060-100-060); T4 (08-000-000-000) and T5 (Control: 00-000-000-000) of bovine manure (kg pit-1), urea (g pit-1), super simple (g pit-1) and potassium chloride (g pit-1), respectively. Parameters such as height, number, length, width, area, and volume of the cladodes were assessed at 20 and 320 days after planting. The number of fruits produced and mineral composition (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S) of H. undatusplants were also assessed. The results on morphometric characteristics of the cladodes, macronutrient composition and fruit yield have been recorded with higher values in treatments 3 and 4. However, according to the principal component analysis performed, treatment 3 was the one that correlated with the evaluated characteristics. The results have clearly indicatedthe importance of combination of adequate dose of mineral and organic fertilizer for better vegetative performance and yield of pitaya crop.(AU)

Este estudo tevepor objetivoavaliar o efeito defertilizantes orgânicos e inorgânicos sobre o desempenho da pitayaHylocereus undatusem condições de campo.O delineamento experimental utilizado foi Delineamento emBlocos Completamente Casualizados (DBC).Foram incluídos neste estudo cinco tratamentos constituídos por quatro diferentes dosagens de fertilizantes, nomeadamente T1 (00-120-320-120); T2 (04-080-160-080); T3 (06-060-100-060); T4 (08-000-000-000) e T5 (Controle: 00-000-000-000) de estercobovino (kg cova-1), ureia (g cova-1), super simples (g cova-1) e cloreto de potássio (g cova-1), respectivamente. Parâmetros como altura, número, comprimento, largura, área e volume dos cladódios foram avaliados aos 20 e 320 dias após oplantio.O número de frutos produzidos e a composição mineral (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, e S) das plantas H. undatusforam também avaliados. Os resultados sobre as características morfométricas dos cladódios, composição de macronutrientes e rendimento de frutos foram registados com valores mais elevados nos tratamentos 3 e 4. No entanto, de acordo com a análise dos componentes principais (PCA) realizada, o tratamento 3 foi o que mais se correlacionou com as características avaliadas. Os resultados indicaram claramente a importância da combinação de doses adequadas de fertilizante mineral e orgânico para um melhor desempenho vegetativo e rendimento da cultura da pitaya.(AU)

Rice bran as a substitute for soy protein and erythorbate in chicken nuggets / Farelo de arroz como substituto de proteína de soja e eritorbato em nuggets de frango

Rice bran is a byproduct with high biological value protein, fiber and phytic acid content. The nutritional and technological properties of rice bran have been highlighted and are attractive for food application. This research aimed at replacing soy protein (SP) and sodium erythorbate (SE) by defatted rice bran (DRB) in chicken nuggets. Three formulations were prepared: T1 with SP and SE; T2 with SP and without SE; and T3 with total SP and SE replacement by DRB. Lipid stability was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on storage days 0, 30, and 60 (-18 °C). Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were also evaluated. Color, aroma, flavor, texture acceptance, and overall impression was evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale for 60 days of storage. T3 presented lipid stability comparable to T1 in all intervals evaluated reinforcing the antioxidant potential of DRB. However, T2 showed the lowest lipid stability due to the absence of antioxidants, presenting rancid aroma and flavor not allowing for its sensorial evaluation. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were either not influenced or positively influenced by DRB addition. For all attributes, T3 and T1 presented similar acceptance sensory means, with > 72.4% acceptability index. DRB is a rice byproduct potentially suitable for its use by the meat industry.(AU)

O farelo de arroz é um subproduto que contém proteína de alto valor biológico, fibra e ácido fítico. As propriedades nutricionais e tecnológicas do farelo de arroz têm sido destacadas e se mostrado vantajosas para a aplicação em alimentos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi substituir a proteína de soja (SP) e o eritorbato de sódio (SE) por farelo de arroz desengordurado (DRB) em nuggets de frango. Três formulações foram preparadas: T1 com SP e SE; T2 com SP e sem SE; e T3 com substituição total de SP e SE por DRB. A estabilidade lipídica foi avaliada por substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico aos 0, 30 e 60 dias de armazenamento (-18 °C). Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, e a aceitação também foram analisados. Na análise sensorial, os atributos de cor, aroma, sabor, textura e impressão global foram avaliados usando-se a escala hedônica de 9 pontos após 60 dias de armazenamento. O T3 apresentou estabilidade lipídica comparável ao T1 em todos os intervalos analisados reforçando o potencial antioxidante do DRB. Entretanto, T2 apresentou menor estabilidade lipídica devido à ausência de antioxidantes, apresentando aroma e sabor de ranço que não permitiram sua avaliação sensorial. Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos não foram influenciados, ou foram positivamente influenciados pela adição de DRB. Para todos os atributos, T3 e T1 apresentaram médias sensoriais de aceitação semelhantes, com índice de aceitabilidade superior a 72,4%. O DRB é um subproduto do arroz com potencial para ser usado pela indústria da carne.(AU)

The quality of crude glycerine influences the fermentation and nutritive value of Piatã grass silage

We aimed to evaluate the effects of crude glycerine purity and levels of glycerol on the fermentative profile, microorganisms counting, and nutritional value of Piatã grass silage. The experiment was carried out in a 3×3+1 completely randomized factorial design using three different types of crude glycerine [low purity (40% of glycerol), medium purity (60% glycerol), and high purity (80% glycerol)], three doses of glycerol (20, 40, and 60 g/kg DM), and a control (no crude glycerine added) as an additional treatment, which were stored for 80 days. Statistical differences were not observed on fermentative losses of the treatments tested. The increase of glycerol doses resulted in higher levels of non-fibrous carbohydrates and lower levels of fibre components. The addition of low-purity crude glycerine increased the levels of fat and in vitro digestibility of silages. The highest levels of lactic acid and acetic acid occurred in the treatments with 60 g/kg of glycerol when using crude glycerine with a low purity. The lowest lactic acid content was observed in the control treatment and in the lowest dose of glycerol. The highest glycerol dose (60 g/kg), associated with the lowest degree of crude glycerine purity (40%) resulted in the greatest nutritional value and provided the best silage conservation.(AU)

The nutritional importance of invertebrates to female Cebus capucinus imitator in a highly seasonal tropical dry forest.

OBJECTIVES: Invertebrates are important foods for many primates and provide valuable nutrients often unavailable from plant sources. We examine the diet of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) to determine: (a) timing and types of invertebrate food consumption; (b) whether invertebrate consumption varies with availability of plant foods; and (c) how invertebrates contribute to energy and protein intake of females during different reproductive states. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyze 2 years of behavioral data from 25 adult female capuchins to determine which invertebrates are eaten. We describe annual and monthly invertebrate consumption patterns, and, employing circular statistics, analyze seasonal consumption of the four most important invertebrate groups eaten. We apply logistic regression analyses to tree density and fruit energy data to determine whether capuchin invertebrate foraging is related to fruit energy availability of their most commonly consumed fruits. We evaluate the nutritional contribution of invertebrates to energetic and protein requirements of females over time and across reproductive stages. RESULTS: Capuchins consumed invertebrates from 21 identifiable groups, but their diet was dominated by four orders: Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. All four orders were consumed in a significantly seasonal pattern, and reduced fruit energy availability was a significant predictor of increased invertebrate foraging. Capuchin females often required invertebrate energy intake to meet their overall monthly energetic needs, particularly while they were lactating, even though they appear to exceed their protein requirements every month. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that invertebrate consumption is critical for capuchin energetic needs, particularly during periods of reduced fruit availability and lactation.

Metabolomic profiling reveals that natural biodiversity surrounding a banana crop may positively influence the nutritional/sensorial profile of ripe fruits.

This study is part of an extensive project that evaluated the effects of a natural ecosystem on a healthy banana crop and the quality of its fruit. In particular, the study examined the influence of the maintenance of natural biodiversity (Atlantic forest) near a conventional banana crop on the metabolic profiling of ripe banana fruits. Results revealed differences between ripe fruits harvested from plants near the natural forest (Near-NF) and fruits harvested in areas distant from the natural forest (Distant-NF). A total of 76 metabolites were identified in ripe banana fruits. Bananas harvested from Near-NF plot showed increased levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and reduced levels of putrescine compared with fruits from Distant-NF plot. Furthermore, fatty acids profile suggests that ripe fruits harvested from Near-NF plot had increased nutritional quality compared with fruits from Distant-NF plot. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that these metabolites, which potentially influence the nutritional/sensorial quality of ripe fruits, also contributed to distinguishing fruits harvested from Near-NF and Distant-NF plots. Collectively, the results suggest that the natural biodiversity surrounding a crop area could benefit ripe banana nutritional/sensorial quality. The maintenance of natural forest fragments thus appears to be a promising tool for increasing the quality of fruit crops.

Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield, forage quality, and animal performance in a tropical pasture.

A three-year-long field experiment was conducted in a continuous grazing system with a variable stocking rate to evaluate effects of increasing nitrogen levels in Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich Stapf "marandu") on herbage mass, forage accumulation rate (FAR), forage quality, stocking rate (SR), average daily gain (ADG), gain per hectare (GPH), and gain per kg of applied N. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (control without application of N, and 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha-1 year-1) and three replicates (paddocks per treatment); nitrogen was applied in the form of urea. Herbage mass, crude protein (CP), FAR, SR, GPH, and the nitrogen nutrition index increased with increasing nitrogen level (P < 0.05), whereas the neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre, and nitrogen usage efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen level (P < 0.01). Crude protein was higher than 12% and NDF lower than 60% in all treatments. Nitrogen application rate affected ADG (P < 0.05) but did not fit any equation. The highest ADG was 90 kg N ha-1 year-1 (985 g animal-1 day-1). Increasing the nitrogen level is a promising way to improve Marandu grass production, nutritive value, and animal production.

Television food and beverage marketing to children in Costa Rica: current state and policy implications.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency of television (TV) food and beverage advertisements (F&B ads) to which children (4-11 years) are likely exposed and the nutrient profile of products advertised. DESIGN: TV broadcasting between September and November 2016 was recorded (288 h of children's programming; 288 h of family programming) resulting in 8980 advertisements, of which 1862 were F&B ads. Of those, 1473 could be classified into one of the seventeen food groups, and into permitted/non-permitted according to the WHO-EU nutrient profile model. Persuasive marketing techniques used were also identified. SETTING: TV programming was recorded for four weekdays and four weekend days, between 06.00 and 00.00 hours (576 total hours), for four channels (two national and two cable), in Costa Rica. RESULTS: Mean (sd) number of F&B ads/h was greater in cable than national channels (3·7 (0·4) v. 2·8 (0·4), P < 0·05) and during children's peak viewing hours (4·4 (0·4) v. 2·9 (0·3)). Of F&B ads classified with WHO-EU nutrient profile model (n 1473, 71·1 %), 91·1 % were non-permitted to be marketed to children. Categories most frequently advertised were ready-made/convenience foods (16 %), chocolates/confectionery/desserts (15 %), breakfast cereals (14 %), beverages (15 %), edible ices (9 %) and salty snacks (8 %). Non-permitted F&B ads were more likely to use promotional characters, brand benefit claims, and nutrition and health claims than permitted F&B ads. CONCLUSIONS: Children watching popular TV channels in Costa Rica are exposed to a high number of unhealthy F&B ads daily. Our findings help justify the need for regulatory actions by national authorities.

Immune and metabolic shifts during neonatal development reprogram liver identity and function.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The liver is the main hematopoietic site in embryos, becoming a crucial organ in both immunity and metabolism in adults. However, how the liver adapts both the immune system and enzymatic profile to challenges in the postnatal period remains elusive. We aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying this adaptation. METHODS: We analyzed liver samples from mice on day 0 after birth until adulthood. Human biopsies from newborns and adults were also examined. Liver immune cells were phenotyped using mass cytometry (CyTOF) and expression of several genes belonging to immune and metabolic pathways were measured. Mortality rate, bacteremia and hepatic bacterial retention after E. coli challenge were analyzed using intravital and in vitro approaches. In a set of experiments, mice were prematurely weaned and the impact on gene expression of metabolic pathways was evaluated. RESULTS: Human and mouse newborns have a sharply different hepatic cellular composition and arrangement compared to adults. We also found that myeloid cells and immature B cells primarily compose the neonatal hepatic immune system. Although neonatal mice were more susceptible to infections, a rapid evolution to an efficient immune response was observed. Concomitantly, newborns displayed a reduction of several macronutrient metabolic functions and the normal expression level of enzymes belonging to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was reached around the weaning period. Interestingly, early weaning profoundly disturbed the expression of several hepatic metabolic pathways, providing novel insights into how dietary schemes affect the metabolic maturation of the liver. CONCLUSION: In newborns, the immune and metabolic profiles of the liver are dramatically different to those of the adult liver, which can be explained by the differences in the liver cell repertoire and phenotype. Also, dietary and antigen cues may be crucial to guide liver development during the postnatal phase. LAY SUMMARY: Newborns face major challenges in the extra-uterine life. In fact, organs need to modify their cellular composition and gene expression profile in order to adapt to changes in both microbiota and diet throughout life. The liver is interposed between the gastrointestinal system and the systemic circulation, being the destination of all macronutrients and microbial products from the gut. Therefore, it is expected that delicately balanced mechanisms govern the transformation of a neonatal liver to a key organ in adults.

Food choices to meet nutrient recommendations for the adult Brazilian population based on the linear programming approach.

OBJECTIVE: To identify optimal food choices that meet nutritional recommendations to reduce prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes. DESIGN: Linear programming was used to obtain an optimized diet with sixty-eight foods with the least difference from the observed population mean dietary intake while meeting a set of nutritional goals that included reduction in the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes to ≤20 %. SETTING: Brazil. SUBJECTS: Participants (men and women, n 25 324) aged 20 years or more from the first National Dietary Survey (NDS) 2008-2009. RESULTS: Feasible solution to the model was not found when all constraints were imposed; infeasible nutrients were Ca, vitamins D and E, Mg, Zn, fibre, linolenic acid, monounsaturated fat and Na. Feasible solution was obtained after relaxing the nutritional constraints for these limiting nutrients by including a deviation variable in the model. Estimated prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was reduced by 60-70 % for most nutrients, and mean saturated and trans-fat decreased in the optimized diet meeting the model constraints. Optimized diet was characterized by increases especially in fruits (+92 g), beans (+64 g), vegetables (+43 g), milk (+12 g), fish and seafood (+15 g) and whole cereals (+14 g), and reductions of sugar-sweetened beverages (-90 g), rice (-63 g), snacks (-14 g), red meat (-13 g) and processed meat (-9·7 g). CONCLUSION: Linear programming is a unique tool to identify which changes in the current diet can increase nutrient intake and place the population at lower risk of nutrient inadequacy. Reaching nutritional adequacy for all nutrients would require major dietary changes in the Brazilian diet.

Wilting whole crop black oat with glyphosate for ensiling: effects on nutritive, fermentative, and aerobic stability characteristics

We aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate as a chemical desiccant on the nutritional quality, fermentation pattern, and aerobic stability of wilted black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) silage. Black oat sowing occurred in the first fortnight of May 2013. Desiccant application took place when oat reached milky/dough grain stage (96 days after planting). Glyphosate dosages evaluated were 0, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mL ha−1. Three days after desiccation, all treatments were ensiled, and the silos were kept stored for 150 days. A completely randomized design was used, and all statistical procedures were performed by means of Bayesian Inference. Treating herbage prior to ensiling from 500 mL ha−1 glyphosate increased dry matter and organic matter contents compared with control. On the other hand, fiber content decreased linearly for desiccated silages, as shown by the negative slopes for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose. The highest concentrations of hemicellulose and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen occurred for the dosages of 729.96 mL ha−1 and 759.52 mL ha−1 glyphosate, respectively. Wilted silage had less concentration of acetic acid and isovaleric acid and presented a higher amount of 2,3-butanediol. Due to the lack of beneficial short-chain fatty acids, treated silages had a higher organic matter loss (0.1 g mL−1) and reached a maximum pH (0.009 h mL−1) more quickly than control silage, after aerobic exposure. In this way, for wilted black oat silage production, harvested at milky/dough grain stage, the application of 500 mL ha−1 glyphosate is recommended.(AU)

Dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari ( Astyanax altiparanae ) (Garutti and Britski, 2000)

A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari ( Astyanax altiparanae ), based on growth performance, whole-body composition, muscle development, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Six isoproteic (345.0 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (19.51 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated, and crystalline L-lysine was added to obtain diets with lysine concentrations of 12.13, 13.31, 15.36, 18.79, 19.92, and 23.02 g kg−1 dry diet. Female adult lambari (n = 480; weight of 4.96±0.02 g) were distributed into 24 (70 L) aquaria and fed the experimental diets six times daily. Fish fed 12.13 to 19.92 g kg−1 lysine showed increased weight gain and percent weight gain, and fish from those treatments also showed improvement in final carcass quality by a decrease in whole-body lipid content. Fish fed 12.13 g kg−1 lysine showed lower ALT and AST activities in blood serum when compared with fish fed the highest lysine levels. No differences were observed in muscle growth in fish fed graded lysine levels. According to the broken-line model analysis of weight gain and dietary lysine levels, the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari is estimated at 18.72 g kg−1 (5.41% of dietary protein).(AU)

Nutritional value of tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights and different times of storage / Valor nutricional do feno de capim tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte e tempos de armazenamento

The goal of this study was to assess the dehydration curve and nutritional value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights from ground level (4 and 8 cm) during 120 days of storage in a closed shed. The dehydration curve was determined using samples from the entire plant at eight different times. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and five replicates. The second step consisted of assessing the nutritional value of the stored Tifton 85 bermudagrass in randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and two treatments per plot: cutting height of four and eight centimeters from the ground, and five different times for the subplots, with five replicates. Dehydration of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at the two heights occurred in 48 hours, considered an ideal time for hay drying. The dry matter content responded quadratically to the time of storage of the two heights, only differing during baling and after 120 days of storage. Crude protein content had a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, with the smallest value after 30 days of storage (107.0 g kg-1) and the largest after 90 days (147.8 g kg-1) in the cutting height of eight centimeters. The ether extract exhibited a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, only differing after 90 days of storage. The neutral detergent fiber content had linear positive response according to the time of storage, with nodifference between the cutting heights. For the neutral detergent fiber content in the two cutting heights,the quadratic regression model was the best fit to the data, differing between the heights after 30 and 60days of storage. In vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro cell wall digestibility values of the stored haywere lower than the values obtained at the time of cutting. Cutting performed at four centimeters fromthe ground was the most suitable for hay production due to higher dry matter production and nutritionalvalue without...(AU)

O estudo objetivou avaliar a curva de desidratação e valor nutricional do feno de capim Tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte em relação ao nível do solo (4 e 8 cm), durante 120 dias de armazenamento em galpão fechado. A curva de desidratação foi determinada utilizando amostras da planta inteira em oito tempos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se o valor nutricional do feno de Tifton 85 armazenado, para isto adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 2 tratamentos alocados nas parcelas: altura de corte de 4 e 8 cm do solo e cinco tempos nas subparcelas, com cinco repetições. A desidratação do capim Tifton 85 ocorreu em 48 horas para as duas alturas de corte, sendo considerado um tempo ideal para secagem de feno. O teor de matéria seca respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento do feno, nas duas alturas de corte, diferindo entre as alturas apenas no enfardamento e após 120 dias de armazenamento. O teor de proteína bruta apresentou comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte a 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo, apresentando aos 30 dias de armazenamento o menor valor (107,0 g kg-1) e o maior valor aos 90 dias de armazenamento (147,8 g kg-1), para corte à 8 cm do solo. O extrato etéreo apresentou comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte à 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo, diferindo entreas alturas apenas aos 90 dias de armazenamento. O teor de FDN apresentou resposta linear positiva emfunção do tempo de armazenamento, não diferindo entre as alturas de corte. Para o teor de FDA, emambas as alturas de corte do capim Tifton 85, o modelo de regressão quadrático foi o que melhor seajustou aos dados, diferindo entre as alturas aos 30 e 60 dias de armazenamento. Os valores de DIVMSe DIVPC do feno armazenado foram inferiores aos valores obtidos no momento do corte...(AU)

Nutritional value of tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights and different times of storage / Valor nutricional do feno de capim tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte e tempos de armazenamento

The goal of this study was to assess the dehydration curve and nutritional value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights from ground level (4 and 8 cm) during 120 days of storage in a closed shed. The dehydration curve was determined using samples from the entire plant at eight different times. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and five replicates. The second step consisted of assessing the nutritional value of the stored Tifton 85 bermudagrass in randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and two treatments per plot: cutting height of four and eight centimeters from the ground, and five different times for the subplots, with five replicates. Dehydration of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at the two heights occurred in 48 hours, considered an ideal time for hay drying. The dry matter content responded quadratically to the time of storage of the two heights, only differing during baling and after 120 days of storage. Crude protein content had a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, with the smallest value after 30 days of storage (107.0 g kg-1) and the largest after 90 days (147.8 g kg-1) in the cutting height of eight centimeters. The ether extract exhibited a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, only differing after 90 days of storage. The neutral detergent fiber content had linear positive response according to the time of storage, with nodifference between the cutting heights. For the neutral detergent fiber content in the two cutting heights,the quadratic regression model was the best fit to the data, differing between the heights after 30 and 60days of storage. In vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro cell wall digestibility values of the stored haywere lower than the values obtained at the time of cutting. Cutting performed at four centimeters fromthe ground was the most suitable for hay production due to higher dry matter production and nutritionalvalue without...

O estudo objetivou avaliar a curva de desidratação e valor nutricional do feno de capim Tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte em relação ao nível do solo (4 e 8 cm), durante 120 dias de armazenamento em galpão fechado. A curva de desidratação foi determinada utilizando amostras da planta inteira em oito tempos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se o valor nutricional do feno de Tifton 85 armazenado, para isto adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 2 tratamentos alocados nas parcelas: altura de corte de 4 e 8 cm do solo e cinco tempos nas subparcelas, com cinco repetições. A desidratação do capim Tifton 85 ocorreu em 48 horas para as duas alturas de corte, sendo considerado um tempo ideal para secagem de feno. O teor de matéria seca respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento do feno, nas duas alturas de corte, diferindo entre as alturas apenas no enfardamento e após 120 dias de armazenamento. O teor de proteína bruta apresentou comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte a 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo, apresentando aos 30 dias de armazenamento o menor valor (107,0 g kg-1) e o maior valor aos 90 dias de armazenamento (147,8 g kg-1), para corte à 8 cm do solo. O extrato etéreo apresentou comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte à 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo, diferindo entreas alturas apenas aos 90 dias de armazenamento. O teor de FDN apresentou resposta linear positiva emfunção do tempo de armazenamento, não diferindo entre as alturas de corte. Para o teor de FDA, emambas as alturas de corte do capim Tifton 85, o modelo de regressão quadrático foi o que melhor seajustou aos dados, diferindo entre as alturas aos 30 e 60 dias de armazenamento. Os valores de DIVMSe DIVPC do feno armazenado foram inferiores aos valores obtidos no momento do corte...

Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of conventional ingredients for the silver mojarra, Diapterus rhombeus / Digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes e energia de ingredientes convencionais para carapeba, Diapterus rhombeus

Knowledge on the nutritional value of feed ingredient is an important step in the formulation of diets in order to maximize animal productivity. Thus a study was conducted to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (ADCDM), crude protein (ADCCP), gross energy (ADCGE) and amino acids (ADCAA) of conventional feed ingredients for juvenile silver mojarra (13.0 ± 3.23 g). The study was conducted in the laboratory for nutrition and feeding of fish (AQUANUT), using 80 silver mojarra collected in nature, which were kept in digestibility aquaria for a period of 21 days. The following ingredients were evaluated: fish meal, soybean meal, corn meal, corn gluten meal, rice bran, wheat bran and starch, which substituted 30% of a reference pelletized diet with 325.00 g kg-1 crude protein and 3,692 Kcal kg-1 gross energy. Additionally 1.0 g kg-1 chrome oxide was added to each diet as a marker. The excreta were obtained using three repetitions for each tested ingredient, which were dried for further analyses. The soybean meal showed the best ADCDM value (67.45%), followed by the other ingredients. There was no significant difference between the soybean meal (95.16%), fish meal (92.97%) and the corn meal (91.90%) for the best ADCCP coefficients. The ADCGE for soybean meal and maize meal were 65.23% and 60.31%, respectively, followed by fish meal (51.85%). The results...(AU)

O conhecimento do valor nutritivo de alimentos é um passo importante na formulação de dietas para maximizar a produtividade animal. Foi realizado um estudo para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (CDAMS), da proteína bruta (CDAPB), da energia bruta (CDAEB) e dos aminoácidos (CDAAA) de ingredientes convencionais para juvenis de carapeba (13 ± 3,23 g). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Nutrição e Alimentação de Peixes (AQUANUT), utilizando 80 exemplares de carapeba, coletados na natureza, que foram mantidos em aquários de digestibilidade no período de 21 dias. Foram avaliados os seguintes ingredientes: farinha de peixe, farelo de soja, fubá de milho, farelo de glúten de milho, farelo de arroz, farelo de trigo e amido, que substituíram 30% de uma dieta referência peletizada com 325,00 g kg-1 de proteína bruta e 3692 Kcal kg-1 de energia bruta, utilizando 1,0 g kg-1 óxido de cromo como marcador. As excretas foram obtidas utilizando três repetições para cada ingrediente testado, e após a secagem foram realizadas as análises laboratoriais. O farelo de soja apresentou o melhor resultado para o CDAMS (67,45%) seguido pelos demais ingredientes. Para o CDAPB não houve diferença significativa entre o farelo de soja (95,16%), a farinha de peixe (92,97%) e o fubá de milho (91,90%) que apresentaram os melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade...(AU)

Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of conventional ingredients for the silver mojarra, Diapterus rhombeus / Digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes e energia de ingredientes convencionais para carapeba, Diapterus rhombeus

Knowledge on the nutritional value of feed ingredient is an important step in the formulation of diets in order to maximize animal productivity. Thus a study was conducted to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (ADCDM), crude protein (ADCCP), gross energy (ADCGE) and amino acids (ADCAA) of conventional feed ingredients for juvenile silver mojarra (13.0 ± 3.23 g). The study was conducted in the laboratory for nutrition and feeding of fish (AQUANUT), using 80 silver mojarra collected in nature, which were kept in digestibility aquaria for a period of 21 days. The following ingredients were evaluated: fish meal, soybean meal, corn meal, corn gluten meal, rice bran, wheat bran and starch, which substituted 30% of a reference pelletized diet with 325.00 g kg-1 crude protein and 3,692 Kcal kg-1 gross energy. Additionally 1.0 g kg-1 chrome oxide was added to each diet as a marker. The excreta were obtained using three repetitions for each tested ingredient, which were dried for further analyses. The soybean meal showed the best ADCDM value (67.45%), followed by the other ingredients. There was no significant difference between the soybean meal (95.16%), fish meal (92.97%) and the corn meal (91.90%) for the best ADCCP coefficients. The ADCGE for soybean meal and maize meal were 65.23% and 60.31%, respectively, followed by fish meal (51.85%). The results...

O conhecimento do valor nutritivo de alimentos é um passo importante na formulação de dietas para maximizar a produtividade animal. Foi realizado um estudo para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (CDAMS), da proteína bruta (CDAPB), da energia bruta (CDAEB) e dos aminoácidos (CDAAA) de ingredientes convencionais para juvenis de carapeba (13 ± 3,23 g). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Nutrição e Alimentação de Peixes (AQUANUT), utilizando 80 exemplares de carapeba, coletados na natureza, que foram mantidos em aquários de digestibilidade no período de 21 dias. Foram avaliados os seguintes ingredientes: farinha de peixe, farelo de soja, fubá de milho, farelo de glúten de milho, farelo de arroz, farelo de trigo e amido, que substituíram 30% de uma dieta referência peletizada com 325,00 g kg-1 de proteína bruta e 3692 Kcal kg-1 de energia bruta, utilizando 1,0 g kg-1 óxido de cromo como marcador. As excretas foram obtidas utilizando três repetições para cada ingrediente testado, e após a secagem foram realizadas as análises laboratoriais. O farelo de soja apresentou o melhor resultado para o CDAMS (67,45%) seguido pelos demais ingredientes. Para o CDAPB não houve diferença significativa entre o farelo de soja (95,16%), a farinha de peixe (92,97%) e o fubá de milho (91,90%) que apresentaram os melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade...