ABSTRACT
In 1993, a total asbestos ban was introduced in Germany. Thirty years later, mesothelioma is still one of the most frequent occupational diseases. Recent data on incidence, mortality, recognized occupational diseases, early detection, and assessment are presented in this article.
Subject(s)
Asbestos , Mesothelioma , Humans , Germany/epidemiology , Asbestos/adverse effects , Mesothelioma/epidemiology , Mesothelioma/history , Mesothelioma/etiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/history , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Occupational Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence , Occupational Exposure/history , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Exposure/prevention & control , Incidence , Pleural Neoplasms/epidemiology , Pleural Neoplasms/history , Pleural Neoplasms/etiology , Asbestosis/epidemiology , Asbestosis/history , Asbestosis/prevention & control , Asbestosis/etiologyABSTRACT
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IN France : THE CURRENT SITUATION IN 2024. Occupational medicine has evolved since its creation in 1946. Occupational medicine services have become Occupational health services (OHS) and medical examination in nowadays only a part of their missions, which include helping the employers to perform risk assessment, patients to stay at work, and implementing health promotion in the workplaces in order to prevent disabilities. To fulfill those missions, OHS can rely on health specialists (occupational physicians and nurses) but also on a wide range of competencies, from toxicologists to ergonomists, and from psychologists to occupational hygiene specialists, all gathered in multidisciplinary teams, leaded by the occupational physician. Optimizing cooperation between general practitioners and occupational health physicians is still needed to improve the worker journey, to facilitate his ability to return to work and to ameliorate his long-term health follow-up according to his previous occupational exposures.
MÉDECINE DU TRAVAIL EN FRANCE, ÉTAT DES LIEUX EN 2024. La médecine du travail a peu à peu évolué, depuis sa création en 1946. Les services médicaux du travail sont devenus des services de prévention et de santé au travail, et le suivi de santé ne représente désormais qu'une partie de leur activité. L'aide à l'évaluation des risques, le maintien en emploi, les actions de promotion de la santé dans une perspective de prévention de la désinsertion professionnelle ont pris une place grandissante. Cela s'est accompagné d'une évolution des compétences au sein de ces services. Outre la compétence santé représentée par le binôme médecin-infirmier, des ergonomes, psychologues et toxicologues sont désormais présents ; ils interviennent en prévention des risques professionnels et constituent des équipes pluridisciplinaires, animées et coordonnées par le médecin du travail. Une meilleure collaboration entre médecin du travail et médecin traitant reste nécessaire pour améliorer le parcours du travailleur, son maintien en emploi et son suivi de santé au long cours en fonction de ses expositions professionnelles passées.
Subject(s)
Occupational Medicine , France , Humans , Occupational Medicine/history , Occupational Medicine/organization & administration , Occupational Health Services/history , Occupational Health Services/organization & administration , Occupational Health , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Occupational Diseases/historyABSTRACT
To address points arising from the recent study of nuclear workers in the USA and the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS), concerning the difference in solid cancer risk estimates between those first hired in earlier and later calendar years, subsidiary analyses were conducted on a cohort of 172 452 workers in the National Registry for Radiation Workers (NRRW) from the UK. A total of 18 310 incident first primary solid cancer cases were registered in the period from 1955 until 2011 in the NRRW cohort and workers accrued 5.25 million person-years of follow-up. Incidences rates of all solid cancers combined, lung cancer and solid cancer excluding lung cancer were examined in terms of external radiation doses in the full cohort and in a sub-cohort of workers who had no record of internal exposure monitoring and were defined by the periods of first hire before and after the beginning of the years 1960, 1965 and 1970. All analyses were carried out using Poisson Regression. These analyses demonstrated that only for lung cancer between the pre-1965 and post-1964 periods is there strong evidence for a difference in the risks using the NRRW full cohort. In the other calendar period breakdowns and for the other cancer groups, there is no clear evidence of differences in the risks. The NRRW estimation of risks between recent and early workers is not generally consistent with the US workers cohort or the INWORKS evaluations that later hired workers are at much higher solid cancer risk than earlier hired workers, although INWORKS contains a significant part of the latest updated NRRW cohort as well as the US data. The conclusion that the INWORKS and US study data demonstrate a real difference in excess solid cancer risk from external radiation exposure between earlier and later workers is premature. The results presented here should also be treated with caution because of the limited corroborating evidence from other published studies. Information on internal doses, neutron doses as well as non-radiation factors such as smoking and asbestos exposure would be needed to make definitive inferences.
Subject(s)
Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced , Occupational Diseases , Occupational Exposure , Humans , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology , Incidence , Occupational Exposure/history , Male , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/history , Female , Middle Aged , Adult , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Registries , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714), médico italiano, es considerado el padre de la medicina del trabajo por su tratado sobre las enfermedades de los trabajadores, publicado en latín hace más de 300 años. Su fecha de nacimiento, 4 de octubre, se ha tomado como el Día de la Medicina del Trabajo. Fue un precursor de la salud pública y de la seguridad y salud laborales. Se recuerda en este artículo la vida y obra de este eminente clínico, que poseía una amplia formación humanística. (AU)
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714), an Italian doctor considered the father of occupational medicine, for his treatise about workers' diseases, published in Latin more than 300 years ago. His date of birth, October 4, is the Day of Occupational Medicine. It was a precursor to public health and occupational health and safety. This article recalls the life and work of this eminent clinician, who had an extensive humanistic training. (AU)
Subject(s)
History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , Physicians/history , Occupational Health/history , Occupational Medicine/history , History of Medicine , Italy , Occupational Diseases/historyABSTRACT
Este trabajo consta de tres partes. En la primera, proponemos analizar la urban penalty desde la óptica de los fallos de mercado. En la segunda parte, ofrecemos datos que evidencian que La Unión sufrió urban penalty entre 1870 y la Primera Guerra Mundial. En la tercera parte, cuantificamos el gasto que se invirtió en la reforma sanitaria de la ciudad y documentamos que no se instalaron cámaras de condensación en las fundiciones de plomo que existían en el casco urbano pese a que la legislación así lo exigía. Para terminar, sostenemos que La Unión sufrió urban penalty hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial porque el gasto en reforma sanitaria fue insuficiente y no se instalaron esas cámaras de condensación. Uno y otro hecho se explican por razones políticas. La ciudad estuvo gobernada por una oligarquía de empresarios dueños de minas y fundiciones poco sensibles a los problemas sociales que invirtió en salud pública menos que otras ciudades españolas de población similar y que utilizó recursos públicos para fines privados. Esa misma oligarquía no cumplió con la legislación que obligaba a introducir en las fábricas de plomo cámaras de condensación
In the first part of this article, we analyze urban penalty from the perspective of market failures. In the second part, we offer data showing that La Union suffered urban penalty between 1870 and the First World War. Finally, in the third part, we quantify the expenditure invested by the city in health reform and document the failure to install condensation chambers in lead smelters in the city, despite this being a legal requirement. In conclusion, we support the hypothesis that the Union suffered an urban penalty up to the First World War because spending on health reform was insufficient and condensation chambers were not installed, which both have political explanations. The city was ruled by an oligarchy of business men, owners of mines and smelters and insensitive to the social problems. Less was invested in public health in comparison to other Spanish cities with similar populations, and public resources were used for private purposes. This same oligarchy did not comply with the state legislation requiring the introduction of condensation chambers in lead factories
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Care Reform/history , Mining/history , Lead Poisoning/history , Lead Poisoning/mortality , Occupational Diseases/history , Occupational Diseases/mortality , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
RESUMEN Taki Onqoy es un síndrome que corresponde a la intoxicación por exposición al mercurio. Apareció como consecuencia de la explotación de las minas de mercurio de Paras y Huancavelica en el Perú durante el siglo XVI. La caquexia mercurial, última etapa de la enfermedad, estaría asociada a la idea del pishtaco. El Taki Onqoy en el Perú del siglo XVI, representa la mayor epidemia por intoxicación por mercurio conocida por la humanidad.
ABSTRACT Taki Onqoy is a syndrome that corresponds to the poisoning from exposure to mercury. It appeared as a result of the exploitation of the mercury mines of Paras and Huancavelica in Peru during the 16th century. The Cachexia mercurial, the last stage of the disease, would be associated with the idea of pishtaco. The Taki Onqoy in 16th-century Peru represents the largest epidemic of mercury poisoning known to humanity.
Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , Humans , Mercury Poisoning/history , Mining/history , Occupational Diseases/history , Peru , Mercury Poisoning/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Para a maioria dos médicos, a apreciação da incapacidade em casos de acidentes de trabalho ou doenças profissionais era um assunto bastante relativo e juízo clínico, subjetivo e pouco satisfatório em questões jurídicas. No esquema da lei de acidentes de trabalho, eles tinham a função de julgar o nexo de causalidade entre o acidente e a doença, ao mesmo tempo que indicar o tipo de compensação econômica que devia receber o trabalhador. Para isto, deviam ir além do conhecimento científico e compreender a multiplicidade de fatores sociais que envolvem o infortúnio no mundo do trabalho. Neste artigo, analisam-se fontes colombianas da primeira metade do século XX, sobre questões como fisiologia do trabalho, fadiga, risco profissional, acidentes de trabalho, doenças profissionais, etc. Pretende-se avançar na compreensão da maneira como o campo de saber médico foi configurando uma espécie de deontologia pericial nos casos de acidente de trabalho, porém, se concentra nas hérnias, um dos estigmas típicos do mundo do trabalho (AU)
For most physicians, the assessment of disability in cases of work accident or occupational disease is very relative matter, and clinical judgments are subjective and unsatisfactory in legal settings. Work accident legislation gives them the task of deciding on any causal links between accident and disease and indicating any economic compensation that should be awarded. They must therefore reach beyond their scientific knowledge to understand the multitude of social factors that underlie these problems in the world of work. In this article, we analyze Colombian sources from the first half of the 20th century on the physiology of labor, fatigue, professional risk, work accidents, occupational diseases, among other issues. The aim is to advance understanding of how the field of medical knowledge established an ethical approach for experts in cases of occupational accidents, focusing on hernias, typical misfortunes of the world of work (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Accidents, Occupational/history , Insurance Claim Review/history , Disability Evaluation , Hernia, Abdominal/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/history , Colombia , Managed Care Programs/history , Statistics on Sequelae and Disability , Hernia, Abdominal/historyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , Humans , Male , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/history , Occupational Exposure/history , Air Pollutants, Occupational/history , Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity , Urogenital Neoplasms/epidemiology , Urogenital Neoplasms/history , Soot/history , Scrotum/pathology , Genitalia, Male/pathology , Occupational Risks , Confined Spaces , Testicular Neoplasms/epidemiology , Testicular Neoplasms/history , Soot/adverse effects , Soot/toxicityABSTRACT
Se realizó una indagación histórica sobre los oficios y su relación con enfermedades existentes durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX en Las Tunas. Se analizó la proporción entre población, oficio y enfermedad en el periodo declarado, a partir de una búsqueda en archivos y la consulta con especialistas en enfermedades laborales. Como resultado se aportan estadísticas e información cuantitativa sobre la sociedad y sus complejas relaciones entre los años 1800 y 1862, a pesar de que el presente trabajo no es un estudio puramente demográfico. Se establece la relación entre oficios como los jornaleros, ganaderos, carpinteros y zapateros, con enfermedades producidas por la exposición prolongada al sol, así como deformaciones óseas y la manipulación de sustancias peligrosas. Se hace un breve análisis entre la relación raza y oficio, brindando pistas sobre las labores destinadas a cada raza, según las condiciones socio históricas de la época (AU)
A historical investigation about occupations and their relationship with diseases during the first half of the XIX century in Las Tunas was carried out. The proportion among population, occupation and disease is analyzed, starting from searching in records and consulting specialists in occupational diseases. In spite of not being a purely demographic study it gives statistical and quantitative information about the society and its complex relationships from 1800 to 1862. The relationship is established among occupations such as day laborers, stockbreeders, carpenters and shoemakers suffering from illnesses produced by exposure to the sun, bone deformities and manipulation of dangerous substances. A brief analysis between race and occupation relationship is carried out, providing clues about the works destined to each race according to the socio-historical conditions AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Occupational Diseases/historyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , Occupational Medicine/history , Occupational Medicine/methods , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/history , Occupational Risks , Occupational Health/education , Occupational Health/history , Occupational Health/standardsABSTRACT
El objeto de este trabajo es mostrar el papel clave que las minas de mercurio de Almadén jugaron durante el siglo XVIII para que cristalizara en nuestro país un conjunto de saberes y prácticas médicas centradas en la gestión de los problemas de enfermedad generados por la actividad productiva. Ello fue posible gracias a la confluencia del auge de las teorías mercantilistas, que otorgaron valor económico a la salud de los trabajadores, a la naturaleza nociva del proceso de obtención del mercurio y a sus implicaciones para la economía colonial española. En Almadén se produjo el nacimiento de la corriente empírica más rica y original en el estudio de la patología laboral en el mundo hispánico. Además, se posibilitó la conversión del medio laboral en un espacio de legitimación de saberes y prácticas sanitarias, dotando a los profesionales de nuevas competencias en el control de la salud de los trabajadores. Así mismo, la medicina desempeñó un papel normativo y regulador de los hábitos de vida de los trabajadores destinado a modelar valores y comportamientos acordes a los requerimientos del orden productivo. Este estudio se basa en el análisis de los principales escritos médicos españoles y en la reconstrucción de las prácticas asistenciales y preventivas desarrolladas en las minas de mercurio de Almadén (AU)
This paper explores the case of the 18th-century state-owned Almadén mercury mines as main precursor of the emergence of medical concerns with workers' health and the establishment of a systematic medical approach to work-related diseases in our country. This was largely a product of the growing influence of mercantilist theories, which assigned an increasingly important economic value to health, the unhealthy nature of mercury mining work and the extraordinarily important role played by Almadén in the overall Spanish economy. Almadén became the source of the most original empirical medical research on dangerous trades carried out in the Hispanic World. It also provided a propitious space for the legitimisation of new knowledge and practices related to the health and illness of workers, reserving new competencies for healthcare professionals. Likewise, medicine began to fulfil a normative function in the work setting, modelling the values of the workers and regulating their behaviour patterns in accordance with the requirements of the productive order. The study is based on an analysis of the main Spanish medical literature on this issue and on a reconstruction of the care and preventive practices developed in Almadén mercury mines (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History of Medicine , Occupational Medicine/history , Mercury Poisoning/history , Mercury/toxicity , Occupational Diseases/history , MiningABSTRACT
Con motivo de la conmemoración del III Centenario de la muerte de Ramazzini, se pretende dar una visión general sobre algunas curiosidades, algunas más conocidas que otras, sobre determinados aspectos relacionados con su fecha de nacimiento y fallecimiento, el momento de inspiración para escribir el Tratado de las enfermedades de los artesanos y sus principales traducciones al español, así como de su obra complementaria titulada Del Cuidado de la salud de los príncipes, entre otras
In commemoration of the III Centenary of the death of Ramazzini, it is intended to provide a global view about some peculiarities, many of them better known than others, related to facts as his date of birth, date of death, the inspiration moment that led him to write Diseases of Workers including its main Spanish translations and his complementary work titled The health of Princes, among others
Subject(s)
Humans , Occupational Medicine/history , Occupational Diseases/history , Book Reviews as TopicABSTRACT
Se analizan los datos patobiográficos de 4 geniales artistas del siglo xx −Modigliani, Matisse, Portinari y Rebeca Horn− que vieron truncadas sus carreras artísticas en algún momento debido a enfermedades profesionales ocasionadas por los materiales que utilizaban. En el caso de Matisse, por manipulación debido a su propio temperamento de las cicatrices de una intervención quirúrgica. Sin embargo, lucharon contra tal contratiempo y su superación les permitió hallar nuevas vías de expresión artística para encauzar su creatividad(AU)
The patobiographic data of 4 great xx century artists −Modigliani, Matisse, Portinari and Rebecca Horn− are reviewed. Their artistic careers were cut short at some moment due to the professional diseases they suffered in relation with the materials used in their works. In the case of Matisse, this was due to his own temperament by manipulation of the scars from surgery. However, they fought against such impediments and when they overcame them, they were able to find new ways of artistic expression to channel their creativity(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/history , Medicine in the Arts , Pain/epidemiology , Pain/history , Mental Disorders/complications , Mental Disorders/history , Respiratory Tract Diseases/complications , Respiratory Tract Diseases/history , Endocarditis/complications , Endocarditis/historyABSTRACT
El amianto o asbesto es un mineral fibroso de propiedades ignífugas y resistente a la abrasión que ha sido empleado masivamente en procesos industriales y productos manufacturados desde comienzos del siglo XX. Su uso ha provocado graves problemas de salud en los trabajadores expuestos y en la población general. La atención historiográfica a los riesgos del amianto en España ha sido casi inexistente, lo que ha contribuido a consolidar la idea de una ausencia de preocupación por este problema en nuestro país hasta la década de los ochenta. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el surgimiento de dicha preocupación durante el periodo franquista, mediante un análisis de la producción científica y de la normativa aprobada para enfrentar los riesgos del amianto(AU)
Asbestos is a fibrous mineral used since the early 20th century in a wide range of manufacturing processes and industrial products for its fireproofing and abrasion-resistant properties. Asbestos exposure has had harmful effects on the health of workers and of the general population. Asbestos risks have attracted scant historiographical attention in Spain, contributing to the idea of a lack of medical and public concerns about this issue until the 1980s. The aim of this paper was to analyze the emergence of such concerns during the Franco regime by exploring the medical literature and the legislation drafted to address asbestos hazards(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Asbestos/adverse effects , Asbestosis/history , Occupational Diseases/history , History of Medicine , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objetivos: Estudiar el descenso en el reconocimiento de enfermedades profesionales (EP) en España entre 2005 y 2007con el fi n de identifi car factores potencialmente relacionados.Métodos: Los casos de EP se obtuvieron del Ministerio de Trabajo y los denominadores del Instituto Nacional deEstadística. Se ha considerado población a riesgo la población asalariada según la Encuesta de Población Activa. Se hanobtenido las tasas de incidencia específi cas por sexo, edad, grupo de EP, incapacidad temporal, ocupación y actividad económica,así como su variación interanual porcentual.Resultados: En 2006 se notifi caron en España 21.905 EP (incidencia 135 por 100.000 asalariados), 8.125 casos menosque en 2005. En 2007 se declararon 17.061 casos (incidencia 102 por 100.000), 4.844 menos que en 2006. En 2006 el descensorespecto a 2005 se produce en todas las categorías estudiadas con la única excepción de los trabajadores de intermediaciónfi nanciera. En 2007 se producen incrementos en la declaración con respecto a 2006 en EP respiratorias y por agentesquímicos, y en mujeres del sector educación, principalmente.Conclusiones: En 2006-2007 el reconocimiento de EP en España ha descendido un 47% frente a 2005. En 2006 se descendióa los niveles registrados en 1999 y en 2007 a los existentes en 1997. El patrón de descenso es distinto estos dos añossin que factores como la edad, el sexo, la actividad económica o la ocupación parezcan relacionarse con las diferencias, loque lleva a pensar en el efecto disuasorio de los últimos cambios legislativos como explicación más plausible (AU)
Objective: To study the decrease in the reporting of occupational diseases (OD) in Spain in 2006- 2007 with the aimof detecting potential explanatory factors.Methods: OD cases were obtained from the Ministry of Labour and the denominators form the National Institute ofStatistics. The employed population from the Active Population Survey was considered as the population at risk. Incidencerates were computed by sex, age, OD group, sickness absence, occupation, economic activity and percent interannual variation.Results: In 2006, 21,905 ODs were declared in Spain (incidence rate, 135 per 100,000), 8.125 cases less than in 2005.In 2007, 17,061 cases were declared (incidence rate, 102 per 100,000), 4,844 less than in 2006. In 2006 the decrease occuredin all sectors except financial services. During 2007 some increases were observed when compared to 2006, mostly inrelation to respiratory and chemical-induced ODs and in women employed in the education sector.Conclusions: In the 2006-2007 period, reporting of ODs in Spain decreased by 47% with respect to 2005. In 2006 recognised ODs reached fi gures registered in 1999, and in 2007 those of 1997. The pattern of decrease was different in thesetwo years, with factors such as age, sex, economic activity and occupation not explaining these changes. These results suggest that legal changes occurring in these years are the most plausible explanation for this decrease (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Occupational Risks/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Diseases/diagnosis , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Epidemiological Monitoring , Socioeconomic Survey , Occupational Health/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Accidents Registry , Occupational Diseases/history , Occupational Diseases/therapy , Professional Staff Committees , Social Security/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/trendsABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Occupational Diseases/history , Occupational Medicine/history , Social Security/history , Family Practice/trendsABSTRACT
Este trabajo analiza la participación española en la campaña internacional contra la anquilostomiasis durante el período de constitución y hegemonía de la Medicina social. A través del estudio de las principales intervenciones realizadas, incluyendo el acuerdo con la Fundación Rockefeller, se observan sus efectos sobre la popularización de la medicina de laboratorio, la introducción de la preocupación por la salud en la legislación laboral y la génesis de estructuras nuevas para la sanidad rural
This study analyses the Spanish participation in the international campaign against ancylostomiasis during the period of the stablishing and hegemony of Social Medicine. Through study of the main interentions carried out, including the agreement with the Rockefeller Foundation, its effects are observed on the popularization of laboratory medicine, the introduction of health concerns into employment legislation and the genesis of new rural health structures