Investigating the relationship between occupation and SARS-CoV2.

BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that have symptoms ranging from simple symptoms of colds to severe respiratory syndromes. In December 2019, cases of unknown pneumonia first appeared in Wuhan, China. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between occupation and COVID-19 in the Ardabil Imam Khomeini hospital. METHODS: This research was conducted as a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The questionnaires used in this study included demographic information to obtain the required information such as age, sex, clinical symptoms, underlying disease, type of drug used, smoking, occupation, hours of work, number of daily clients, use of mask or shield, type of working hours, weight and height and body mass index, number family, place of residence, role in the family, presence of an infected person in the family, communication with the suspect, observance or non-observance of health protocols. Our sample size consisted of 774 subjects, all patients at the Ardabil Imam Khomeini Hospital. The subjects were selected randomly. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that the mean age of patients was 56.70 years, with a standard deviation of 18.20 years. Three hundred and sixty participants (46.5%) were female, and 414 (53.5%) were male. In terms of occupation distribution, 317 patients (41%) were housewives. In addition, 57 people (7.4%) were farmers or ranchers. CONCLUSION: In general, it can be concluded that due to severity of infection and threat posed by Coronavirus and the risk of infections between different occupations like the taxi driver and medical staff, it is very important to find out what jobs are in the big threat.

Two angles of overqualification-the deviant behavior and creative performance: The role of career and survival job.

Overqualification has both positive and negative outcomes; however, extant literature exhibits a tilt in favor of its negative aspect against its positive side. This tilted approach results in derision of a condition which could produce positive results. We argue, through empirical evidence, that there might be some circumstances/conditions, like the intentions of employees about their current job, that may play an important role in enabling organizations to be benefitted from the surplus KSAs of the overqualified employees and overqualification can be used as a tool to mitigate the effects of its negative consequences. To empirically test this condition, a sample of 193 teachers and 193 students have been selected through cluster sampling technique. The results exhibited that if overqualified employees perceive their current job as a career job then there is a more likelihood that they will be involved in some innovative and creative behaviors instead of deviating negatively from the organization norms. The results provide some new research insights that could be used to better understand the phenomenon of overqualification. The results of the study have practical implications for HR managers.

A century of research on conscientiousness at work.

Evidence from more than 100 y of research indicates that conscientiousness (C) is the most potent noncognitive construct for occupational performance. However, questions remain about the magnitudes of its effect sizes across occupational variables, its defining characteristics and functions in occupational settings, and potential moderators of its performance relation. Drawing on 92 unique meta-analyses reporting effects for 175 distinct variables, which represent n > 1.1 million participants across k > 2,500 studies, we present the most comprehensive, quantitative review and synthesis of the occupational effects of C available in the literature. Results show C has effects in a desirable direction for 98% of variables and a grand mean of [Formula: see text] (SD = 0.13), indicative of a potent, pervasive influence across occupational variables. Using the top 33% of effect sizes [Formula: see text] we synthesize 10 characteristic themes of C's occupational functioning: 1) motivation for goal-directed performance, 2) preference for more predictable environments, 3) interpersonal responsibility for shared goals, 4) commitment, 5) perseverance, 6) self-regulatory restraint to avoid counterproductivity, and 7) proficient performance-especially for 8) conventional goals, 9) requiring persistence. Finally, we examine C's relation to performance across 8 occupations. Results indicate that occupational complexity moderates this relation. That is, 10) high occupational complexity versus low-to-moderate occupational complexity attenuates the performance effect of C. Altogether, results suggest that goal-directed performance is fundamental to C and that motivational engagement, behavioral restraint, and environmental predictability influence its optimal occupational expression. We conclude by discussing applied and policy implications of our findings.

Occupational variation in burnout among medical staff: Evidence for the stress of higher status.

Contemporary research highlights the serious mental health issues facing physicians and allied health professionals. Yet to date, much of this research has focused on these occupational groups in isolation. Drawing upon data collected from medical staff in a neonatal intensive care unit (N = 222), we address this gap by contrasting the mental health and workplace experiences of four groups of healthcare workers: physicians, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, and respiratory therapists. We find evidence that higher status healthcare workers-physicians and nurse practitioners-are more likely than their colleagues to report work-life conflict, irregular work hours, and heavy work pressure. These stressors explain an appreciable amount of the higher levels of burnout found among physicians and nurse practitioners. Collectively, results lend support to "the stress of higher status" hypothesis and provide insights into the job demands and mental health issues confronted by today's medical workforce.

Studying entrepreneurial occupations in the Terman women.

To achieve a better understanding of entrepreneurship development in women, longitudinal data on 672 individuals collected from 1922 to 1959 were analysed in a secondary investigation of the Terman Longitudinal Study. Women's reports on their occupations during 10 different years were assigned to one of two categories: work for pay (0/1), and work allowing for self-employment (0/1) in the respective year. Structural equation modelling supported earlier results concerning male entrepreneurial activity. Personality and aspects of the parenting context the women had experienced by the average age of 12 predicted early entrepreneurial competencies (inventions, leadership) and occupational interests by age 13, which related to an entrepreneurship-related career goal in 1936, when the participants were about 27 years of age on average. Such a career goal in turn predicted a higher number of occasions of entrepreneurship-prone work. Surprisingly, we also found a relationship to divorce. Women who had experienced the failure of a marriage were in occupations with a potential for entrepreneurship more often. Reasons are discussed against a backdrop of historical timing and current findings to identify general aspects of entrepreneurship development.

The worthless remains of a physician's calling: Max Weber, William Osler, and the last virtue of physicians.

On the centenary of Max Weber's "Science as a Vocation," his essay still performs interpretative work. In it, Weber argues that the vocation of a scientist is to produce specialized, rationalized knowledge that will be superseded. Weber says this vocation is a rationalized version of the Protestant conception of calling or vocation (Beruf), tragically disenchanting the world and leaving the idea of calling as a worthless remains (caput mortuum). A similar trajectory can be seen in the physician William Osler's writings, especially his essay "Internal Medicine as a Vocation," in which the calling of a physician is described as both rational and noble. While Osler's conception of the physician's vocation has been formative for contemporary medicine, physicians are reporting burnout and leaving medical practice at escalating rates. As physicians abandon their noble vocations, an alternative conception of a physician's vocation is needed. From the worthless remains of the physician's rational and noble vocation, the labor of a physician can find grounding in humility.

Do employment factors reduce the effect of low education on mental health? A causal mediation analysis using a national panel study.

Background: Young people with low education have worse health than those with higher education. This paper examined the extent to which employment and income reduced the adverse effects of low education on mental health among people aged 20-35 years. Methods: We used causal mediation analyses to estimate the total causal effect (TCE) of low education on mental health and to decompose the effect into the natural direct effect (NDE) and the natural indirect effect (NIE) through two mediators examined sequentially: employment (labour-force participation/occupation skill level) and income. Three waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey (2012-14) were used to establish a temporal sequence between low education (not completing high school), mediators and mental health [the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5)] among participants aged 20-35 years. Among those who were employed, we conducted further analyses examining the effect of job characteristics as a mediator of the relationship between low education and mental health. Results: The TCE of low education on the MHI-5 was -3.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) -5.30 to -1.92]. The NIE through labour force status and occupational skill level was -1.09 (95% CI -2.29 to 0.10) and -1.49 (95% CI -2.79 to -0.19) through both labour-force status/occupational skill level and income, corresponding to a percentage mediated of 41%. Among the employed, education had a much smaller effect on the MHI-5. Conclusions: Improving employment opportunities could reduce nearly half of the adverse effects of low education on the mental health of young people.

[Night workers' exposure to harshness factors in France: Lessons learned from the 2010 SUMER Survey]. / L'exposition des travailleurs de nuit aux facteurs de pénibilité en France : les enseignements de l'enquête SUMER 2010.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that French laws state that night work should be exceptional, the number of night workers has sharply increased in the past 20 years. At the same time, empirical and epidemiological studies indicate that night work has negative effects on workers' health. This is why the 2010 French pension act considered night work to be a drudgery. The aim of this study is to investigate whether night workers are more subject to other factors defined as contributing to the drudgery of work than are day workers. This article focuses on exposure to physical constraints (manual manipulation of heavy loads, awkward posture, exposure to mechanical vibrations) and aggressive physical environment (carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic chemicals [CMR], extreme temperature and noise). METHODS: Our study used the 2010 Medical Monitoring Survey of Occupational Risks [Surveillance médicale des expositions aux risques professionnels, (SUMER)] that was conducted among a sample of around 50,000 employees representative of 21.7 million French employees. We used logistic regressions to explore the potential influence of night work on the probabilities of exposure to at least one CMR, noise, thermal nuisance and physical constraints. RESULTS: Even though descriptive statistics suggest that night workers are more exposed to drudgery of work than day workers, our multivariate logistic models indicate that the exposure is not always positively correlated with the number of nights worked. Moreover, the exposure differs according to gender and socio-occupational category. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that night workers are more exposed to several factors defined as contributing to the drudgery of work than are day workers. Thus, they seem to face multiple disadvantages in the labor market. Preventive measures in favor of night workers should be targeted at job content as much as work organization.

U.S. Army physical demands study: Identification and validation of the physically demanding tasks of combat arms occupations.

OBJECTIVES: In 2013, the U.S. Army began developing physical tests to predict a recruit's ability to perform the critical, physically demanding tasks (CPDTs) of combat arms jobs previously not open to women. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology and results of analyses of the accuracy and inclusiveness of the critical physically demanding task list. While the job analysis included seven combat arms jobs, only data from the 19D Cavalry Scout occupation are presented as the process was similar for all seven jobs. DESIGN: Job analysis METHODS: As the foundation, senior subject matter experts from each job reviewed materials and reached consensus on the CPDTs and performance standards for each job. The list was reviewed by Army leadership and provided to the researchers. The job analysis consisted of reviewing job and task related documents and field manuals, observing >900 soldiers performing the 32 CPDTs, conducting two focus groups for each job, and analyzing responses to widely distributed job analysis questionnaires. RESULTS: Of the 32 CPDTs identified for seven combat jobs, nine were relevant to 19D soldiers. Focus group discussions and job analysis questionnaire results supported the tasks and standards identified by subject matter experts while also identifying additional tasks. CONCLUSIONS: The tasks identified by subject matter experts were representative of the physically demanding aspects of the 19D occupation.

Employment pathways of individuals with spinal cord injury living in Switzerland: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Labour market participation (LMP) represents a key goal of rehabilitation for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). To achieve this goal, Swiss SCI rehabilitation centres seek, together with their clients, viable follow-up solutions for returning to work after initial rehabilitation. However, the long-term outcomes of such vocational follow-up solutions have not been investigated so far, and there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the various types of employment pathways that persons with SCI living in Switzerland may experience. OBJECTIVE: To examine long-term employment pathways as experienced by individuals with SCI living in Switzerland. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study design involving narrative interviews with individuals who completed vocational rehabilitation (VR) during their initial rehabilitation. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: The analysis of the 15 interviews revealed four employment pathways: the pathway of no paid work, the pathway of retraining, the pathway of job adaptation and the pathway of continuing work. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from three pathways leading towards paid employment, our results revealed one pathway that was characterized by permanent unemployment. Individuals facing a pathway of no paid work may benefit from more custom-made vocational follow-up solutions and prolonged job coaching after initial VR.

[Systemic sclerosis and occupational difficulties: Results of a prospective study]. / Sclérodermie systémique et difficultés professionnelles : résultats d'une enquête prospective.

Between 9000 and 14000 people have systemic sclerosis (ScS) in France. The work is often affected. Our study aims to assess the frequency of professional difficulties (DP) of scleroderma patients, identify these DP, the symptoms involved and the solutions used. A heteroquestionnaire was offered to scleroderma patients the Lille University Hospital. Data were cross-checked with the clinical database of the National Observatory of scleroderma patients. We used 104 questionnaires of which 84% are women. A total of 62.5%, (95% CI [52.5 to 71.8]) patients had experienced DP related to SSc, 55% reported symptoms worsened at work, 41% lower efficiency and a 19% job loss. Symptoms responsible for their DP were mainly asthenia, Raynaud syndrome, arthralgias and finger ulcerations. Only 40% of patients in difficulty were initiating steps with the county home for disabled people and 45% in informing their doctor at work (MT). The MT information absence was related to a misunderstanding of possible aid in 45% of cases, 57% of patients had not found a solution, 41% of them have lost their jobs and 31% of patients in the cohort experienced a drop in income. The impact of SSc the work is important. The aid job retention devices are under-used due to lack of knowledge of steps to take and the role of MT. Taking into account the symptoms responsible for PD must be improved to participate in this retention.

Validación de una escala de control personal: una medida específica de las expectativas de control percibido de búsqueda de empleo / Validation of a personal control scale: a specific measure of perceived control expectations in job search

Los técnicos en orientación profesional necesitan herramientas especializadas para medir la motivación de búsqueda de empleo. Entre los elementos que motivan a una persona a buscar trabajo destacan sus expectativas. Con el objetivo de evaluarlas, se creó la escala de Expectativas de Control Percibido de Búsqueda de Empleo (ECPBE) partiendo del modelo de Expectativas Generalizadas de Control (EGC) de Palenzuela. Se estudia la validez convergente-discriminante, la fiabilidad (consistencia interna y homogeneidad) y la validez factorial. Se obtienen correlaciones con las subescalas próximas teóricamente significativas y se confirma la presencia de cuatro factores para los ítems de autoeficacia, expectativas de éxito, locus de control interno y locus de control externo. Se puede considerar la ECPBE como una escala válida para medir las expectativas propuestas desde el modelo de EGC adaptado a la situación de búsqueda de empleo, presentando un adecuado nivel de homogeneidad y consistencia en la medida (AU)

Experts in career guidance need specialised tools to measure motivation for job search. Among the remarkable elements that motivate a person to search for a job are their own expectations. Aiming at evaluating expectations, the Perceived Control Expectations in Job Search (PCEJS) scale has been created based on Palenzuela's model of Generalized Expectancies of Control (GEC). Convergent-discriminant validity, reliability (internal consistency and homogeneity), and factorial validity are addressed in this study. Correlations are found among theoretically closed sub-scales, and the presence of 4 factors for the items of self-efficacy, expectations of success, internal locus of control and external locus of control is substantiated. The PCEJS can be considered a valid scale to measure expectations as proposed by the GEC model when adapted to a job search situation, showing an appropriate level of homogeneity and consistency in the measurement (AU)

Intergenerational differences in occupational injury and fatality rates among Canada's immigrants.

BACKGROUND: Empirical evidence on occupational injury and/or fatality rates among Canada's immigrants has been largely mixed and has almost exclusively focused on the first generation. Over time, as immigrants assimilate into the economy, future generations may be expected to work in less hazardous occupations compared with prior generations. There has been no prior analysis of the differences in occupational injury and fatality rates among later generations. AIMS: To analyse whether there are intergenerational differences in occupational injury and fatality rates among the first, second and third (or more) immigrant generations in Canada. METHODS: Data drawn from the 2011 National Household Survey and the Association of Workers' Compensation Boards of Canada were used to determine the difference in occupational injury and fatality rates between the first or the third generation and the second generation, using a Poisson regression framework. RESULTS: Second-generation immigrants worked in jobs with lower occupational injury rates compared with the first generation and the third generation (or more). Similar results were observed for occupational fatality rates. CONCLUSIONS: Second-generation immigrants worked in less hazardous jobs compared with the first generation and compared with the third (or more) generations. These results suggest that the second generation may not face the same economic hurdles and challenges, in terms of workplace injuries or fatalities, as those faced by the first or third (or more) generations of immigrants.

Life course socioeconomic status and the decline in information processing speed in late life.

Low socio-economic status is a recognised composite measure made up of income, education and occupational social class, which is a risk factor for poor physical and mental health and late life dementia. Here, we distinguish between components of childhood socioeconomic status to explore their separate influences of childhood and adult occupational social class (OSC), childhood mental ability and education on late life cognitive ability and change trajectories. Cognitive data were collected longitudinally from a sub-sample (N = 478) of the Aberdeen 1936 birth cohort tested on up to 5 occasions between ages 63 and 78 years. Age 11 mental ability scores were available for all participants. We used longitudinal multi-level linear modelling to explore models of cognitive change that distinguished between the possible influences of parental occupation, participants' own occupation as adults, duration of formal education, childhood mental ability and the participants' own occupation. We showed that parental occupation and the participants' own occupation are independently associated with cognition in late life, but do not influence the trajectory of cognitive change. However, when models include childhood mental ability and education the influence of parental and participant occupation is no longer significant. The association in these data between parental occupation and late life cognitive variation is accounted for by childhood mental ability and duration of formal education. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that parental occupation in early life influences early life mental ability and duration of education. The trajectory of change with age is similar across all models, with none of the life course factors (education, parental and participant occupational social class and childhood ability) significantly co-varying with the trajectory of cognitive variation.

Physiotherapy: a historical analysis of the transformation from an occupation to a profession in Brazil.

UNLABELLED: ABSTRACTBackground:Analyzing the historical and social path of an occupation using the sociology of professions and the perspective of scientific knowledge promotes an understanding of the origin of physical therapy in Brazil and of discussions of the profession in its contemporary context. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to discuss the professionalization process of physical therapy in São Paulo. The authors tried to analyze bath therapy, massage therapy, and physical therapy as occupations involving distinct expertise and as part of the group of occupations that evolved into the profession of physiotherapy in the first half of the twentieth century. METHOD: The analysis undertaken was a qualitative study based on an analysis of historical documents. Eighty-six professional records from the Service of Inspection of Professional Practice in the state of São Paulo and healthcare legislation from the 1930s and 1940s were analyzed. RESULTS: The distinction between physical therapy practitioner and profession of physiotherapy can be seen by examining registration requirements for rank-and-file nurses with expertise in interactions; this distinction suggests the emergence of specialized expertise that was clearly a part of neither medicine nor nursing and contributed to expertise in physical therapy since the 1950s. CONCLUSION: The regulation of physiotherapy practices, the recognition of expertise, the accreditation of practical nurses by the State, and the institutionalization of a course for physical therapy practitioners in 1951 are key elements of the professionalization process for the physical therapy profession in Brazil.

Rasch Analysis of the Profiles of Occupational Engagement in people with Severe mental illness (POES) instrument.

PURPOSE: The Profiles of Occupational Engagement in people with Severe mental illness (POES) instrument was developed to study time use profiles of occupations and measure the extent they are characterized by engagement. However, the dimensional factors are not known. The aim of the present study was to establish the internal construct validity of the POES using the Rasch measurement model. METHODS: A sample of 192 outpatients in Sweden was administered the POES and data were subjected to Rasch analysis. RESULTS: The POES showed good fit to the Rasch model after accommodation for local dependency. The nine items had high reliability as measured by person separation index, and no threshold disordering was present. Differential item functioning analysis showed no significant differences across groups of age, sex, diagnosis, or country of origin. CONCLUSION: The POES is a unidimensional scale that represents a continuum of occupational engagement. The transformed POES sum score can be used on an interval scale to measure status and changes in occupational engagement in mental health practice and research.