HIV Treatment Optimism Moderates the Relationship between Sexual Risk Behavior and HIV Risk Perception among Urban HIV-negative Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men who have Sex With Men.

Using baseline data of the Engage Cohort Study, a Canadian study of sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM), we evaluated the association between sexual behavior and risk perception among HIV-negative participants and whether HIV treatment optimism moderated this relationship. Participants were recruited by respondent-driven-sampling (RDS). We defined high-risk sexual behavior in the past six months as any condomless anal sex with a casual partner (i.e. not the participant's main partner) with either unknown HIV-status where neither used pre-exposure prophylaxis or with a partner living with HIV having detectable/unknown viral load. We assessed HIV treatment optimism-skepticism using a 12-item scale. RDS-II-weighted adjusted logistic regression models examined associations with risk perception measured by the question "How would you assess your current risk of getting HIV?" (response options were on a 6-point Likert-scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely", dichotomized into "No Perceived Risk" (very unlikely/unlikely) and "Perceived Risk" (somewhat likely/likely/very likely/I think I already have HIV). Of 1961 participants, engagement in high-risk sexual behavior was reported by 155 (17.0%), 62 (12.4%), 128 (17.2%) of participants in Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver, respectively. High-risk sexual behavior increased the odds of perceived HIV risk (pooled adjusted odds ratio = 2.9, 95%CI = 2.2-3.8). HIV treatment optimism-skepticism scores moderated the relationship: for GBM engaging in high-risk sexual behavior, higher HIV treatment optimism-skepticism scores increased perceived HIV risk. Promoting awareness around advances related to HIV prevention and treatment is important for appropriate risk assessment and for increased engagement in prevention interventions.

RESUMEN: Evaluamos la asociación entre el comportamiento sexual y la percepción de riesgo entre los participantes VIH negativos y si el optimismo sobre el tratamiento del VIH moderó esta asociación. Definimos comportamiento sexual de alto riesgo en los últimos seis meses como cualquier sexo anal sin condón con una pareja casual con un estado de VIH desconocido donde ninguno utilizó profilaxis previa a la exposición o con una pareja que vive con el VIH y que tiene una carga viral detectable/desconocida. Se evaluó el optimismo sobre el tratamiento del VIH mediante una escala de 12 ítems. Los modelos de regresión logística ajustados examinaron las asociaciones con la percepción del riesgo ("Riesgo no percibido" vs. "Riesgo percibido"). De 1961 participantes, 155 (17,0%), 62 (12,4%), 128 (17,2%) de los participantes en Montreal, Toronto y Vancouver, informaron comportamiento sexual de alto riesgo. El comportamiento sexual de alto riesgo se mostró asociado con riesgo percibido. El optimismo sobre el tratamiento modero la asociación. Promover la conciencia sobre los avances relacionados con la prevención y el tratamiento del VIH es importante para una evaluación adecuada de los riesgos y una mayor participación en las intervenciones de prevención.

Perceived stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological adjustment, and death distress of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between death distress, psychological adjustment, optimism, pessimism and perceived stress among nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: this study was designed as cross-sectional/cohort. The population of the study involved 408 nurses from Northern Cyprus, which are registered as full members of the Nurse Council. The sample comprised 214 nurses, who volunteered to participate in the study. The study data was collected using a web-based online survey (Demographic form, the Coronavirus Stress Measure, The Optimism and Pessimism Questionnaire, The Brief Adjustment Scale-6, The Death Distress Scale). RESULTS: the results indicated that perceived stress significantly and negatively predicted optimism (ß = -0.21, p < 0.001) and pessimism (ß = 0.38, p < 0.001). Perceived stress had significant and positive predictive effects on psychological adjustment (ß = 0.31, p < 0.001) and death distress (ß = 0.17, p < 0.01). Further analysis results revealed that pessimism mediates the association of stress with psychological adjustment and death distress; however, optimism only mediates the effect of stress on psychological adjustment among nurses. CONCLUSION: a low level of pessimism is effective in strengthening nurses' psychological adjustment skills againt perceived stress and death distress. Nurses should consider behavioral strategies to help reduce the level of pessimism during periods such as pandemics. BACKGROUND: (1) High levels of perceived stress increased higher score of psychological adjustment. (2) Pessimism mediates the association of stress with adjustment and death distress. (3) Optimism only mediates the effect of stress on psychological adjustment among nurses.

Felicidad, emociones positivas, evaluación cognitiva y afrontamiento en estudiantes universitarios de Lima Metropolitana / Happiness, Positive Emotions, Cognitive Appraisal, and Coping in University Students of Metropolitan Lima

Resumen. Objetivo. El objetivo principal fue examinar la influencia de la felicidad, por medio de la evaluación cognitiva y las emociones positivas, en el afrontamiento del estrés en estudiantes universitarios. Método. Participaron 352 personas, 70.2% mujeres y 29.8% hombres, con un rango de edad entre 19 y 35 años. Se realizaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés) para estimar la influencia de la felicidad en el proceso del estrés y el afrontamiento. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones esperadas entre las variables y un buen ajuste de los modelos propuestos. La felicidad influye en la utilización de estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas, a través de la evaluación cognitiva de desafío (β = .220; p < .001) y la experiencia de emociones positivas (β = .159; p = .001). Se concluye que la felicidad tiene un importante papel en el proceso del estrés y el afrontamiento.

Abstract. Objective. The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of happiness by cognitive appraisal and positive emotions on stress coping in university students. Method. 352 people participated in the study, 70.2% were women, with an age range of between 19 and 35 years. Structural Equation Models (SEM) were tested to estimate the influence of happiness in the stress process and coping. Results. The results showed expected correlations between the variables and a good fit of the proposed models. Happiness influences the use of adaptive coping strategies, through the cognitive appraisal of challenge (β = .220; p < .001) and the experience of positive emotions (β = .159; p = .001). In conclusion, happiness plays an important role in the stress and coping process.

Optimismo disposicional, ansiedad, depresión y estrés en una muestra del Ecuador. Análisis inter-género y de predicción / Dispositional Optimism, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in a Sample of Ecuador. Inter-gender and Prediction Analysis

Resumen.Objetivo. Determinar las diferencias inter-género del optimismo disposicional, la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y el rol predictor sobre estos rasgos patológicos en una muestra de universitarios del Ecuador. Método. Investigación descriptiva, comparativa, predictora y de corte transversal con las pruebas de Orientación Vital y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés con 288 participantes de una universidad pública de Ambato, Ecuador (63.9% son mujeres y 31% hombres). Con edades entre 17 a 39 años (M = 21.6 años; DT = 2.5). Resultados. Hay diferencias (p < .05) de género en ansiedad y estrés (con mayor presencia en mujeres que en hombres. También, hay correlaciones entre el optimismo disposicional y los rasgos patológicos. Finalmente, el optimismo disposicional explica en la depresión (15.2%), la ansiedad (9.7%) y el estrés (5.5%) los cambios de la varianza. Se concluye que el optimismo disposicional es un predictor de la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract.Objective. To determine the inter-gender differences in dispositional optimism, depression, anxiety, and stress; as well as the predictive role of optimism on pathological features in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. Method. This is a descriptive, comparative, predictive and cross-sectional study using the Life Orientation (LOT-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) tests with 288 university students belonging to one university of Ambato; 63.9% women, 31% men aged between 17 to 39 (M = 21.6 years, SD = 2.5). Results. Gender differences were found at the Anxiety and Stress level, with greater presence in women than in men. As regards dispositional optimism and depression, gender is invariant. There were both slight and significant correlations between dispositional optimism and the dimensions evaluated by the DASS 21 test. Dispositional optimism also explains changes in variance in depression (15.2%), anxiety (9.7%) and stress (5.5%). As a conclusion, dispositional optimism is a relevant predictor of depression, as well as anxiety and stress in university students.

Role of optimism in adolescent mental health: a protocol for a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a critical period of human development, where adaptive or maladaptive experiences can happen. These experiences are associated with psychological, social, biological and health factors. Previous empirical evidence suggests that mental health is associated with individual assets and positive states, whose presence may become a factor of protection and resistance to mental disorders. Among these, optimism could play a fundamental role in sustaining physical and mental well-being and in dealing with threats potentially harmful to health. Given the rise of research on optimism and its importance in the various health outcomes, it is necessary to initiate processes of compilation and synthesis of this evidence to facilitate the understanding of the importance of this variable on the mental health of adolescents. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The included studies will be experimental, observational, cross-sectional and longitudinal focussed on the role of optimism on mental health in adolescents, regardless of whether they belong to clinical or non-clinical populations. This systematic review protocol will be carried out following the Cochrane Manual for systematic reviews and will follow the statement on systematic reviews and meta-analysis of PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols). Searches will run from October 2019 to March 2020, and will be carried out from the following electronic databases: APA PsycNet, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), Web of Science, PubMed Central and Scopus. Two reviewers will obtain the eligible articles, published from January 2009 onward, to assess the quality of each study and extract the data. For the presentation of the results, a narrative and quantitative synthesis will be carried out that groups the data found. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The approval of an ethics committee is not required for a systematic review protocol. The results will be presented at congresses in social sciences and psychology and will be published in a peer-reviewed social or health science journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019142616.

Anxiety and coping strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of positive attitudes at work / Ansiedade e estratégias de enfrentamento do estresse durante a pandemia da Covid-19: a mediação das atitudes positivas sobre o trabalho / Ansiedad y estrategias de afrontamiento durante la pandemia del Covid-19: El papel mediador de las actitudes positivas en el trabajo

The world has been monitoring the emergence and advancement of COVID-19, which has mobilized the scientific community with the purpose of expanding our understanding about the disease. With regard to workers, the concern with their mental health during and after the pandemic stands out. In this connection, this investigation aimed to understand the direct effects of anxiety on stress-coping strategies in Brazilian workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the mediating role of general attitudes about work in such a relationship. The study included 339 workers of both genders (73% female) and from different professions. The results indicated that general positive attitudes about work mediated the relationship between anxiety and stress-coping strategies focused on the issue. The implications for carrying out interventions with workers in times of pandemic are discussed.

O mundo acompanha o surgimento e o avanço da COVID-19, o que tem mobilizado a comunidade científica a ampliar o conhecimento sobre a doença. No que tange aos trabalhadores, destaca-se a preocupação com sua saúde mental durante e após a pandemia. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos diretos da ansiedade sobre as estratégias de enfrentamento do estresse em trabalhadores brasileiros, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, bem como o papel mediador das atitudes gerais sobre o trabalho em tal relação. Participaram do estudo 339 trabalhadores de ambos os sexos (73% do sexo feminino) e de diversas profissões. Os resultados indicaram que as atitudes positivas gerais sobre o trabalho mediaram a relação da ansiedade com as estratégias de enfrentamento do estresse focadas no problema. Implicações para a realização de intervenções junto aos trabalhadores em momentos de pandemia são discutidas.

El mundo está siguiendo la aparición y el avance de COVID-19, que ha movilizado a la comunidad científica para expandir el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. Con respecto a los trabajadores, destaca la preocupación por su salud mental durante y después de la pandemia. En este sentido, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos directos de la ansiedad sobre las estrategias de afrontamiento en los trabajadores brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19, así como el papel mediador de las actitudes generales sobre el trabajo en Tal relación. El estudio incluyó a 339 trabajadores de ambos sexos (73% mujeres) y de diversas profesiones. Los resultados indicaron que las actitudes positivas generales sobre el trabajo mediaron la relación entre la ansiedad y las estrategias para enfrentar el estrés centradas en el problema. Se discuten las implicaciones para llevar a cabo intervenciones con trabajadores en tiempos de pandemia.

Escala de otimismo para adultos: construção e validação / Optimism scale for adults: construction and validation / Escala de optimismo para adultos: construcción y validación

O otimismo consiste em expectativas positivas quanto ao futuro e persistência diante das adversidades. Devido às lacunas teóricas referentes à sua avaliação, no âmbito nacional, esta pesquisa objetivou construir uma escala de otimismo para adultos e investigar suas propriedades psicométricas. Participaram 555 adultos, 18 a 77 anos (M = 33,6; DP = 11,5), sendo a maioria mulheres (65,4%). Após a construção dos itens, foram realizadas análise semântica, análise de juízes, análise fatorial exploratória e verificou-se a precisão. A análise semântica e a análise de juízes indicaram evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo. A análise fatorial exploratória indicou um modelo de dois fatores, que explicou 47,3% da variância dos dados. Os valores de alfa de Cronbach indicaram a precisão do instrumento (α = 0,94 ­ Fator 1 e α = 0,92 ­ Fator 2). Concluiu-se que a escala proposta apresenta evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo, na estrutura interna e precisão. (AU)

Optimism consists of positive expectations about the future and persistence in the face of adversities. Due to the theoretical gaps regarding its evaluation at the national level, this research aimed to develop an optimism scale for adults and investigated their psychometric properties. The participants were 555 adults, aged from 18 to 77 years (M = 33.6; SD = 11.5), most of them women (65.4%). After the development of the scale items, the semantic analysis, the analysis by the judges, and the exploratory factorial analysis were performed and reliability was verified. The semantic analysis and the analysis by the judges indicated evidence of validity based on content. The exploratory factorial analysis indicated a two-factor solution, which explained 47.3% of data variance. Cronbach's alpha values indicated the reliability of the instrument (α = 0.94 - Factor 1 and α = 0.92 - Factor 2). It was concluded that the proposed scale presents evidence of validity based on content, internal structure, and reliability. (AU)

El optimismo consiste en expectativas positivas con respecto a futuro y persistencia ante las adversidades. Debido a omisiones teóricas referentes a evaluación en el ámbito nacional, esta investigación tuvo por objetivo construir una escala de optimismo para adultos e investigar sus propiedades psicométricas. Participaron 555 adultos, 18 a 77 años (M = 33,6, DP = 11,5), siendo la mayoría mujeres (65,4%). Después de la construcción de los ítems, fue realizado análisis semántico, análisis de jueces, análisis factorial exploratorio y fue verificada la precisión. El análisis semántico y el análisis de jueces indicaron evidencias de validez basados en el contenido. El análisis factorial exploratorio indicó un modelo de dos factores, que explicó 47,3 % de la varianza de los datos. Los valores de alfa de Cronbach indicaron la precisión del instrumento (α = 0,94 - Factor 1 y α = 0,92 - Factor 2). Se concluye que la escala propuesta presenta evidencias de validez basadas en el contenido,y en la estructura interna y precisión. (AU)

Motivação acadêmica e autoestima contingente: relação com satisfação de vida, esperança e otimismo / Academic motivation and contingent self-esteem: investigating the relation with life satisfaction, hope and optimism / Motivacón académica y autoestima contingente: relación con la satisfaccíon de la vida, la esperanza y el optimismo

Este estudo investigou em uma amostra de estudantes de universidades públicas e privadas a relação entre o tipo de motivação para os estudos (intrínseca ou externa) com autoestima e personalidade, otimismo, esperança e satisfação de vida. Os resultados indicaram associação entre os domínios de competência acadêmica, competição e aparência com Motivação Extrínseca no âmbito acadêmico. Além disso, houve associação significativa do fator neuroticismo com o domínio Aprovação de Outros. As mulheres apresentaram escores mais elevados em domínios de contingência externa. Foram realizadas análises de regressão e o domínio Aprovação de Outros demonstrou maior poder de explicação (35,9%), seguido pelo de Competência Acadêmica (28,4%) e Aparência (25,5%). Esses achados estão de acordo com a literatura, indicando que quando a autoestima se apoia em contingências externas pode haver menor motivação para os estudos. Os achados indicam a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção que propiciem ambientes que oportunizem o interesse intrínseco para a aprendizagem nas universidades. (AU)

Motivation for learning is fundamental and closely related to external and internal factors and to the extent to which they interrelate. Accordingly, self-esteem can be an indicator of how the individual deals with the environment and with internal pressure, especially when this is based on external contingencies. This study sought to investigate, in a sample of university students, the relationship of the type of motivation with self-esteem and characteristics such as personality, optimism, hope, and life satisfaction. In the study sample, an association was found between extrinsic motivation in the academic environment and the contingency domains of academic competence, competition, and appearance. We concluded that the findings are in line with the literature and indicate the need for intervention strategies in higher education, aiming to promote an environment that is more favorable to the intrinsic interest in studying. (AU)

La motivación para el aprendizaje es fundamental y está estrechamente relacionada con factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos y cómo estos se interrelacionan. En este sentido, la autoestima puede ser un indicador de cómo el individuo trata con el medio ambiente y con las presiones internas, especialmente cuando depende de contingencias externas como una forma de mantener el autoestima elevado. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios la relación del tipo de motivación para los estudios (intrínseca o extrínseca) con autoestima y características tales como personalidad, optimismo, esperanza y satisfacción con la vida. La muestra del estudio presentó una asociación entre los dominios de competencia académica, competición y apariencia con la motivación extrínseca en el campo académico. Se concluye que los resultados respaldan la literatura vigente, lo que indica la necesidad de estrategias de intervención en el ámbito de la educación superior para promover un ambiente más propicio para el interés intrínseco para el aprendizaje en las universidades. (AU)

Optimism, Pessimism, and Migraine: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Optimism and pessimism are related to several mental health and brain disorders, are significant predictors of physical and psychological health outcomes, and implicated as psychosocial determinants of the pain experience. Despite this promising evidence, limited information is available on optimism and pessimism in headache disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of optimism and pessimism in meeting criteria for migraine and related disability in a population-based sample. METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional study. The sample population was selected through a stratified, multi-stage area probability sample of households, as used by the last Brazilian Census. A validated questionnaire eliciting data on demographics, headache features, migraine-related disability, depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), optimism, and pessimism (life orientation test - revised) was administered to people with migraine and headache-free control participants from the general population in São Paulo, Brazil via trained interviewers. Six hundred individuals were contacted. The odds for having migraine/no headache diagnosis were calculated by binary logistic regression, and ordinal regression was performed to check associations between migraine-related disability and optimism. RESULTS: A total of 302 individuals (mean ± SD age: 39.7 ± 12.7; BMI: 26.5 ± 5.9) met inclusion criteria and were included, 140 controls (with no history of headache disorders) and 162 people meeting criteria for migraine (29 with chronic migraine, that is, 15 or more headache days/month). People with migraine were less optimistic and more pessimistic than controls, and endorsed higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Pessimism (OR 95% CI = 1.16 [1.05-1.28], P = .005) and anxiety (OR 95% CI = 1.19 [1.10-1.29], P < .001) were predictors of meeting criteria for migraine, while optimism (ß 95% CI = -0.915 [-1.643, -0.188], P = .01) was inversely associated with migraine-related disability. CONCLUSIONS: Optimism and pessimism are associated with migraine and migraine-related disability. These concepts should be further explored in people with migraine with regard to their potential influences on clinical research outcomes and treatments.

Informatização e validação do instrumento tarefas preditoras de otimismo em crianças - TAPOC / Computerization and validation of optimism predictor tasks in children (TAPOC) instrument / Informatización y validación del instrumento tareas predictoras de optimismo en niños (TAPOC)

Este estudo objetivou adaptar as Tarefas Preditoras de Otimismo em Crianças (TAPOC) para uso em tablet e investigar evidências de validade da versão informatizada. Além disso, investigaram-se o nível de otimismo das crianças avaliadas e possíveis diferenças entre os sexos, tipos de escolas e cidades. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas, informatização do instrumento e estudo de evidências de validade. Na primeira, participaram dois profissionais das Ciências da Computação, dois especialistas em Avaliação Psicológica e 10 crianças com características da amostra. Na segunda, a amostra foi composta por 238 crianças de quatro a 10 anos de idade (M = 7,24; DP = 1,6), sendo 133 crianças de Porto Alegre-RS e 105 de Teresina-PI de escolas públicas e privadas. A TAPOC-i apresentou consistência interna satisfatória e correlações significativas com os demais instrumentos. Identificou-se uma diferença significativa entre sexos. A análise fatorial confirmatória indicou que o modelo permaneceu unidimensional. (AU)

This study aimed to adapt the Optimism Predictor Task in Children (TAPOC) into a to use in tablet and to investigate validity evidence of the computer-based version. Besides, sought to assess the optimism level of accessed children and possible differences between sex, type of school and cities. The study was carried out in two steps, computerization of the instrument and study of validity evidence. In the first, two professionals of Computer Science participated, two experts in Psychological Assessment and ten children with sample characteristics. In the second, the sample was composed by 238 children aged four to 10 years (M = 7.24, SD = 1.6), 133 from Porto Alegre-RS and 105 from Teresina-PI of public and private schools. The TAPOC-i showed satisfactory internal consistency (0.72) and significant correlations with other measures. It was identified a significant difference between sexs. Confirmatory factor analyze indicated that the model remained one dimensional. (AU)

Este estúdio objetivó adaptar las Tareas Predictoras de Optimismo en niños (TAPOC) para uso en tablets e investigar evidencias de validez de la versión informatizada. Además, se investigó el nivel de optimismo de los niños evaluados y posibles diferencias entre el sexo, tipos de escuelas y ciudades. El estudio fue realizado en dos etapas, informatización del instrumento y estudio de evidencias de validez. En la primera, participaron dos profesionales de Ciencias Informáticas, dos especialistas en Evaluación Psicológica y 10 niños con características de la muestra. En la segunda, la muestra fue compuesta por 238 niños de cuatro a 10 años de edad (X = 7,24, DS = 1,6), siendo 133 niños de Porto Alegre-RS y 105 de Teresina-PI de escuelas públicas y privadas. En conclusión, TAPOC-i presentó consistencia interna satisfactoria y correlaciones significativas con los demás instrumentos. Se identificó una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio indicó que el modelo permaneció unidimensional. (AU)

Niveles de salud psicológica y laboral en practicantes de Pilates / Levels of Psychological and Occupational Health in Pilates Adherents

Resumen Actualmente, la práctica de Pilates carece de fundamentación científica sólida que establezca beneficios sobre la salud psicológica. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue analizar si los participantes que combinan Pilates con otras Actividades Físico-Deportivas (AFD) presentaban puntuaciones más altas en las variables psicosociales y laborales estudiadas que practicantes de Pilates, practicantes de otras AFD diferentes al Pilates y participantes sedentarios. El segundo objetivo fue comprobar si los años de experiencia practicando Pilates, de forma aislada, influían positivamente sobre las variables estudiadas. El cuestionario de autoeficacia (AEG), autoestima (RSE), personalidad situacional (CPS), optimismo (LOT-R), satisfacción laboral (S10/12) y engagement (UWES) fueron completados por 212 participantes con una edad media de 41.83 años (DT = 12.41). Los practicantes de Pilates asistían a centros especializados en la técnica Pilates original. La metodología empleada fue de corte transversal. Las puntuaciones más altas en autoeficacia, estabilidad emocional, autoconcepto, optimismo y satisfacción con las prestaciones recibidas obtenidas por el grupo que combina Pilates con otras AFD no son estadísticamente significativas frente al resto de los grupos. Sin embargo, los minutos semanales de AFD correlacionan significativamente con la autoeficacia, el autoconcepto y la tendencia optimista. Los resultados del segundo objetivo muestran diferencias significativas en las variables autoeficacia y autoconcepto entre los practicantes más expertos de Pilates con respecto a los principiantes. Como conclusión, no se detectan diferencias significativas entre los grupos analizados, pero una práctica continuada y regular de Pilates en el tiempo, superior a 5 años, puede reportar interesantes beneficios psicológicos.

Abstract: Currently, the practice of Pilates lacks a solid scientific foundation that establishes benefits on psychological health. The main objective of the present work was to analyze whether participants who combine Pilates with otherPhysical Sports Activities (PSA) had higher scores in psychosocial and work variables studied than Pilates adherents, devotees of other PSAs other than Pilates and sedentary participants. The second objective was to check whether years of experience practicing Pilates, in isolation, had a positive influence on the variables studied. Two hundred twelve participants completed the self-efficacy questionnaire (GSE), self-esteem (RSE), situational personality (CPS), optimism (LOT-R), job satisfaction (S10/12) and engagement (UWES) questionnaires with an average age of 41.83 years (SD = 12.41). Adherents of Pilates attended centers specialized in original Pilates techniques. The methodology used was cross-sectional. The highest scores on self-efficacy, emotional stability, self-concept, optimism and satisfaction with the benefits received by the group that combines Pilates with other PSAs are not statistically significant compared to the rest of the groups. However, the weekly minutes of PSA correlate significantly with self-efficacy, self-concept and optimistic tendency. The results of the second objective show significant differences in the self-efficacy and self-concept variables among the most expert Pilates adherents with respect to beginners. In conclusion, no significant differences were detected between the analyzed groups, but a continued and regular practice of Pilates over time (more than 5 years), may provide interesting psychological benefits

Perceived stress and worldview influence sleep quality in Bolivian and United States university students.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated predictors of poor sleep quality among American and Bolivian students. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was designed and administered to undergraduate university students. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Psychology classes from 2 public universities (Texas, USA, and Bolivia) were convenience sampled (n = 80 American students; 60 Bolivian students). MEASUREMENTS: We used a sleep quality index and the Perceived Stress Scale. We added questions concerning worldview, sleep hygiene, sleep deficiency, health behaviors, and demographics. RESULTS: Five variables predicted poor sleep quality: perceived stress, sleep hygiene, sleep deficiency, worldview, and site. Greater stress positively associated with poorer sleep in both cultures. Yet, Bolivian students reported significantly more stress than American students but experienced significantly better sleep quality. Worldview, a measure of optimism or pessimism about the world, negatively associated with sleep quality in both cultures. CONCLUSION: Three variables that predict sleep quality (worldview, sleep hygiene, and sleep deficiency) did not differ significantly between countries. Only perceived stress differed by country but contrary to the predicted direction. Thus, this work reveals new avenues for future work to the investigation of sleep in different cultures. Lastly, we offer recommendations to ameliorate poor sleep in university students.

A estrutura psicológica do otimismo: os dois lados da moeda / The psychological structure of optimidm: two sides of the same coin

O otimismo é um fenômeno de grande relevância teórica e prática, no entanto, tem sido pouco explorado na prática clínica. Apesar deste aparente desinteresse, o otimismo pode ser considerado o mais significativo dos vieses cognitivos, já que implica em importantes consequências tanto positivas quanto negativas. O principal objetivo deste artigo de revisão de literatura é estabelecer uma reflexão teórica sobre a estrutura psicológica do otimismo, discutindo as vantagens e desvantagens cognitivas e comportamentais, a partir dos seus princípios e fundamentos. Realizou-se uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados APA PsycNet e SAGE utilizando-se as palavras chave "optimism", "optimism bias" e "positive psychology". A discussão é norteada por resultados de diversas pesquisas realizadas no campo do otimismo que foram publicadas em importantes periódicos de psicologia. O resultado é uma sólida reflexão sobre as implicações práticas do viés otimista e seu poder de influência na vida das pessoas. O otimismo tem grande potencial de contribuição para a psicologia de forma a oferecer uma perspectiva positiva para aspessoas em relação ao futuro

The optimism bias has a great theoretical and practical significance, however, remains underapplied in clinical practice. Despite this apparent disinterest, optimism may be considered the most significant cognitive bias, since it implies important consequences both positive and negative. The main objective of this literature review article is to establish a theoretical reflection about the psychological structure of optimism, discussing the advantages and disadvantages, starting from its principles and fundamentals. An extensive bibliographic search was performed in the APA PsycNet and SAGE databases using the keywords "optimism", "optimism bias" and "positive psychology". The discussion is driven by results of several studies conducted in the field of optimism published in top journals of psychology. The result is a solid reflection on the practical implications of optimism bias and its power to influence people's lives. Optimism has a great potential of contribution for psychology in order to offering people a positive outlook for the future

Otimismo, afetos e personalidade em portadores de doença renal crônica: resultados preliminares / Optimism, affections and personality in patients with chronic kidney disease: preliminary results

Introdução: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública. Na sua fase terminal, os tratamentos propostos são a diálise e o transplante renal. O estudo apresentado tem investigado aspectos psicológicos positivos de pacientes que vivenciam essa doença. Objetivo: Investigar correlações entre afetos, otimismo e traços de personalidade em pacientes que aguardam por um transplante renal e em pacientes que já foram submetidos a esse procedimento. Casuística/Material e Método: A pesquisa conta com 40 participantes divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo, pré-transplante, com vinte pessoas que fazem hemodiálise, e o grupo pós-transplante com vinte pessoas que já passaram pelo transplante renal. São utilizados quatro instrumentos de avaliação: questionário sócio-demografico, o Teste para avaliar o Otimismo (LOT-R), o Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores (NEO-FFI-R) e a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Afetos Negativos (PANAS). Resultados: Até o momento, foram avaliados nove pacientes de cada grupo. As análises parciais por correlação de Spearman apontam associações negativas entre Otimismo e Afetos Negativos com ρ = -0,66 no grupo pré e ρ = -0,78 no grupo pós-transplante. Quanto aos fatores de personalidade, há relações positivas significativas entre Afetos Positivos e Extroversão no grupo pré-transplante e Afetos Positivos e Abertura à Experiência no pós-transplante. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos quanto a Otimismo e Afetos Negativos mantêm o padrão encontrado na população geral. Os demais resultados são ainda pouco conclusivos. Os dados que serão analisados após a avaliação de todos os sujeitos podem oferecer resultados que se afastam dos encontrados até agora.

Consistent Belief in a Good True Self in Misanthropes and Three Interdependent Cultures.

People sometimes explain behavior by appealing to an essentialist concept of the self, often referred to as the true self. Existing studies suggest that people tend to believe that the true self is morally virtuous; that is deep inside, every person is motivated to behave in morally good ways. Is this belief particular to individuals with optimistic beliefs or people from Western cultures, or does it reflect a widely held cognitive bias in how people understand the self? To address this question, we tested the good true self theory against two potential boundary conditions that are known to elicit different beliefs about the self as a whole. Study 1 tested whether individual differences in misanthropy-the tendency to view humans negatively-predict beliefs about the good true self in an American sample. The results indicate a consistent belief in a good true self, even among individuals who have an explicitly pessimistic view of others. Study 2 compared true self-attributions across cultural groups, by comparing samples from an independent country (USA) and a diverse set of interdependent countries (Russia, Singapore, and Colombia). Results indicated that the direction and magnitude of the effect are comparable across all groups we tested. The belief in a good true self appears robust across groups varying in cultural orientation or misanthropy, suggesting a consistent psychological tendency to view the true self as morally good.

Percepción de salud y bienestar en la vejez / Perception of health and well-being

Tomando los aportes de la Psicología Positiva, este estudio buscó identificar la relación entre la valoración del bienestar y la percepción de salud en un grupo de adultos de entre 65 y 100 años de edad, a fin de brindar datos que generen una comprensión científica más completa y equilibrada y que promuevan una vida saludable, productiva y significativa dentro de este grupo etario. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que existe una relación directa entre las tres dimensiones del bienestar y la percepción de salud valorada por los adultos mayores. A la vez, se reflejó que el aspecto emocional o subjetivo del bienestar fue el que presentó un mayor índice de correlación con la percepción de salud en los adultos mayores. Además, se observó que el 50% percibió su estado de salud actual como bueno, seguido de muy bueno, y que predominaron altos puntajes de bienestar psicológico y emocional, mientras que bajas puntuaciones del componente social. (AU)

Taking into consideration the contributions of Positive Psychology, this study seeks to identify the relationship between the assessment of well-being and the perception of health in a group of senior adults aged between 65 and 100 years old, in order to provide data to generate a more complete and balanced scientific understanding of what promotes a healthy, productive and meaningful life within this age group. The results obtained indicate that there is a direct relationship among the three dimensions of well-being and the perception of health, as valued by senior adults. Also evident was the fact that the emotional or subjective aspects of well-being are the ones that presented a higher correlation index with perception of health in senior adults. In addition, it was observed that 50% perceived their current state of health as good, followed by very good, and that high scores of psychological and emotional wellbeing predominated, but the scores for the social component were low. (AU)

Psychological Capital Questionnaire - short version (PCQ-12): evidence of validity of the Brazilian version / Questionário de Capital Psicológico - versão reduzida (QCP-12): evidências de validade da versão brasileira / Cuestionário de Capital Psicológico - versión reducida (CCP-12): evidencias de validez de la versión brasileña

This study aimed to show evidence of validity for the Brazilian short version (12 items) of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12). Three independent samples participated in the study, totaling 1771 subjects (64.3% women, 32.9% men and 2.9% undeclared), aged 18-79 years (M = 38.59, SD = 12.98). Confirmatory factor analyses showed acceptable adjustment indices for the four-factor structure (self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism) and for a second-order structure with a general factor of psychological capital explaining the four primary factors. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses found configural, metric and scalar invariance of the measure for the different samples as well as for men and women. Finally, convergent validity analyses found a positive and moderate correlation of PCQ-12 with satisfaction with life and subjective happiness, as well as a negative and moderate correlation with perceived stress and depression. (AU)

Esse estudo tem por objetivo apresentar evidências de validade para a versão brasileira reduzida (12 itens) do Questionário de Capital Psicológico (QCP-12). Participaram do estudo três amostras independentes, totalizando 1771 sujeitos (64,3% mulheres, 32,9% homens, e 2,9% não declarados), com idades entre 18 a 79 anos (M = 38,59; DP = 12,98). Análises fatoriais confirmatórias apresentaram índices de ajuste aceitáveis para a estrutura de quatro fatores (autoeficácia, esperança, resiliência e otimismo) correlacionados e para uma estrutura de segunda ordem, com um fator geral de capital psicológico explicando os quatro fatores de primeira ordem. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias multigrupo encontraram invariância configural, métrica e escalar da medida para as diferentes amostras bem como para homens e mulheres. Por fim, análises de validade convergente encontraram correlação positiva e moderada do QCP-12 com a satisfação com a vida e a felicidade subjetiva, e negativa e moderada com o estresse percebido e a depressão. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar evidencias de validez de la versión brasileña reducida (12 ítems) del Cuestionario de Capital Psicológico (CCP-12). El estudio incluyó tres muestras independientes, con un total de 1771 individuos (64,3% mujeres, 32,9% hombres y 2,9% no declarados), con edades entre 18 a 79 años (M = 38,59, SD = 12,98). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró índices de ajuste aceptable para estructura de cuatro factores correlacionados (autoeficacia, esperanza, resiliencia y optimismo) y para una estructura de segundo orden con un factor general de capital psicológico que explica los cuatro factores de primer orden. Análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo encontró invariancia configural, métrica y escalar de la medida para las diferentes muestras, tanto para hombres como mujeres. Por fin, análisis de validez convergente encontraron correlación positiva y moderada de CCP-12 de satisfacción con la vida y felicidad subjetiva, y correlación negativa y moderada con el estrés percibido y la depresión. (AU)

Stress and optimism of elderlies who are caregivers for elderlies and live with children.

Objective: to evaluate the relation between stress and optimism of elderlies who are informal caregivers for elderlies and live with children. Method: cross-sectional study on 50 elderlies who provide care to elderlies, live with children, and are registered in the primary health care. The interviews occurred in the participant's residence and we evaluated characteristics of the care-dependent elderly and of the children, sociodemographic characteristics, stress through the Perceived Stress Scale and optimism through the Pinto and Pais-Ribeiro Spirituality Scale, in the elderly caregiver. For statistical analysis we used the Spearman correlation test. Results: the mean level of stress was 23.9 points and of optimism was 3.3 points. Correlation analysis showed that the higher the level of optimism the significantly lower the level of perceived stress of elderlies who provided care to elderlies and lived with children. Conclusion: inversely proportional correlation was identified between stress and optimism.

Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre estresse e otimismo de idosos cuidadores informais de idosos e que residem com crianças. Método: estudo transversal com 50 idosos cuidadores de idosos que residem com crianças e são cadastrados na atenção básica. As entrevistas ocorreram no domicílio do participante e foram avaliadas características do idoso dependente de cuidados e das crianças, características sociodemográficas, estresse por meio da Escala de Estresse Percebido e o otimismo por meio da Escala de Espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro, no idoso cuidador. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o nível médio de estresse foi de 23,9 pontos e de otimismo foi de 3,3 pontos. A análise de correlação mostrou que quanto maior o nível de otimismo significativamente menor foi o nível de estresse percebido dos idosos cuidadores de idosos que residiam com crianças. Conclusão: foi identificada correlação inversamente proporcional entre estresse e otimismo.

Stress and optimism of elderlies who are caregivers for elderlies and live with children / Estrés y optimismo de ancianos cuidadores de otros ancianos que residen con niños / Estresse e otimismo de idosos cuidadores de idosos que residem com crianças

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the relation between stress and optimism of elderlies who are informal caregivers for elderlies and live with children. Method: cross-sectional study on 50 elderlies who provide care to elderlies, live with children, and are registered in the primary health care. The interviews occurred in the participant's residence and we evaluated characteristics of the care-dependent elderly and of the children, sociodemographic characteristics, stress through the Perceived Stress Scale and optimism through the Pinto and Pais-Ribeiro Spirituality Scale, in the elderly caregiver. For statistical analysis we used the Spearman correlation test. Results: the mean level of stress was 23.9 points and of optimism was 3.3 points. Correlation analysis showed that the higher the level of optimism the significantly lower the level of perceived stress of elderlies who provided care to elderlies and lived with children. Conclusion: inversely proportional correlation was identified between stress and optimism.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre estrés y optimismo en ancianos cuidadores informales de otros ancianos que residen con niños. Método: estudio transversal con 50 ancianos cuidadores de ancianos que residen con niños, registrados en atención básica. Entrevistas realizadas en domicilio del participante, evaluándose características del anciano dependiente de cuidados y de los niños, características sociodemográficas, estrés mediante Escala de Estrés Percibido y optimismo mediante Escala de Espiritualidad de Pinto y Pais-Ribeiro, en el anciano cuidador. Para análisis estadístico, se utilizó test de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: el nivel medio de estrés fue de 23,9 puntos, el de optimismo fue de 3,3 puntos. El análisis de correlación expresó que cuanto mayor fue el nivel de optimismo, significativamente menor fue el nivel de estrés percibido en los ancianos cuidadores de otros ancianos que residen con niños. Conclusión: se identificó correlación inversamente proporcional entre estrés y optimismo.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre estresse e otimismo de idosos cuidadores informais de idosos e que residem com crianças. Método: estudo transversal com 50 idosos cuidadores de idosos que residem com crianças e são cadastrados na atenção básica. As entrevistas ocorreram no domicílio do participante e foram avaliadas características do idoso dependente de cuidados e das crianças, características sociodemográficas, estresse por meio da Escala de Estresse Percebido e o otimismo por meio da Escala de Espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro, no idoso cuidador. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o nível médio de estresse foi de 23,9 pontos e de otimismo foi de 3,3 pontos. A análise de correlação mostrou que quanto maior o nível de otimismo significativamente menor foi o nível de estresse percebido dos idosos cuidadores de idosos que residiam com crianças. Conclusão: foi identificada correlação inversamente proporcional entre estresse e otimismo.