What is the level of household gun ownership in urban Mexico? An estimate from the first Mexican survey on gun ownership 2017.

Gun violence has increased in Mexico since the mid-2000s, but little is known about patterns of gun ownership. We examine the size and composition of the privately held urban firearm stock in Mexico, motivations for ownership, and attitudes about gun laws. To this end, a household telephone survey of 1361 adults living in nine Mexican cities was conducted in the summer of 2017. We find that few urban Mexican households contain guns. Most of those who report ownership possess one gun, having purchased it recently for self-defense. Few urban Mexican citizens plan to purchase a gun in the future. Respondents are more likely to believe that crime in Mexico would increase if guns were allowed in more places (ie, workplaces and motor vehicles). Evidence suggests urban Mexico has relative low rates of firearm ownership. Few city dwellers plan on obtaining a firearm in the near future.

Successful strategies implemented towards the elimination of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere.

Almost all cases of human rabies result from dog bites, making the elimination of canine rabies a global priority. During recent decades, many countries in the Western Hemisphere have carried out large-scale dog vaccination campaigns, controlled their free-ranging dog populations and enforced legislation for responsible pet ownership. This article reviews progress in eliminating canine rabies from the Western Hemisphere. After briefly summarizing the history of control efforts and describing the approaches listed above, we note that programs in some countries have been hindered by societal attitudes and severe economic disparities, which underlines the need to discuss measures that will be required to complete the elimination of canine rabies throughout the region. We also note that there is a constant threat for dog-maintained epizootics to re-occur, so as long as dog-maintained rabies "hot spots" are still present, free-roaming dog populations remain large, herd immunity becomes low and dog-derived rabies lyssavirus (RABLV) variants continue to circulate in close proximity to rabies-naïve dog populations. The elimination of dog-maintained rabies will be only feasible if both dog-maintained and dog-derived RABLV lineages and variants are permanently eliminated. This may be possible by keeping dog herd immunity above 70% at all times, fostering sustained laboratory-based surveillance through reliable rabies diagnosis and RABLV genetic typing in dogs, domestic animals and wildlife, as well as continuing to educate the population on the risk of rabies transmission, prevention and responsible pet ownership. Complete elimination of canine rabies requires permanent funding, with governments and people committed to make it a reality. An accompanying article reviews the history and epidemiology of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere, beginning with its introduction during the period of European colonization, and discusses how spillovers of viruses between dogs and various wild carnivores will affect future eradication efforts (Velasco-Villa et al., 2017).

Brazilian orthodontists and the legal issues involving their professional activity: A legal and behavioral proposal.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the use of orthodontic records (OTR's) by Brazilian orthodontists and propose a behavioral approach from a legal point of view, drawing on their interpersonal relationship with their patients. METHODS: A statistical cross-analysis was performed to compare five groups. A sixth group was created comprising the intersection of the responses provided by the five aforementioned groups. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that 42.2% of orthodontists require initial and final records and keep orthodontic records throughout their professional career; 13.9% duplicate the initial records and consider patients as the lawful owners of these documents; 19.5% make use of a medical history questionnaire, to be duly signed by all patients; 5.4% acknowledge that the decision to undergo treatment is ultimately the patient's, and, therefore, the alternative response "not perform the treatment" should be included in the questionnaire; 24% recognize the importance of the Consumer Protection Code (CPC), regard the provision of orthodontic services as an obligation of means; and explain to the patient the risks involved in orthodontic treatment. Among the 1,469 orthodontists researched, 0% simultaneously took into account all aspects of this study. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that Brazilian orthodontists adopt a mistaken legal, professional and behavioral attitude, neglecting to build patient's orthodontic record with due care and in accordance with the law, which makes them vulnerable to patient disputes, contentious or otherwise.

Brazilian orthodontists and the legal issues involving their professional activity: a legal and behavioral proposal

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the use of orthodontic records (OTR's) by Brazilian orthodontists and propose a behavioral approach from a legal point of view, drawing on their interpersonal relationship with their patients. METHODS: A statistical cross-analysis was performed to compare five groups. A sixth group was created comprising the intersection of the responses provided by the five aforementioned groups. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that 42.2% of orthodontists require initial and final records and keep orthodontic records throughout their professional career; 13.9% duplicate the initial records and consider patients as the lawful owners of these documents; 19.5% make use of a medical history questionnaire, to be duly signed by all patients; 5.4% acknowledge that the decision to undergo treatment is ultimately the patient's, and, therefore, an alternative response "not perform the treatment" should be included in the questionnaire; 24% recognize the importance of the Consumer Protection Code (CPC), regard the provision of orthodontic services as an obligation of means; and explain to the patient the risks involved in orthodontic practice. Among the 1,469 orthodontists researched, 0% simultaneously took into account all aspects of this study. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that Brazilian orthodontists adopt a mistaken legal, professional and behavioral attitude, neglecting to build patient's orthodontic record with due care and in accordance with the law, which makes them vulnerable to patient disputes, contentious or otherwise.

OBJETIVO: a proposta desse trabalho foi analisar a prática do prontuário ortodôntico e as atitudes comportamentais sob o ponto de vista jurídico entre os ortodontistas do Brasil, mediante seu relacionamento interpessoal com seus pacientes. MÉTODOS: um questionário composto por 35 perguntas foi enviado para 5.355 ortodontistas. Após a devolução de 27% das correspondências, foi realizado um cruzamento informatizado estatístico em cinco grupos. Um sexto grupo criado foi a intersecção de todas as respostas dos cinco grupos anteriores. RESULTADOS: constatou-se que 42,2% dos ortodontistas solicitam as documentações iniciais ou finais, e guardam o prontuário ortodôntico por toda a carreira profissional; 13,9% duplicam a documentação inicial e consideram que o prontuário ortodôntico pertence ao paciente; 19,5% aplicam questionário de anamnese para todos os pacientes, que é assinado ao final; 5,4% consideram que a decisão pela opção terapêutica é do paciente, incluem a opção "não realizar o tratamento" e afirmam que o contrato é fundamental para o início do tratamento; 24,0% reconhecem a importância do Código de Defesa do Consumidor na profissão, consideram obrigação de meio (obrigação de diligência) os serviços ortodônticos prestados e esclarecem sobre os riscos envolvidos na prática da especialidade; 0% dos ortodontistas realizam simultaneamente todas essas considerações. CONCLUSÃO: o ortodontista brasileiro mantém uma atitude comportamental equivocada, mediante seus pacientes, pois, sob o ponto de vista jurídico-profissional, negligencia a elaboração cautelosa do prontuário dentro dos fundamentos legais conforme o estágio atual da especialidade. Sob o aspecto legal de seu exercício profissional, o ortodontista brasileiro está vulnerável diante questionamentos de seus pacientes, sejam eles litigiosos ou não, justos ou injustos.

Becoming farmers: opening spaces for women's resource control in Calakmul, Mexico.

Despite empirical findings on women's varied and often extensive participation in smallholder agriculture in Latin America, their participation continues to be largely invisible. In this article, I argue that the intransigency of farming women's invisibility reflects, in part, a discursive construction of farmers as men. Through a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods, including interviews with one hundred women in Calakmul, Mexico, I demonstrate the material implications of gendered farmer identities for women's control of resources, including land and conservation and development project resources. In particular, I relate the activities of one women's agricultural community-based organization and the members' collective adoption of transgressive identities as farmers. For these women, the process of becoming farmers resulted in increased access to and control over resources. This empirical case study illustrates the possibility of women's collective action to challenge and transform women's continued local invisibility as agricultural actors in rural Latin American spaces.

Colonialism, planters, sugarcane, and the agrarian economy of Caguas, Puerto Rico, between the 1890s and 1930.

This article presents new research on the impact and consequences of the incorporation of Puerto Rico into the American economic sphere of influence and how much change truly took place during the first decades of the twentieth century. As reconstructed here, Puerto Rico's social and economic structure did change after the American invasion. However, a closer look at the data reveals that, contrary to the generally accepted conclusions, land tenure did not become concentrated in fewer hands. Puerto Rico did experience profound changes with the rapid growth of US agribusiness and the penetration of American capital. In the process of arriving on the island, these two interests found a land tenure system in the firm control of local farmers (small, medium, and large). The American invasion and subsequent incorporation of the island into the American economic/political system as a non-incorporated territory provided the conditions for the numerical increase of farms and farmers in the island during the first three decades of the twentieth century.

Urban land rights and child nutritional status in Peru, 2004.

Advocates of land-titling programs in developing countries posit that these programs lead to a multitude of benefits, including health improvements. This paper presents the results of a child health survey of several Lima communities after various time exposures to Peru's urban land-titling program. The results provide suggestive evidence that improved property rights increase children's weight but not their height, which is consistent with previous work on the topic. However, titles also appear to raise children's risk of being overweight or obese, implying that the observed weight gain is not necessarily an improvement in nutritional status.

Evolução do conceito de função socioambiental da propriedade urbana entre 1916 e 2004 / Evolution of the concept of socioenvironmental function of property between 1916 t 2004

O direito de propriedade, antigamente considerado ilimitado, foi sendo gradualmente vinculado a uma finalidade social e ambiental. Pelo princípio da função social da propriedade, os proprietários urbanos cedem, respeitam, parcelam, constroem, deixam de construir, para que a cidade caminhe para a direção do sustentável. Objetivos: estudar o conceito, conteúdo, limites e possibilidade de aplicação prática do princípio constitucional da função social da propriedade urbana; apresentar os principais diplimas legais; constatar se o conceito abrange a proteção ambiental. Metodologia: i) por meio de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, foram apresentadas a evolução histórica e jurídica do princípio e os principais textos legais; ii) por meio de estudo de caso, foi analisada como uma propriedade localizada no reservatório Guarapiranga cumpre sua função social. Resultados: A idéia de propriedade vinculada ao interesse coletivo, inexistente no Código Civil brasileiro de 1916, foi consolidada na Constituição de 1967. A Constituição Federal de 1988 condicionou o direito de propriedade à obrigatoriedade do cumprimento de uma função social, a ser disciplinada pelos planos diretores municipais e o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado foi tido como direito fundamental. A Lei nº10.257/2001, Estatuto da Cidade, possibilitou a aplicação prática do princípio. O vigente Código Civil (2002) previu a destinação social da propriedade e a obediência às normas ambientais. O plano diretor de São Paulo disciplina o tema sob 2 aspectos: i) positivo: quando a propriedade cumpre a função social, abrangendo requisitos gerais de interesse público, não mensuráveis; ii) negativo: quando a propriedade não cumpre a função social, abrangendo requisitos objetivos, referentes a parâmetros urbanísticos, o qual é concretamente aferível e passível de imposição de sansão. A proteção ambiental não está inserida no conceito negativo devido ao veto sofrido pelo Estatuto da Cidade, resultando no fato de que um imóvel degradado, embora seguramente viole os interesses sociais, não descumpre sua função social, nos rigores da legislação. Conclusões: apesar de ser possível aferir concretamente se e como uma propriedade urbana cumpre sua função social, para esta finalidade, a proteção ambiental não está inclusa neste conceito.

Common property systems, migration, and coastal ecosystems.

Common property systems are a critical institution mediating the relationship between population change and environmental outcomes, especially in coastal and marine ecosystems. Evidence from El Salvador; Goa, India; and the Solomon Islands demonstrates how the social structures and institutions stemming from patterns of human migration variably influence environmental out-comes through their effects on common property resource institutions. In each of the case studies, the demographic phenomenon is not population growth or a change in numbers, but an underlying process that affects population size and growth rates: i.e. migration and associated social relations that result from or cause more migration. The following 3 cases studies provide the respective historical and cultural context to show that there is a nonlinear link between population and environment, which when explored reveals the importance of understanding how individuals and communities are embedded in sets of social relations that must be considered when evaluating environmental policies or when determining the causes of environmental degradation.