Intrathecal Morphine for Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

ABSTRACT: Cardiac surgeries often result in significant postoperative pain, leading to considerable use of opioids for pain management. However, excessive opioid use can lead to undesirable side effects and chronic opioid use. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether preoperative intrathecal morphine could reduce postoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring sternotomy. We conducted a systematic search of Cochrane, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases from inception to May 2022 for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Studies that evaluated intrathecal administration of other opioids or combinations of medications were excluded. The primary outcome was postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h. Secondary outcomes included time to extubation and hospital length of stay. The final analysis included ten randomized controlled trials, with a total of 402 patients. The results showed that postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h was significantly lower in the intervention group (standardized mean difference -1.43 [-2.12, -0.74], 95% CI, P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in time to extubation and hospital length of stay. Our meta-analysis concluded that preoperative intrathecal morphine is associated with lower postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h following cardiac surgeries, without prolonging the time to extubation. The use of preoperative intrathecal morphine can be considered part of a multimodal analgesic and opioid-sparing strategy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Thoracotomy Patients Under General Anesthesia: A Comparison on Intra-Operative Anesthetic and Analgesic Requirements, When Combined with Either Epidural Analgesia or Continuous Unilateral Paravertebral Analgesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Regional analgesia is effective for post-thoracotomy pain. The primary objective of the study is to compare the intraoperative requirement of isoflurane and fentanyl between general anaesthesia (GA) with epidural analgesia and GA with paravertebral analgesia. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A prospective observational comparative study was conducted on 56 patients undergoing open thoracotomy procedures. The patients were divided into two groups of 28 by assigning the study participants alternatively to each group: Group GAE - received thoracic epidural catheterization with GA, and Group GAP - received ultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral catheterization on the operative side with GA. Intraoperative requirement of isoflurane, fentanyl, postoperative analgesia, stress response, need of rescue analgesics and adverse effects were observed and analysed. RESULTS: 25 patients in each group were included in the data analysis. The intraoperative requirement of isoflurane (32.28 ± 1.88 vs 48.31 ± 4.34 ml; p < 0.0001) and fentanyl (128.87 ± 25.12 vs 157 ± 30.92 µg; p = 0.0009) were significantly less in the GAE group than in the GAP group. VAS scores and need of rescue analgesics and blood glucose levels were not statistically significant during the postoperative period (p > 0.05). The incidence of adverse effects was comparable except for hypotension and urinary retention which were significantly higher in the GAE group. CONCLUSION: GA with epidural analgesia resulted in significant reduction in the intraoperative consumption of isoflurane and fentanyl in comparison to GA with paravertebral analgesia. However, both the techniques were equally effective in the postoperative period.

Continuous Bilateral Transversus Thoracicmuscle Plane Block: An Analgesia Boon for Scoliotic Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

ABSTRACT: A person with thoracolumbar scoliosis for cardiac surgery presents with problems of restrictive lung disease with the additional risk of reduced lung compliance and respiratory complications compared to the other patients. Post-operative analgesia in the form of continuous bilateral transversus thoracic muscle plane block (TTMPB) may help such patients in early respiratory rehabilitation by decreasing the time to extubation, reducing the opioid requirement, and early initiation of physiotherapy decreasing the risk of complications.

Hyperbaric bupivacaine versus prilocaine for spinal anesthesia combined with total intravenous anesthesia during oncological colon surgery in a 23-hour stay enhanced recovery protocol: A non-randomized study.

After the success of the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol, perioperative care has been further optimized in accelerated enhanced recovery pathways (ERPs), where optimal pain management is crucial. Spinal anesthesia was introduced as adjunct to general anesthesia to reduce postoperative pain and facilitate mobility. This study aimed to determine which spinal anesthetic agent provides best pain relief in accelerated ERP for colon carcinoma. This single center study was a secondary analysis conducted among patients included in the aCcelerated 23-Hour erAS care for colon surgEry study who underwent elective laparoscopic colon surgery. The first 30 patients included received total intravenous anesthesia combined with spinal anesthesia with prilocaine, the 30 patients subsequently included received spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine. Primary endpoint of this study was the total amount of morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) administered during hospital stay. Secondary outcomes were amounts of MMEs administered in the recovery room and surgical ward, pain score using the numeric rating scale, complication rates and length of hospital stay. Compared to prilocaine, the total amount of MMEs administered was significantly lower in the bupivacaine group (n = 60, 16.3 vs 6.3, P = .049). Also, the amount of MMEs administered and median pain scores were significantly lower after intrathecal bupivacaine in the recovery room (MMEs 11.0 vs 0.0, P = .012 and numeric rating scale 2.0 vs 1.5, P = .004). On the surgical ward, median MMEs administered, and pain scores were comparable. Postoperative outcomes were similar in both groups. Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine was associated with less opioid use and better pain reduction immediately after surgery compared to prilocaine within an accelerated ERP for elective, oncological colon surgery.

Optimal approach for ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for abdominal surgeries: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks are commonly used for postoperative analgesia after various abdominal surgeries. There are several different approaches for performing TAP blocks, mainly including posterior, lateral and subcostal approaches. An increasing number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have compared the analgesic effects of different TAP block approaches, but the results have not been consistent. This protocol aims to determine the optimal approach of ultrasound-guided TAP blocks for postoperative analgesia after abdominal surgery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Four databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library will be systematically searched to identify RCTs that compared the analgesic effects of different ultrasound-guided TAP block approaches. The search interval will range from the inception of the databases to 30 July 2024. The postoperative opioid consumption over 24 hours will be defined as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes will include the analgesia duration, postoperative pain scores at rest and during movement at different timepoints and the incidence of adverse effects. All the statistical analyses will be conducted using RevMan V.5.4. The quality of evidence will be evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval will not be needed. The results will be submitted to one peer-reviewed journal when completed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024510141.

Robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty system provides more precise control of the femoral rotation angle: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a crucial technical point that needs attention. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate whether a new robot-assisted TKA (RA-TKA) could improve the accuracy of rotational alignment and whether rotational alignment affects postoperative pain and functional evaluation of the knee. METHODS: A total of 136 consecutive patients who underwent TKA were included in this study. Half of the patients underwent RA-TKA and the other half underwent conventional TKA (CON-TKA) by the same group of surgeons. Collect the relevant parameters. RESULTS: The postoperative femoral rotation angle (FRA) was -0.72 ± 2.59° in the robot-assisted group and 1.13 ± 2.73° in the conventional group, and were statistically significantly different (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence that the RA-TKA provides more precise control of FRA than CON-TKA, and verifies that tibial rotation angle and combined rotation angle affect postoperative knee pain and functional evaluation.

Randomised controlled trial of tourniquet associated pain generated in lower limb after exsanguination by Esmarch bandage versus limb elevation.

BACKGROUND: Tourniquets are common adjuncts in the operating theatre but can be associated with post-operative pain. This study was designed to compare what effect pre-tourniquet Esmarch bandage exsanguination has on pain, compared to pre-tourniquet exsanguination by elevation alone. METHODS: 52 volunteers (104 lower limbs) were included in this study with each volunteer acting as their own matched control. The primary outcome was patient reported pain, measured in both legs simultaneously using area under curve. Secondary outcomes were pain score during inflation and deflation, cumulative pain score, duration of recovery and blood pressure during testing. RESULTS: Pain after Esmarch was superior to elevation as measured by area under pain curve (68.9 SD 26.1 vs 77.2 SD 27.3, p = 0.0010), independent of leg dominance. Cumulative pain scores demonstrated the same superiority after inflation (50.7 SD 17.1 vs 52.9 SD 17.0, p = 0.026) but not after deflation (p = 0.59). Blood pressure was not significantly different. Time to full recovery of the lower limb was the same for both groups-7.6 min (SD 2.1 min, p = 0.80). CONCLUSION: Previous studies describe a positive effect on pain when Esmarch bandage was used prior to tourniquet inflation for upper limb. Our findings suggest the same benefit from Esmarch when it was used on lower limbs-particularly during inflation of tourniquet. In addition to pain profiles, surgeon preference and patient factors need to be considered when deciding between elevation and Esmarch bandage.

Continuous Superficial Parasternal Intercostal Plane Catheters for Poststernotomy Pain Control: A Case Series.

This case series describes the safety and effectiveness of superficial parasternal intercostal plane catheters for poststernotomy pain control in 4 patients who underwent multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients had reduced sternal pain and opioid consumption while the catheters ran continuously for 72 hours without complications. Our experience suggests the effectiveness of parasternal blocks can be safely prolonged with catheters, and they can be a useful addition to pain management strategies for this patient population.

Regional Anesthesia for Hip Arthroscopy.

Pain after hip arthroscopy can be severe, yet we lack a consensus method for non-narcotic analgesia. Here we describe anatomic elements of hip arthroscopy and our current understanding of the relevant sensory innervation as a prelude to the evaluation of locoregional analgesic techniques. Many regional nerve blocks and local anesthetic infiltration techniques are reviewed, including 2 newer ultrasound fascial plane blocks. Further study of targeted, motor-sparing approaches, either ultrasound-guided or under direct surgical visualization is needed.

Anesthesia for the Patient Undergoing Foot and Ankle Surgery.

Modern anesthetic management for foot and ankle surgery includes a variety of anesthesia techniques including general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia, or MAC in combination with peripheral nerve blocks and/or multimodal analgesic agents. The choice of techniques should be tailored to the nature of the procedure, patient comorbidities, anesthesiologist skill level, intensity of anticipated postoperative pain, and surgeon preference.

The impact of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on hemodynamic stability and postoperative pain in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer, a prevalent global malignancy in women, necessitates a comprehensive treatment approach, with surgery playing a crucial role. Severe acute pain is common post-radical breast cancer surgery, emphasizing the significance of hemodynamic stability and postoperative pain control for optimal outcomes. This study evaluates the impact of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) on these parameters in ASA scores 1-2 patients undergoing modified radical breast cancer surgery with general anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients were divided into two groups: a general anesthesia group, with erector spinae plane block (GA+ESPB), and a control group receiving only general anesthesia (GA). Hemodynamic parameters were continuously monitored, and postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) at various time points. RESULTS: Ultrasound-guided ESPB effectively maintained hemodynamic stability and reduced postoperative pain in breast cancer surgery patients. Statistically significant differences were observed in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure between the GA and GA+ESPB groups at multiple time points (p < 0.05). VAS scores showed a significant interaction time*group (p < 0.001), with consistent differences between the groups at all time points (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided ESPB application proved effective in preserving hemodynamic stability and managing postoperative pain in modified radical breast cancer surgery. The technique demonstrates promise in minimizing complications related to hemodynamic variations and postoperative pain, contributing to a comprehensive approach to breast cancer surgical treatment.

Evaluation of the effects of pregabalin and dexamethasone coadministration on preemptive multimodal analgesia and anxiety in third molar surgeries: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of pregabalin and dexamethasone coadministration in preemptive analgesia and anxiety control in lower third molar surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A triple-blind, split-mouth clinical trial conducted with patients divided into two groups: control group, receiving placebo and dexamethasone, and test group, receiving pregabalin and dexamethasone preoperatively. The evaluated variables were pain, measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), anxiety assessed through the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires, hemodynamic parameters [Blood Pressure (BP), Heart Rate (HR), Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)], and sedation assessed by the Ramsay scale. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients were included. The test group exhibited a significant reduction in pain at 2,4,6,8,12,16,24, and 48 h after surgery and in the consumption of rescue analgesics. Anxiety, evaluated by STAI and VAS, showed a significant decrease in the test group (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in BP at most of the assessed time points (p < 0.05) and a significant reduction in HR at two different time intervals (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009), indicating a positive effect in the test group. There was no significant difference in SpO2 between the groups. Sedation assessment revealed a significant difference at all time points favoring the test group (p < 0.05). There were no significant postoperative adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Pregabalin coadministered with dexamethasone demonstrated significant efficacy in controlling postoperative pain and anxiety, as well as a sedative effect. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The coadministration of pregabalin with dexamethasone may presents potential advantages in both pain modulation and psychological well-being of individuals undergoing third molar surgeries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (REBEC), No. RBR-378h6t6.

Local Anesthetics, Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST), and Liposomal Bupivacaine.

Local anesthetics have played a vital role in the multimodal analgesia approach to patient care by decreasing the use of perioperative opioids, enhancing patient satisfaction, decreasing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, decreasing the length of hospital stay, and reducing the risk of chronic postsurgical pain. The opioid-reduced anesthetic management for perioperative analgesia has been largely successful with the use of local anesthetics during procedures such as peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial analgesia. It is important that practitioners who use local anesthetics are aware of the risk factors, presentation, and management of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST).

Ultrasound-guided subcostal approach of transversus abdominis plane block compared with wound infiltration for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a commonly performed operation under ambulatory setting, significant postoperative pain is still a major concern. The ultrasound-guided subcostal approach of transversus abdominis plane (sTAP) blocks and wound infiltration (WI) are both widely practiced techniques to reduce postoperative pain in patients undergoing LC. Although these methods have been shown to relieve postoperative pain effectively, the relative analgesic efficacy between ultrasound-guided sTAP blocks and WI is not well known. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ultrasound-guided sTAP block versus WI for postoperative pain control in adult patients undergone LC. The search was performed until May 2023. Primary outcome was defined as 24-hour cumulative opioid consumption. Secondary outcomes were postoperative pain scores and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). RESULTS: Finally, 6 RCTs were included, and data from 314 participants were retrieved. Postoperative 24-hour opioid consumption was significantly lower in ultrasound-guided sTAP group than in the WI group with a mean difference of -6.67 (95% confidence interval: -9.39 to - 3.95). The ultrasound-guided sTAP group also showed significantly lower pain scores. Incidence of PONV did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is low to moderate evidence to advocate that ultrasound-guided sTAP block has better analgesic effects than WI in patients undergoing LC. Further trials are needed with robust methodology and clearly defined outcomes.

Perioperative analgesic effects of the erector spinae plane block with bupivacaine or bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To compare the perioperative opioid requirements among dogs receiving an erector spinae plane (ESP) block with bupivacaine, with or without dexmedetomidine, and a control group. Animals and procedure: Thirty client-owned, healthy adult dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy were included in this randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: Group B, ESP block with bupivacaine; Group BD, ESP block with bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine; and Group C, control. Rescue intra- and postoperative analgesia consisted of fentanyl and methadone, respectively. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). Results: In Group BD, 0/10 dogs required intraoperative fentanyl, compared to 9/10 in Group C (P < 0.001), whereas 1/10 required postoperative methadone, compared to 9/10 in Group B (P = 0.003) and 10/10 in Group C (P < 0.001). The total amount of intraoperative fentanyl (µg/kg) was 0 (0 to 4) in Group B and 0 (0 to 0) in BD, compared to 6 (0 to 8) in C (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). Postoperative methadone (mg/kg) required during the first 12 h was 0.5 (0 to 1.4) in Group B (P = 0.003) and 0 (0 to 0) in BD (P < 0.001), compared to C (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: An ESP block with bupivacaine, with or without dexmedetomidine, was associated with a reduction in perioperative opioid consumption and provided effective acute pain control.

Effets analgésiques périopératoires du bloc des érecteurs du rachis avec de la bupivacaïne ou de la bupivacaïne-dexmédétomidine chez les chiens subissant une hémilaminectomie: un essai contrôlé randomisé. Objectif: Comparer les besoins périopératoires en opioïdes chez les chiens recevant un bloc des érecteurs de la colonne vertébrale (ESP) avec de la bupivacaïne, avec ou sans dexmédétomidine, et un groupe témoin. Animaux et procédure: Trente chiens adultes en bonne santé appartenant à des clients subissant une hémilaminectomie ont été inclus dans cette étude clinique randomisée, prospective et en aveugle. Les chiens ont été répartis au hasard dans 1 des 3 groupes de traitement: groupe B, bloc ESP avec bupivacaïne; groupe BD, bloc ESP avec bupivacaïne et dexmédétomidine; et groupe C, témoin. L'analgésie de secours peropératoire et postopératoire consistait respectivement en fentanyl et en méthadone. La douleur postopératoire a été évaluée à l'aide du formulaire abrégé de l'échelle de mesure de la douleur de Glasgow (CMPS-SF). Résultats: Dans le groupe BD, 0/10 chiens ont eu besoin de fentanyl peropératoire, contre 9/10 dans le groupe C (P < 0,001), tandis que 1/10 ont eu besoin de méthadone postopératoire, contre 9/10 dans le groupe B (P = 0,003) et 10/10 dans le groupe C (P < 0,001). La quantité totale de fentanyl peropératoire (µg/kg) était de 0 (0 à 4) dans le groupe B et de 0 (0 à 0) dans le groupe BD, contre 6 (0 à 8) dans le groupe C (P = 0,004 et P < 0,001, respectivement). La méthadone postopératoire (mg/kg) nécessaire au cours des 12 premières heures était de 0,5 (0 à 1,4) dans le groupe B (P = 0,003) et de 0 (0 à 0) dans le groupe BD (P < 0,001), par rapport au groupe C (P = 0,003). et P < 0,001, respectivement). Conclusion: Un bloc ESP avec de la bupivacaïne, avec ou sans dexmédétomidine, a été associé à une réduction de la consommation peropératoire d'opioïdes et a permis un contrôle efficace de la douleur aiguë.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Regional anesthesia in neonates with cleft lip and palate: Retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Orofacial clefts are the most common congenital abnormalities. Cleft lip reconstruction is performed mostly in 3 months of life including the neonatal period. The consumption of opioids during anesthesia is one of the monitored parameters of anesthesia safety. We investigated the effect of using an infraorbital nerve block for reducing opioid consumption during cleft lip surgery in neonates. PATIENTS/METHODS: Overall, 100 patients who underwent primary cleft lip surgery in neonatal age between 2018 and 2021 were included in the study. The primary outcome was to compare opioid requirements during cleft lip surgery with and without using regional anesthesia. Secondary outcomes included a first oral intake from surgery between neonates with and without regional anesthesia and complications rate of infraorbital nerve block. RESULTS: Data from 100 patients (46 patients with and 64 without regional anesthesia) were retrospectively analyzed and classified into two groups according to whether regional anesthesia during neonatal cleft lip surgery had been performed or not. The use of infraorbital block was found to be positively correlated with lower doses of opioids used during the general anesthesia for the surgery (mean 0.48 µg/kg vs 0.29 µg/kg, p < 0.05). The postoperative course was evaluated based on the interval from surgery to first oral intake which was statistically insignificant shorter (p = 0.16) in the group of patients using regional anesthesia. No complications were recorded in the group of patients with regional anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Regional anesthesia is associated with reduced opioid consumption during anesthesia thereby increasing the safety of anesthesia in neonates. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT06067854https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06067854?cond=NCT06067854&rank=1.

The Effect of Depth of Anesthesia on Postoperative Pain in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with obesity are more sensitive to pain and more likely to have acute postoperative pain (APP). Studies have shown that the depth of anesthesia may affect the incidence of APP. The purpose of the study was to look into the connection between APP and depth of anesthesia in patients with obesity undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS: This is a prospective, double-blinded randomized clinical trial, 90 patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were randomly divided into two groups: the light anesthesia group (Bispectral Index of 50, BIS 50) and the deep anesthesia group (BIS 35). The degree of pain was evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery. The use of analgesics, grade of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score were recorded. RESULTS: The VAS scores at rest or coughing at 0, 12, and 24 h after surgery in the BIS 35 group were lower than those in the BIS 50 group (P < 0.05). Fewer patients in the deep anesthesia group needed analgesia during the recovery period, and patient satisfaction was higher on the 3rd day after surgery (P < 0.015, P < 0.032, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with obesity, maintaining a deeper depth of anesthesia during surgery is beneficial to reduce APP causes less need for additional analgesic drugs, and improves patient satisfaction.

Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on pain, knee function, and psychological status in patients after primary total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) after Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is still controversial, and the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of CBT on pain, knee function, and psychological status of patients after TKA. METHODS: We systematically searched electronic databases such as CNKI, CBM, VIP, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for randomized controlled studies up to February 30, 2023. Screening against inclusion criteria to select valid studies and extract data. The quality of included studies was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for randomized trials. Statistical analysis of the data from this study was carried out using Stata 15.1 software. RESULTS: Finally, our meta-analysis incorporated seven randomized controlled studies of high quality, including 608 patients. The findings of the meta-analysis demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in kinesiophobia levels during the early postoperative phase in the CBT group as compared to the usual care group (WMD = -6.35, 95% CI: -7.98 to -4.72, Z = 7.64, P < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference between the CBT and usual care groups in terms of postoperative pain as well as knee function. CONCLUSION: CBT may effectively reduce the level of kinesiophobia in the short term after TKA, but did not significantly relieve knee pain or improve knee function.