Endoscopic intramural cystogastrostomy for treatment of peripancreatic fluid collection: A viewpoint from a surgeon.

Percutaneous or endoscopic drainage is the initial choice for the treatment of peripancreatic fluid collection in symptomatic patients. Endoscopic transgastric fenestration (ETGF) was first reported for the management of pancreatic pseudocysts of 20 patients in 2008. From a surgeon's viewpoint, ETGF is a similar procedure to cystogastrostomy in that they both produce a wide outlet orifice for the drainage of fluid and necrotic debris. ETGF can be performed at least 4 wk after the initial onset of acute pancreatitis and it has a high priority over the surgical approach. However, the surgical approach usually has a better success rate because surgical cystogastrostomy has a wider outlet (> 6 cm vs 2 cm) than ETGF. However, percutaneous or endoscopic drainage, ETGF, and surgical approach offer various treatment options for peripancreatic fluid collection patients based on their conditions.

The CT-guided percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst accompanied by pseudoaneurysm: A case report.

RATIONALE: This case report discusses the CT-guided percutaneous drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst accompanied by a pseudoaneurysm. Pancreatic pseudocysts can erode the peripancreatic artery and produce pseudoaneurysms. This is rare, but it can be life-threatening. PATIENT CONCERNS: The case presented involves a 58-year-old female who was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and underwent surgical treatment. She presented with hematochezia, dizziness, and hypodynamic findings with no obvious cause. Imaging revealed a pancreatic pseudocyst and small arterial aneurysms. To reduce the risk of aneurysm rupture, the patient underwent transcatheter arterial coil embolization. Three days later, CT-guided catheter drainage was performed to reduce the erosion of the arterial wall caused by pancreatic fluid. DIAGNOSES: The contrast-enhanced-CT imaging showed a round, slightly high-density lesion in the cyst, suggesting the presence of a pseudoaneurysm. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was sent for another transcatheter arterial embolization with coils and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. OUTCOMES: After receiving the transcatheter arterial embolization, the patient had no serious bleeding or other complications. LESSONS: Early detection and accurate assessment of pseudoaneurysms are essential for appropriate management. This case shows that contrast-enhanced CT is necessary before CT-guided percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. It also shows that, due to the many complications that pancreatic pseudocysts may cause, appropriate treatment of pseudocysts complicated with pseudoaneurysm has important clinical significance.

Comparative outcome of single versus two double-pigtail stents for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections with minimal necrosis: a retrospective analysis.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided cystogastrostomy is the treatment of choice for managing symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections (PFC). However, studies on the number of stents for optimal drainage of PFCs are limited. Hence, the present study was conducted to compare the outcome of single versus two double-pigtail stents for endoscopic drainage of PFCs. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endoscopic drainage of PFCs with minimal necrosis (pseudocyst or walled-off necrosis with <30% solid content) at a tertiary center in South India from October 2020 to October 2022. Post-procedure, patients were followed up for clinical improvement, and stents were removed after documentation of cyst size reduction on imaging. Results: Sixty-three patients (82.5% males, median age: 34 years) fulfilling the selection criteria were included. For single stent placement (n = 47), stents of size 8.5 Fr or 10 Fr were used, while for placement of two stents (n = 16), 7 Fr stents were used. The technical success rate was 100%. Intraprocedural and early postprocedural adverse events (all mild to moderate) were comparable between the groups (17.0% with single stent vs. 25.0% with two stents, p = NS). Clinical success was achieved in 93.6% of patients, with no difference between both groups. Three patients in the single stent group required additional procedures. All patients underwent successful stent removal after a median follow-up of 14 weeks. Conclusion: A single pigtail stent of 8.5 Fr or 10 Fr size for EUSguided cystogastrostomy provides efficacy and safety similar to that of two stents.

Successful Endoscopic Treatment of a Pancreatic Pseudocyst in a Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis and Upper GI Duplication.

BACKGROUND Duplication of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare congenital malformation that can develop in any part of the digestive tract. These duplications may be asymptomatic into adult age. Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a mirror transposition of thoracic and abdominal organs. We present a case of a pancreatic pseudocyst in a patient with a combination of situs inversus totalis and doubling of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the duodenum. CASE REPORT A 64-year-old woman presented with epigastric pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a pancreatic pseudocyst and a previously identified duplication of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with situs inversus totalis. The patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with endoscopic ultrasonography for pseudocyst drainage. During EGD, a bifurcation of the esophagus was found. Duplication of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the duodenum was evident on further advancement. A week later, there was repeated filling of the pseudocyst with a liquid component, and the patient underwent cystogastrostomy with stenting. Five months after discharge, the stent was removed without complications. CONCLUSIONS Duplication of the gastrointestinal tract and situs inversus totalis are very rare congenital malformations that require early diagnosis. While situs inversus totalis does not represent any medical disadvantage, physicians should be aware of abnormal anatomy before procedures to prepare specialists for this in case of the need for special techniques. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts is safe and effective even in such rare cases. The use of endoscopic methods also minimizes intervention and decreases the length of the patients' stays in the hospital.

Sinistral Portal Hypertension Due to a Pancreatic Pseudocyst: A Rare Cause of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Sinistral portal hypertension (SPH), also known as segmental portal hypertension, is a complication of pancreatic disorders and an extremely rare cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. SPH is observed in patients without cirrhosis and arises from splenic vein thrombosis. Unmitigated backflow of blood may cause gastric venous congestion and ultimately GI hemorrhage. Herein, we report a rare case of massive hematemesis due to SPH in a male patient with a history of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst. Our patient was successfully treated with endoscopic necrosectomy followed by open splenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and partial gastric resection.

[Pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma with atypical clinical presentation]. / Mutsinoznaya tsistadenoma podzheludochnoi zhelezy ­ netipichnyi variant techeniya zabolevaniya.

We present a 33-year-old patient with atypical clinical course of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma. The tumor had connection with pancreatic ductal system and led to bleeding into cystic cavity. This contributed to incorrect preoperative diagnosis of post-necrotic cyst. The final diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma was established after histological examination. Distal pancreatectomy excluded incorrect treatment.

New model for predicting the development of pancreatic pseudocyst secondary to acute pancreatitis.

Pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC) increases the risk of a poor prognosis in in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Currently, an efficient tool is not available for predicting the risk of PPC in patients with AP. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the risk factors associated with PPC secondary to AP and to develop a model based on clinical information for predicting PPC secondary to AP. This study included 400 patients with acute pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst secondary to acute pancreatitis admitted to the emergency department and gastroenterology department of The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China from January 2019 to June 2022. Participants were divided into no PPCs (321 cases) and PPCs (79 cases). Independent factors of PPC secondary to AP were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The nomogram model was constructed based on multivariate logistic regression analyses, which included all risk factors, and evaluated using R. We enrolled 400 eligible patients and allocated 280 and 120 to the training and test sets, respectively. Clinical features, including severe pancreatitis history [odds ratio (OR) = 4.757; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.758-12.871], diabetes mellitus (OR = 6.919; 95% CI: 2.084-22.967), history of biliary surgery (OR = 9.232; 95% CI: 3.022-28.203), hemoglobin (OR = 0.974; 95% CI: 0.955-0.994), albumin (OR = 0.888; 95% CI: 0.825-0.957), and body mass index (OR = 0.851; 95% CI: 0.753-0.962), were significantly associated with the incidence of PPC after AP in the training sets. Additionally, the individualized nomogram demonstrated good discrimination in the training and validation samples with good calibration, The area under the curve and 95% CI of the nomogram were 0.883 (0.839-0.927) in the training dataset and 0.839 (0.752-0.925) in the validation set. We developed a nomogram model of PPC secondary to AP using R Studio. This model has a good predictive value for PPC in patients with AP and can help improve clinical decision-making.

Left renal vein thrombosis due to pancreatic pseudocyst compression.

letter to editor.

Pancreatitis with infected pseudocyst presenting as a prevertebral abscess with spontaneous rupture into the oesophagus.

The development of a prevertebral abscess due to an infected pancreatic pseudocyst and its spontaneous rupture into the oesophagus is a rare complication. We report a man who presented with odynophagia, dyspnoea and abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced CT showed evidence of pancreatitis and a prevertebral space abscess communicating with the pancreas through the oesophageal hiatus. The patient was diagnosed to have a prevertebral abscess with chronic pancreatitis. Surgical drainage was planned, but the patient died of spontaneous drainage of the prevertebral abscess into the oesophagus and aspiration of the collection into the lungs.

Eficacia y seguridad del drenaje endoscópico transmural en pacientes con colecciones líquidas pancreáticas sintomáticas no tributarios a drenaje endoscópico transpapilar / Efficacy and safety of transmural endoscopic drainage in patients with symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections not amenable to transpapillary endoscopic drainage

ANTECEDENTES: En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 111-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021 y ampliada mediante Resolución de Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 97-IETSI-ESSALUD2022, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen sobre la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad del drenaje endoscópico transmural en pacientes con colecciones líquidas pancreáticas (CLP) sintomáticas no tributarios a drenaje endoscópico transpapilar. ASPECTOS GENERALES Los aspectos relacionados con la epidemiología, etiología, clasificación, y sintomatología de las CLP han sido previamente detallados en el Dictamen Preliminar de Evaluación de Tecnología Sanitaria N° 002-DETS-IETSI-2021 Eficacia y Seguridad del drenaje endoscópico con prótesis LAMS en pacientes adultos con colecciones líquidas pancreáticas sintomáticas (Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación 2021). 3 Tipo de drenaje realizado a partir de la colocación de un stent a nivel de la papila (ampolla de Vater). Este sitio anatómico se encuentra posicionado en la unión entre el conducto biliar y el conducto pancreático, y es donde se produce el vaciamiento de la bilis y enzimas digestivas hacia el intestino delgado. El drenaje de las CLP sintomáticas puede ser realizado mediante los abordajes quirúrgico, percutáneo y endoscópico (Mahapatra and Garg 2019). Sin embargo, los especialistas solicitantes de la institución, señalan que el abordaje endoscópico podría ofrecer un mejor balance riesgo beneficio, con menor tiempo de recuperación, y menor tasa de complicaciones relacionadas, al ser un método menos invasivo que los procedimientos de drenaje quirúrgico y percutáneo. El drenaje endoscópico puede ser realizado por vía transmural o transpapilar3, o una combinación de ambas; sin embargo, la aplicación del drenaje transpapilar requiere que exista comunicación entre la CLP y el conducto pancreático principal, lo cual no ocurre en todos los casos (Tan et al. 2021). Así, en escenarios donde el drenaje transpapilar, ya sea de forma individual o combinada, no es posible, se puede optar por el drenaje de tipo transmural. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia sobre la eficacia y seguridad del drenaje endoscópico transmural en pacientes con CLP sintomáticas no tributarios a drenaje endoscópico transpapilar. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, The Cochrane Library. Web of Science y LILACS. Asimismo, se realizó una búsqueda manual en Google y dentro de las páginas web pertenecientes a grupos que realizan ETS y G PC, incluyendo el IETSI, Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud (CENETEC), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ), Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), The Guidelines International Network (GIN), National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA), Comissáo Nacional de Incorporaóáo de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC), Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Instituto de Calidad y Eficiencia en la Atención de la Salud (lOWiG, por sus siglas en alemán), y Hauté Autorité de Santé (HAS). Además, se realizó una búsqueda de GPC en las páginas web de las principales t\sociedades o instituciones especializadas el manejo de patologías de la cavidad .11 abdominal y gastrointestinales, tales como: European Society of Gastrointestinal . Endoscopy (ESGE), American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO), y la American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda en las páginas web de ClinicalTrials.govy la International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, en busca de estudios clínicos en curso o aún no publicados. RESULTADOS: Luego de la búsqueda bibliográfica con fecha 07 de julio del 2022, se incluyeron cuatro GPC, y tres E0. Las GPC incluidas fueron elaboradas por: la Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE), la Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India/Indian Endoscopic Ultrasound Club (SGEI/EUS Club), y la European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) (Shah et al. 2021, Oh et al. 2021, Arvanitakis et al. 2018, Dumonceau et al. 2019). Finalmente, se incluyeron tres EO comparativos: Kumar et al. 2014 (Kumar, Conwell, and Thompson 2014), Keane et al. 2016 (Keane et al. 2016), y Tan et al. 2018 (Tan et al. 2018). No se identificaron ETS, revisiones sistemáticas (RS) con o sin metanálisis (MA), ni ECA que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión para la presente evaluación. CONCLUSIÓN: Por todo lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación aprueba la incorporación del drenaje endoscópico transmural como procedimiento, para su uso en pacientes adultos con necrosis amuralladas sintomáticas, no tributarios a drenaje endoscópico transpapilar. Cabe señalar que, para poder utilizar este procedimiento en la institución, se requiere de la evaluación previa de la eficacia y seguridad comparativa de los dispositivos que permiten la aplicación del drenaje transmural, para determinar técnicamente cual sería la que ofrece el mayor beneficio clínico para la población de interés. En cuanto a la población de pacientes con pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos, no tributarios a drenaje transpapilar, no se aprueba el uso de drenaje transmural, debido a que, no se identificaron argumentos técnicos suficientes para sustentar su uso en estos pacientes.