Recent Progress on Tick-Borne Animal Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance in China.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases pose a growing threat to human and animal health, which has brought great losses to livestock production. With the continuous expansion of human activities and the development of natural resources, there are more and more opportunities for humans to contract ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, research on ticks and tick-borne diseases is of great significance. This paper reviews recent progress on tick-borne bacterial diseases, viral diseases, and parasitic diseases in China, which provides a theoretical foundation for the research of tick-borne diseases.

Transcriptome of Sphaerospora molnari (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) blood stages provides proteolytic arsenal as potential therapeutic targets against sphaerosporosis in common carp.

BACKGROUND: Parasites employ proteases to evade host immune systems, feed and replicate and are often the target of anti-parasite strategies to disrupt these interactions. Myxozoans are obligate cnidarian parasites, alternating between invertebrate and fish hosts. Their genes are highly divergent from other metazoans, and available genomic and transcriptomic datasets are limited. Some myxozoans are important aquaculture pathogens such as Sphaerospora molnari replicating in the blood of farmed carp before reaching the gills for sporogenesis and transmission. Proliferative stages cause a massive systemic lymphocyte response and the disruption of the gill epithelia by spore-forming stages leads to respiratory problems and mortalities. In the absence of a S. molnari genome, we utilized a de novo approach to assemble the first transcriptome of proliferative myxozoan stages to identify S. molnari proteases that are upregulated during the first stages of infection when the parasite multiplies massively, rather than in late spore-forming plasmodia. Furthermore, a subset of orthologs was used to characterize 3D structures and putative druggable targets. RESULTS: An assembled and host filtered transcriptome containing 9436 proteins, mapping to 29,560 contigs was mined for protease virulence factors and revealed that cysteine proteases were most common (38%), at a higher percentage than other myxozoans or cnidarians (25-30%). Two cathepsin Ls that were found upregulated in spore-forming stages with a presenilin like aspartic protease and a dipeptidyl peptidase. We also identified downregulated proteases in the spore-forming development when compared with proliferative stages including an astacin metallopeptidase and lipases (qPCR). In total, 235 transcripts were identified as putative proteases using a MEROPS database. In silico analysis of highly transcribed cathepsins revealed potential drug targets within this data set that should be prioritised for development. CONCLUSIONS: In silico surveys for proteins are essential in drug discovery and understanding host-parasite interactions in non-model systems. The present study of S. molnari's protease arsenal reveals previously unknown proteases potentially used for host exploitation and immune evasion. The pioneering dataset serves as a model for myxozoan virulence research, which is of particular importance as myxozoan diseases have recently been shown to emerge and expand geographically, due to climate change.

Retrospective survey of parasitism identified in feces of client-owned cats in North America from 2007 through 2018.

Ownership of domestic cats in North America has been on the increase; however, there are only a few surveys conducted on the prevalence of parasitism in client-owned cats over years. Our study objective was to evaluate parasite prevalence through statistical analysis of fecal examination results for client-owned cats on samples submitted to the veterinary parasitology diagnostic laboratory of Oklahoma State University over a 12-year period. All results of centrifugal flotation, saline direct smear, sedimentation, and Baermann examinations on fecal samples submitted to the Boren Veterinary Medical Hospital and Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Oklahoma State University from 2007 through 2018 were included. The impacts of sex, age, and seasonality on the prevalence of infection were also analyzed. A total of 2586 client-owned cat cases were included for this study. Parasites, eggs, oocysts, larvae, or cysts were not detected in the majority of cases (75.5%; 1,953/2586). Approximately 18.8% (485/2586) of client-owned cats were infected by one parasite, and 5.7% (148/2586) of cats were infected by multiple parasites. The most common parasite stage observed was Cystoisospora oocysts (9.4%; 243/2586), followed by Toxocara cati eggs (7.8%; 202/2586), Giardia cysts (4.0%; 104/2586), Alaria eggs (3.5%; 91/2586), Ancylostoma eggs (1.2%; 32/2586), taeniid proglottids/eggs (1.2%; 30/2586), Dipylidium caninum proglottids/egg packets (1.1 %; 29/2586), and Eucoleus aerophilus eggs (0.7%; 18/2586). Less commonly, Physalopetra eggs (0.19%; 5/2586), Toxascaris leonina eggs (0.19%; 5/2586), Tritrichomonas blagburni trophozoites (0.15%; 4/2586), Ollulanus tricuspis larvae/adults (0.12%; 3/2586), Platynosomum fastosum eggs (0.12%; 3/2586), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae (0.08%; 2/2323), Sarcocystis sporocysts (0.08%; 2/2586), Spirometra eggs (0.08%; 2/2586), Mesocestoides proglottids/eggs (0.08%; 2/2586), Trichuris felis eggs (0.08%; 2/2586), Cryptosporidium oocysts (0.04%; 1/2586), and Toxoplasma-like small coccidian oocysts (0.04%; 1/2586) were detected. Additionally, fecal examinations revealed some ectoparasites: Demodex mites (0.9%; 24/2586), Cheyletiella mites (0.15%; 4/2586), and Otodectes cynotis mites (0.04%; 1/2586). There was no statistical significance between different sex groups (p = 0.3316). Age affected the prevalence of Cystoisospora, T. cati, Giardia, and Alaria infections with prevalence decreasing as age increased (p < 0.0001). Statistical analyses also revealed significant differences by months; the higher prevalence of infection occurred from summer through fall (p = 0.0004). Overall, as the number of submittals increased, the prevalence of infection increased over the last 12 years (p < 0.0001). This study supports continuing the current practice of routine broad-spectrum anthelmintic and ectoparasitic treatments for client-owned cats as well as annual/biannual fecal examination.

Parasite management extension - challenging traditional practice through adoption of a systems approach.

The drivers for anthelmintic use today are substantial and anthelmintic use has become an embedded normalised behaviour. The cheapness and easy availability of anthelmintic products has meant that New Zealand farmers have had access to easy "solutions" for dealing with parasites and minimal forward planning or system redesign has been required. Despite 30 years of messaging about the emerging issue of anthelmintic resistance, management to reduce parasitism and the need to change behaviour, farmer practice has largely remained unchanged. Traditional approaches to extension, particularly around parasite management, appear to have been quite ineffective, apart from encouraging change in anthelmintic products and a switch to use of anthelmintics in combination. More effective approaches are required. The evolving nature of anthelmintic resistance and sustainable management of parasitism require attitudes, knowledge and behaviour to change. This is a challenge for all players in the industry; researchers, manufacturers and sellers, advisors and farmers. Looking beyond agriculture to the health sector provides some insight into models of decision making and behaviour change that can inform future strategies. Features in the health belief model including concepts of self-efficacy and cues to action appear to align with the issues, challenges and culture prevailing in farming, and parasite management in particular. Programmes through which farmers have made substantial beneficial behaviour change and the lessons learnt are discussed. Effecting consistent behaviour change around parasite management will involve new approaches by all participants in the process. And the process itself also needs to change. It requires an understanding of whole-farm systems, and the consideration of all the sources of influence on the farmer and the other participants in the process. The process of knowledge sharing involving the farmer should be based on equality; each person in the process brings their own expertise and knowledge and that needs to be valued and integrated into new practices. In effect, a multi-disciplinary team approach is required through which knowledge is shared and developed, confidence and understanding is developed, practice and behaviour is reflected on and positive behaviours are given affirmation.

Tannin containing legumes as a model for nutraceuticals against digestive parasites in livestock.

Parasitic infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) still represent a worldwide major pathological threat associated with the outdoor production of various livestock species. Because of the widespread resistance to synthetic chemical anthelmintics, there is a strong impetus to explore novel approaches for a more integrated management of these infections. The use of nutraceuticals in the control of GINs is one of the alternatives which has been widely studied for 20 years. The objectives of this review are: (i) to define and illustrate the concept of 'nutraceutical' in the context of veterinary parasitology based on data obtained on the most studied models to control GINs in small ruminants, the tannin-containing legumes (Fabaceae); (ii) to illustrate how the 'nutraceutical concept' could be expanded to other plants, other livestock production systems and other GI parasitic diseases, and (iii) to explain how this concept is opening up new research fields for better understanding the interactions between the host, the digestive parasites and the environment.

Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box.

Dogs and cats in Brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. These may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). While some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Felicola subrostratus for cats, and Angiostrongylus vasorum and Trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other hosts, including humans. In fact, several dog and cat parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara canis) are important not only from a veterinary perspective but also from a medical standpoint. In addition, some of them (e.g., Lynxacarus radovskyi on cats and Rangelia vitalii in dogs) are little known to most veterinary practitioners working in Brazil. This article is a compendium on dog and cat parasites in Brazil and a call for a One Health approach towards a better management of some of these parasites, which may potentially affect humans. Practical aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil are discussed.

Nematophagous fungi for biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic animals.

Several studies have been conducted using fungi in the biological control of domestic animals and humans. In this respect, a large amount of research has been undertaken to understand the particularities of each fungus used. These fungi have been demonstrated to act on all classes of helminthes. Therefore, they should not only be called nematophagous but also helmintophagous. Evidence of enzymatic action has also revealed their mechanism of action, as well as potential metabolites that could be synthesized as bioactive molecules. Cultural barriers to the use of fungi should be broken down, since the impact on the environment is minimal. In this context, much is already known about the mechanism of interaction of these organisms with their 'targets'. Recent research has pointed to the search for substances derived from nematophagous fungi that have demonstrated their ovicidal and/or larvicidal activity, thus being a global premise to be studied further. Crude extracts derived from nematophagous fungi of predator and ovicidal groups reduce the amount of larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes and prevent the hatching of their eggs, since they have been demonstrated to act with extracellular proteases and other enzymes. Furthermore, the activity of these enzymes has begun to be explored regarding their possible interaction with the exoskeleton of arthropods, which could emerge as an alternative method of tick control. Finally, it should be clear that nematophagous fungi in general are 'old friends' that are ready to the 'fight with our old enemies', the gastrointestinal helminth parasites harmful to human and animal health.

Participatory study of medicinal plants used in the control of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys in Eastern Shewa and Arsi zones of Oromia region, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal nematode infections constitute a threat to the health and welfare of donkeys worldwide. Their primary means of control is via anthelmintic treatments; however, use of these drugs has constraints in developing countries, including cost, limited availability, access to cheaper generic forms of variable quality and potential anthelmintic resistance. As an alternative, bioactive plants have been proposed as an option to treat and control gastrointestinal helminths in donkeys. This study aimed to use participatory methodology to explore donkey owner knowledge, attitudes and beliefs relating to the use of plant-based treatments for gastrointestinal parasites of donkeys in Ethiopia. RESULTS: In focus groups, 22/29 groups stated they knew of plants used for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys. All groups volunteered plants that were used in cattle and/or small ruminants. In total, 21 plants were named by participants. 'Koso' (Hagenia abyssinica) 'Grawa' (Vernonia amygdalina) and a mixed roots and leaves preparation were the most frequently named plant preparations. 'Enkoko' (Embelia shimperi) and 'a mixture of roots and leaves' were ranked highly for effectiveness in donkeys. However, 'Grawa' and 'Koso' were the highest ranked when taking into account both the rank position and the number of groups ranking the plant.Thematic analysis of participants' current attitudes and beliefs surrounding traditional plant-based remedies for gastrointestinal parasites revealed that anthelmintics obtained from clinics were generally favoured due to their ease of administration and perceived higher effectiveness. There was doubt surrounding the effectiveness of some plant-based treatments, but there were also perceived advantages including their low cost, ease of cultivation and availability. However, plant-based treatments were considered a "past trend" and people favoured "modern" medicine, particularly among the younger generation. CONCLUSIONS: There was extensive knowledge of plant-based treatments for gastrointestinal parasites in livestock in Ethiopia. In donkeys, Koso (Hagenia abyssinica), Grawa (Vernonia amygdalina), Enkoko (Embelia shimperi) and 'mixed roots and leaves' were the most frequently named and/or highest ranked plants with reported efficacy against gastrointestinal parasites. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation of these plants is now required to determine viable alternatives for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal parasites in Ethiopia.

Ectoparasites in small exotic mammals.

Ectoparasites inhabiting the skin are responsible for significant problems in small mammals, owing to ingestion of blood, lymph, sebaceous secretions, and scavenging skin debris, as well as a hypersensitivity reaction to parasite antigen resulting in severe pruritus and subsequent self-trauma-induced lesions. In general practice, the most common diagnosis in exotic pets is an unspecified mite infestation, but other ectoparasites such as lice, fleas, insects, or even helminths may cause dermatologic diseases. If treatment with topical insecticides is planned, the small mammal should be isolated for a few hours to enable drying and spreading of the product.

Impact of ivermectin-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot cattle in Argentina / Impacto de nematódeos gastrointestinais ivermectina-resistentes em bovinos em confinamento na Argentina

The aim was to evaluate for 75 days the impact on production of the remaining burden of ivermectin (IVM)-resistant parasites in naturally infected feedlot calves. The herds came from tick-infested areas of cattle breeding where the systematic use of IVM to control tick increases the gastrointestinal parasites resistant to this drug. This investigation was carried out in two commercial feedlots in Buenos Aires province. In feedlot A, two groups of 35 animal each received IVM 1% and the other received ricobendazole (RBZ) 10% respectively. The same was done in feedlot B. On day 0, two groups of 35 animals were made in feedlots A and B. Fecal samples were taken on days 0, 22, 54 and 75 pos-treatment (PT), and body weight was registered, from each animal. Fecal samples were processed for individual count of eggs per gram (EPG) and pooled fecal culture was carried out for identification of the parasite genus in each sampling. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECR) was calculated on day 22 PT. The study design used was a totally randomized block, with commercial feedlot and sex as block variables. For data analysis, a mixed model of the SAS statistical program was used. The FECR average on day 22 was 28.4% in the IVM group, and 94,2 % in the RBZ group . From this date on, significant differences in EPG were kept until day 54. EPG counts were only equal near the end of the trial, on day 75 (p=0.16). In both commercial feedlots, especially in the IVM group, Cooperia spp. was the most prevalent parasite in the fecal cultures. Significant differences in weight (P<0.01) on post-treatment day 75 was found between the average weight in the RBZ and the IVM group (246 vs. 238 kg respectively), what means a difference of 8.3% in gains. The importance for production in the antiparasite failure treatment in commercial feedlots was demonstrated, and the need of pos-treatment controls to evaluate the efficacy of the antiparasitic administered is emphasized.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar durante 75 dias o impacto sobre a produção da carga de parasita-ivermectina (IVM) resistentes remanescentes em bezerros naturalmente infectados no confinamento. Os rebanhos são provenientes de áreas infestadas por carrapatos, onde o uso sistemático de IVM para o controle do carrapato aumenta a resistência de parasita gastrintestinais a esta droga. Este trabalho foi realizado em dois confinamentos comerciais na província de Buenos Aires. Na fazenda A, dois grupos de 35 animais cada receberam IVM 1% e ricobendazole (RBZ) 10%, respectivamente. O mesmo foi feito no confinamento B. No dia 0, dois grupos de 35 animais foram feitos nas fazendas A e B. As amostras fecais foram tomadas nos dias 0, 22, 54 e 75 pós-tratamento (PT) e o peso corporal foi registrado, de cada animal. Amostras fecais foram processadas para a contagem individual de ovos por grama (EPG). Amostras fecais foram agrupadas para a identificação do gênero parasitária. O teste de redução de ovos fecais (TROF) foi calculado no dia 22 PT. O desenho do estudo utilizado foi aquele dos blocos inteiramente randomizados, sendo confinamento comercial e sexo as variáveis de bloco. Para a análise dos dados, um modelo misto do programa estatístico SAS foi utilizado. A média TROF no dia 22 foi de 28,4% no grupo IVM e 94,2% no grupo RBZ. A partir desta data, diferenças significativas na EPG foram mantidas até o dia 54. Contas de OPG só foram iguais perto do fim do estudo, no dia 75 (p=0,16). Em ambos os confinamentos comerciais, especialmente no grupo IVM, Cooperia spp. foram os parasitos mais prevalentes nas culturas fecais. Diferenças significativas no peso (P<0,01) 75 dias pós-tratamento foram encontradas entre o peso médio nos grupos RBZ e IVM (246 vs 238 kg, respectivamente), o que significa uma diferença de 8,3% nos ganhos. A importância para a produção no tratamento da insuficiência antiparasitários em confinamento comercial foi demonstrada, bem como a necessidade de controles pós-tratamento para avaliar a eficácia dos antiparasitários administrados é enfatizada.

Management of select bacterial and parasitic conditions of raptors.

Raptors are susceptible to a broad array of established and emerging bacterial and parasitic diseases, including babesiosis, chlamydiosis, clostridiosis, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, malaria, mycobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, trichomoniasis, and pododermatitis. Many of these conditions are opportunistic and can be easily managed or averted with proper preventive measures related to captive management, husbandry and diet, and veterinary care. Once infected, treatment must be prompt, appropriate, and judicious. This article examines the significance, diagnosis, management, and prevention of select bacterial and parasitic pathogens of raptors.

Neonatal diseases in llamas and alpacas.

This article attempts to cover the most common problems likely to present in neonatal crias and to give guidance on how to approach these cases, particularly how to stabilize the acute presentation of a sick neonate. It is impossible to cover every eventuality and it is important to keep an open mind when evaluating and treating sick neonatal camelids. Despite the often moribund presentation of sick neonatal crias, they may be highly rewarding to treat, although hospitalization and 24-hour care is recommended.

Neurologic diseases in llamas and alpacas.

Llamas and alpacas are affected by a wide range of neurologic diseases, including listeriosis, polioencephalomalacia, encephalitis caused by West Nile virus and equine herpesvirus, and meningeal worm. Cervical luxations and subluxations appear to be more common in camelids than in other species. Camelids that have otitis or discospondylitis may not present with clinical signs until the underlying pathology is severe. Meningitis and brain abscesses are an important complication of failure of passive transfer of immunity in crias. The cerebrospinal fluid tap is especially useful for diagnosing meningeal worm and ruling out other diseases. CT and MRI are particularly useful when intracranial disease is suspected or for spinal lesions that show only subtle lesions on plain radiography.

Identification and validation of bioactive plants for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.

The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics (AHs) has received considerable attention in recent times because of the increasing, worldwide development of resistance to chemical anthelmintics in worm populations. However, scientific evidence to validate the use of plants remains limited. The criteria required for the scientific validation of phytomedicine and nutraceuticals are similar to those expected for chemical anthelmintics: definition and quality, efficacy, identification of side-effects. However, the methods of investigation need to take into account i) the variability in bioactive compounds in the natural resources, ii) the mode of distribution to animals and iii) the potential anti nutritional and side-effects of some bioactive compounds and the possible occurrence of regulative mechanisms in the hosts. These points are critically discussed, in particular by reference to the example of tannin rich plants with anthelmintic properties from both temperate and tropical regions.

[Endoparasites of the hedgehog]. / Endoparasiten beim Igel.

There is an increasing number of sick and young hedgehogs presented to veterinarians each fall. These wild hedgehogs are often heavily infected with parasites. Helminths in the respiratory tract (Crenosoma striatum and Capillaria aerophila) cause lung dysfunction. Intestinal tract of these small mammals is often infected by Capillaria erinacei. Furthermore hedgehogs may be occasionally infected by other nematodes (Physaloptera clausa), trematodes (Brachylaemus erinacei) and cestodes (Hymenolepis erinacei). Occasionally hedgehogs are infected by coccidia (Isospora rastegaiev) and cryptosporidia (Cryptosporidium spp.). Increasing importance of hedgehogs in small animal practice requires adequate knowledge about their parasitoses in order to have a sufficient approach to diagnosis and treatment of those infections.

Efecto del toltrazuril y la combinación de sulfadoxina y pirimetamina en el tratamiento de la sarcocistiosis canina durante el periodo patente / Effect of toltrazuril and the combination of sulfadoxine and pirimetamine in the treatment of canine sarcocystiosis during the prepatent period

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del toltrazuril (2.5%) y de la combinación de sulfadoxina y pirimetamina (500/25 mg) en el tratamiento de la sarcocistiosis canina. El estudio se realizó durante los meses de octubre del 2005 a marzo del 2006, en la Estación Experimental del Centro de Investigaciones IVITA, Maranganí, Cusco, perteneciente a la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, UNMSM. Se utilizó 15 cachorros cruzados de ambos sexos, de 2-3 meses de edad, previamente desparasitados y alimentados solo con concentrado. Todos ellos fueron infectados con aproximadamente 9,000-10,000 quistes de Sarcocystis lamacanis, presentes en 4-5 g de tejido cardiaco de alpaca. Las heces se analizaron diariamente hasta observar la presencia de esporoquistes u ooquistes de Sarcocystis sp. Posteriormente fueron distribuidos en tres grupos de 5 animales c/u. Un grupo control no tratado y dos grupos tratados diariamente por 10 días, uno con toltrazuril (2.5%) en dosis de 15 mg/kpv y otro grupo con la combinación de sulfadoxina y pirimetamina (500/25 mg) en dosis de 20 y 1 mg/kgpv, respectivamente. Muestras fecales fueron recolectadas diariamente y se analizaron por el método de coproparasitológico de flotación con solución de Sheather para determinar la presencia de ooquistes o esporoquistes de Sarcocystis sp., y las muestras positivas se cuantificaron por el método de Stoll modificado, para determinar su número por gramo de heces. Los resultados muestran que el toltrazuril alcanzó una eficacia en el control de la sarcocistiosis del 94.7% al tercer día de tratamiento y un 100% al sexto día, mientras que la combinación de sulfadoxina y pirimetamina no logró controlarla, llegando a mostrar una moderada eficacia al segundo día post tratamiento (88.1%).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of toltrazuril (2.5)% and the combination of sulfadoxine and pirimetamine (500-25 mg) on the treatment of canine sarcocystiosis. The study was conducted from October 2005 until March 2006 in the Experimental Station of the IVITA Research Center, Maranganí, Cusco. A total of 15 crossbred puppies, both sexes, 2-4 months of age, that were dewormed and fed with a diet extent of meat were used. Puppies were infected with approximately 9,000-10,000 cysts of Sarcosystis lamacanis present in 4-5 g of alpaca heart. Feces were daily collected and analyzed to observe the presence of sporocysts or oocysts. Then, were distributed in three groups of 5 animals each. One group remained untreated (as control) and the other two groups were daily treated during 10 days with 15 mg/kg of toltrazuril (2.5%) or the combination of sulfadoxine and pirimetamine (500-25 mg) in a dose of 20 and 1 mg/kg respectively. Fecal samples were daily collected and analyzed by the flotation method using the Sheather solution to determine the presence of sporocysts or oocysts and the modified Stoll method to quantify the number of eggs per gram of feces. The results showed that the efficacy of toltrazuril in the control of sarcosystiosis was 94.7% at the 3rd day of treatment and 100% at day 6, whereas the combination of sulfadoxine and pirimetamine did not control it, and only a moderate efficacy (88.1%) was observed in the 2nd day.

Tratamiento homeopático con cina 30c de la parasitosis en conejos / Homeopathic treatment with cina 30c of parasitism in rabbits

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar de forma experimental la efectividad del medicamento homeopático Cina 30 C en el tratamiento de la parasitosis de los conejos. Se atendieron 30 propietarios con una masa total de 1.455 conejos de diferentes categorías y una elevada mortalidad y morbilidad. Se realizó un estudio clínico y de laboratorio a los animales afectados, determinando el tratamiento que se realizó en forma de impregnación homeopática por un período de cinco días. El tratamiento con Cina 30 C mejoró las condiciones físicas de los animales con un notable incremento de peso, obteniéndose ahorros solo por el concepto de la mortalidad de 10.185,00 pesos (U$$ 327,22). El estudio cronológico de los animales por el método de flotación que se realizó antes y después del tratamiento mismo que corrobora la efectividad del tratamiento(AU)

Viral, parasitic and prion diseases of farmed deer and bison.

The most important viral disease of farmed deer and bison is malignant catarrhal fever. The other herpesviruses which have been isolated from these species are briefly described. Other viral agents that are recognised in these animals, including adenovirus, parapox, foot and mouth disease, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, bovine virus diarrhoea, rotavirus and coronavirus, are also discussed. Ectoparasites of importance in this group in various parts of the world include a variety of ticks, as well as lice, keds, Oestridae, mange mites and fire ants. Helminth parasites include liver flukes (Fascioloides and Fasciola), gastrointestinal nematodes of the family Trichostrongylidae, pulmonary lungworms of the genus Dictyocaulus and extra-pulmonary lungworms of the family Protostrongylidae. Chronic wasting disease is principally important in North America, where the disease occurs in wild cervids in a limited area and has been reported in farmed deer in a small number of states in the United States of America and one province in Canada. These diseases are summarised in terms of their classification, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and control.