Ethical Aspects of Involving Adolescents in HIV Research: A Systematic Review of the Empiric Literature.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ethics of involving adolescents in HIV research, we conducted a systematic review of the empiric literature. METHODS: Electronic databases Ovid Medline, Embase, and CINAHL were systematically searched using controlled vocabulary terms related to ethics, HIV, specified age groups, and empiric research studies. We reviewed titles and abstracts, including studies that collected qualitative or quantitative data, evaluated ethical issues in HIV research, and included adolescents. Studies were appraised for quality, data were extracted, and studies were analyzed using narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We included 41 studies: 24 qualitative, 11 quantitative, 6 mixed methods; 22 from high-income countries (HIC), 18 from low- or middle-income countries (LMIC), and 1 from both HIC and LMIC. Adolescent, parent, and community perspectives assert the benefits of involving minors in HIV research. Participants in LMIC expressed mixed views regarding parental consent requirements and confidentiality, given adolescents' both increasing autonomy and continued need for adult support. In studies in HIC, sexual or gender minority youth would not participate in research if parental consent were required or if there were confidentiality concerns. There was variation in the comprehension of research concepts, but adolescents generally demonstrated good comprehension of informed consent. Informed consent processes can be improved to increase comprehension and study accessibility. Vulnerable participants face complex social barriers that should be considered in study design. CONCLUSIONS: Data support the inclusion of adolescents in HIV research. Empiric research can inform consent processes and procedural safeguards to ensure appropriate access.

Análise de aplicativos móveis voltados para controle parental: revisão narrativa / Analysis of mobile applications aimed at parental control: narrative review / Análisis de aplicaciones móviles orientadas al control parental: revisión narrativa

Crianças e adolescentes usam a tecnologia móvel para diversas finalidades, como lazer, entretenimento, estudos e comunicação. No entanto, faz-se necessário o controle e mediação parental pois o uso inadequado pode gerar danos à saúde. Existem aplicativos voltados para esta tarefa e com funcionalidades e características variadas. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as aplicações móveis disponíveis para download na plataforma Google Play Store por meio de uma revisão narrativa e com auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ para revisão dos dados, analisar os comentários deixados pelos usuários. Foram investigadas as informações de 138 aplicativos, boa parte deles realizam funções essenciais, como controlar o tempo de acesso, bloquear sites e apps indesejados, porém, há muitas críticas relacionadas a problemas técnicos, aplicabilidade e prejuízos gerados pelo excessivo controle dos pais. A investigação mostrou que cinco softwares para o controle parental apresentavam as principais funções de acordo com a aplicabilidade (limite de tempo, filtros, localizador GPS, monitoramento de chamadas e mensagens), nota acima de 3,0 e ano de atualização em 2021. A análise dos comentários feita pelo software IRAMUTEQ, destacou as palavras "App" (referente à aplicativo), "filho", "celular", "bloquear", "funcionar", "criança", "instalar" e "desinstalar" como as mais importantes pelos usuários.

Children and teenagers use mobile technology for different purposes, such as leisure, entertainment, studies and communication. However, parental control and mediation is necessary, as inappropriate use can cause health damage. There are applications aimed at this task and with varied functionalities and characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the mobile applications available for download on the Google Play Store platform through a narrative review and with the help of the IRAMUTEQ software to review the data, analyze the comments left by users. Information from 138 applications was investigated, most of which perform essential functions, such as controlling access time, blocking unwanted websites and apps, however, there are many criticisms related to technical problems, applicability and damage caused by excessive parental control. The investigation showed that five parental control software had the main functions according to applicability (time limit, filters, GPS locator, call and message monitoring), grade above 3.0 and year of update in 2021. The analysis of the comments made by the IRAMUTEQ software, highlighted the words "App" (referring to the application), "son", "cell phone", "block", "work", "child", "install" and "uninstall" as the most important for users.

Los niños y adolescentes utilizan la tecnología móvil para diferentes fines, como el ocio, el entretenimiento, los estudios y la comunicación. Sin embargo, es necesario el control y la mediación parental, ya que un uso inadecuado puede causar daños a la salud. Existen aplicaciones destinadas a esta tarea y con funcionalidades y características variadas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las aplicaciones móviles disponibles para su descarga en la plataforma Google Play Store a través de una revisión narrativa y con la ayuda del software IRAMUTEQ para revisar los datos, analizar los comentarios dejados por los usuarios. Se investigó la información de 138 aplicaciones, la mayoría de las cuales cumplen funciones esenciales, como controlar el tiempo de acceso, bloquear sitios web y apps no deseadas, sin embargo, existen muchas críticas relacionadas con problemas técnicos, de aplicabilidad y daños causados por el excesivo control parental. La investigación mostró que cinco programas de control parental tenían las funciones principales según aplicabilidad (límite de tiempo, filtros, localizador GPS, monitorización de llamadas y mensajes), grado superior a 3.0 y año de actualización en 2021. El análisis de los comentarios realizados por el software IRAMUTEQ, destacó las palabras "App" (refiriéndose a la aplicación), "hijo", "móvil", "bloquear", "trabajar", "niño", "instalar" y "desinstalar" como las más importantes para los usuarios.

Aspectos bioéticos sobre el consentimiento informado en el uso de las vacunas en Pediatría / Bioethical aspects of informed consent for the use of vaccines in Pediatrics

Introducción: El consentimiento informado en Pediatría, es un proceso de toma de decisiones progresivo, consensuado y dialogado, centrado en una relación tripartita (pediatra, niño y padres), en virtud de la cual, estos últimos, aceptan o no las acciones de vacunación, las cuales han mejorado la prevención de distintas enfermedades infecciosas que afectan la salud de la población infantil y provocan gran morbilidad, mortalidad y secuelas. Objetivo: Exponer los principales aspectos bioéticos relacionados con el consentimiento informado en el uso de las vacunas en Pediatría. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en español e inglés acerca del tema utilizando motores de búsqueda como Google Académico, y se consultaron 42 artículos de libre acceso en las bases de datos SciELO y Pubmed. Se analizó la bibliografía de los últimos 20 años, fundamentalmente de los últimos 5 años, desde 2000 hasta 2020. Desarrollo: Las vacunas son intervenciones preventivas que tienen una historia centenaria que demuestra su bondad y su eficacia, pero han planteado problemas éticos desde su comienzo. El consentimiento informado para su administración no se implementa con el mismo rigor en todas las regiones del mundo. Conclusiones: La vacunación en Pediatría constituye una práctica frecuente, por lo que es necesario el uso del consentimiento informado debidamente redactado y autorizado por los tutores legales o el paciente, que incluya la explicación de los propósitos, los procedimientos a que será sometido, los posibles daños y beneficios, y los posibles resultados de la misma(AU)

Introduction: Informed consent in Pediatrics is a progressive, consensual and dialogue-based decision-making process focused on a tripartite relationship (pediatrician-child-parents), under which the latter accept or do not accept the actions towards vaccination that have improved the prevention of different infectious diseases that affect the health of the child population and cause great morbidity, mortality and sequelae. Objective: To state the main bioethical aspects related to informed consent for the use of vaccines in Pediatrics. Material and Methods: A review of literature on the topic in Spanish and English was carried out using search engines such as Google Scholar. Also, 42 open access articles were consulted in the SciELO and Pubmed databases. The bibliography of the last 20 years was analyzed. It mainly included articles published during the last 5 years (from 2000 to 2020). Development: Vaccines are preventive interventions that have a centuries-old history that demonstrates their goodness and effectiveness, but have posed ethical problems since the very beginning. Informed consent for their administration is not implemented with the same rigor in all regions of the world. Conclusions: Vaccination in Pediatrics is a frequent practice, so a duly drafted informed consent authorized by the legal guardians or the patient is necessary. It should include the explanation of the aims, the procedures to which the patient will be submitted, the possible damages and benefits, and the possible results(AU)

Efecto de la ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina en hemoglobina de niños anémicos / Effects of Infesting Cookies Fortified with Bovine Blood in the Hemoglobin of Anemic Children

Introducción: La anemia infantil es un problema de salud pública que afecta el desarrollo fisiológico e intelectual del niño. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina en los niveles de hemoglobina de niños anémicos. Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental, con grupo experimental y control, en la zona rural del distrito de San Andrés de Tupicocha de Huarochiri de Lima, Perú, desde agosto hasta diciembre de 2018. La población fue de 46 niños de 3 a 5 años de edad, de la que participaron 32 (consentimiento de los padres), de ellos 15 niños tuvieron hemoglobina < 11 g/dl, quienes conformaron el grupo experimental; mientras que 17 niños con hemoglobina > 11 g/dl, conformaron el grupo control. Se utilizó la prueba estadística T de Student (p < 0,05). Resultados: En el grupo experimental, después de 12 semanas de ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina, se observó un incremento de hemoglobina en sangre de 10,4 g/dl a 11,6 g/dl (p < 0,001); mientras que el grupo control, también registró un incremento de 11,7 g/dl a 12,1 g/dl (p = 0,007). Al comparar el incremento de hemoglobina de ambos grupos, se observa que en el grupo control la hemoglobina solo ascendió en 0,5 g/dl, mientras que en el grupo experimental ascendió en 1,2 g/dl, siendo así el incremento mayor en el grupo experimental que consumió las galletas fortificadas (p = 0,003). Conclusión: La ingesta de galletas fortificadas con sangre bovina incrementó los niveles de hemoglobina en niños de una zona rural, reduciendo así los casos de anemia infantil(UA)

Introduction: Childhood anemia is a public health concern that affects the physiological and intellectual development of the child. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ingesting cookies fortified with bovine blood on the hemoglobin levels of anemic children. Methods: Quasiexperimental study carried out with experimental and control groups, in the rural area of San Andrés de Tupicocha de Huarochiri district of Lima, Peru, from August to December 2018. The study population consisted of 46 children aged 3-5 years, of which 32 participated under parental consent and 15 had hemoglobin lower than 11 g/dL. These made up the experimental group. On the other hand, 17 children had hemoglobin higher than 11 g/dL. These made up the control group. The Student's t-test was used (P< 0.05). Results: In the experimental group, 12 weeks after ingestion of cookies fortified with bovine blood, an increase in hemoglobin in the blood was observed, from 10.4 g/dL to 11.6 g/dL (P< 0.001); while the control group also registered an increase, from 11.7 g/dL to 12.1 g/dL (P=0.007). When comparing the increase in hemoglobin between both groups, it is observed that, in the control group, hemoglobin only rose by 0.5 g/dL, while, in the experimental group, it rose by 1.2 g/dL. Thus, the highest increase appeared in the experimental group that consumed the fortified cookies (P = 0.003). Conclusion: The ingestion of cookies fortified with bovine blood increased hemoglobin levels in children in a rural area, thus reducing the cases of childhood anemia(AU)

A Novel Framework Using Remote Telesimulation With Standardized Parents to Improve Research Staff Preparedness for Informed Consent in Pediatric Critical Care Research.

OBJECTIVES: The Heart And Lung Failure-Pediatric INsulin Titration study was experiencing poor subject enrollment due to low rates of informed consent. Heart And Lung Failure-Pediatric INsulin Titration investigators collaborated with the Perelman School of Medicine Standardized Patient Program to explore the novel use of telesimulation with standardized parents to train research staff to approach parents of critically ill children for informed consent. We describe the feasibility, learner acceptance, and financial costs of this novel intervention and performed a post hoc analysis to determine if this intervention improved study consent rates. DESIGN: Observational, comparative effectiveness study. SETTING: Heart And Lung Failure-Pediatric INsulin Titration study enrolling sites. SUBJECTS: Research staff (at the remote site). INTERVENTIONS: Individual 90-minute Skype telesimulation sessions with standardized parent and simulation facilitator (at the training site). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty telesimulation sessions with 79 Heart And Lung Failure-Pediatric INsulin Titration research staff (participants) at 24 remote sites were conducted. Despite some technical delays, 40 out of 40 simulations (100%) were completed. Based on feedback surveys, 100% of respondents agreed (81% strongly agreed) that telesimulation sessions achieved intended learning objectives to prepare research staff to approach parents of eligible critically ill children to obtain informed consent. Additionally, 100% of respondents agreed (74% strongly agreed) that they would use lessons from the telesimulation when approaching parents to obtain informed consent for research. Telesimulation with standardized parents achieved lower financial costs (approximately $85 per session) compared with traditional in-person site visits for training research staff. There was no significant improvement in study consent rates with the intervention (pre: 46% vs post: 48%; p = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Remote telesimulation with standardized parents is feasible, acceptable, and associated with lower financial costs to prepare research staff to obtain informed consent from parents of critically ill children eligible for clinical research trials. Despite this novel approach, Heart And Lung Failure-Pediatric INsulin Titration study consent rates did not improve, suggesting that other factors influence parental consent and decision making in complex multicenter clinical research trials.

Consent Rates Reported in Published Pediatric Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the average reported consent rate for published pediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and whether this rate varies by trial characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: A review of pediatric RCTs published in Medline in 2009, 2010, or 2015 was performed. Secondary analyses of prior trials, trials including adults, trials not requiring consent, or trials with missing or unclear consent data were excluded. Consent rate was defined as the number of patients enrolled divided by number of eligible patients where families were approached. Random effects meta-regression was conducted to determine the weighted average consent rate. RESULTS: Of 2347 trials identified, 1651 were excluded. An additional 418 of 696 (60%) were excluded because the consent rate was missing or unclear. The average consent rate for 278 included RCTs was 82.6% (95% CI, 80.3%-84.8%) and was higher for vaccination compared with behavioral trials and for industry-funded compared with National Institutes of Health-funded or other government-funded trials. The average consent rate was <70% for 26% of included trials. Of these trials, US trials (28/77 [36.4%]) had a higher probability of a consent rate of <70% than non-US studies (35/64 [21.3%]) and multinational (9/37 [24.3%]) studies. There was slight variation by funding category. CONCLUSIONS: Although the average consent rate for published trials was reasonably high, approximately one-quarter of trials had consent rates of <70%. Consent rates reporting has improved over time, but remains suboptimal. Our findings should assist with the planning of future pediatric RCTs, although consent data from unpublished trials are also needed.

Frequency and Causes of Discharge against Medical. Advice in children

Introduction: Discharging with personal satisfaction is one of the main problems in hospitalization, when the patient leaves the hospital sooner than the doctor's advice. This will exacerbate the disease and increase the risk of hospital re-admittance. In this regard, more attention should be given to children because they are not able to understand the above meaning or participate in decision making. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all children who were discharged due to personal satisfaction from the hospital were included. The 4-page checklist for the various causes of "leaving the hospital despite medical advice" was divided into three sections: Causes related to the patient's own issues, causes related to the hospital medical staff and the causes of the hospital situation, and a page of demographical variables included gender, age and history of hospitalization and ward of hospitalization. Results: A total of 310 cases (7.4%) were discharged with personal satisfaction of their parents. The most important factor linked to discharge with personal satisfaction was the poor economic condition of parents. In terms of factors related to the medical staff, the lack of proper handling of the nurse and then the doctor were the most important factors for discharge. Conclusion: It seems that economic issues are the most important factor in the discharge of children with parental consent of parents. On the other hand, factors such as unacceptable and unpopular behavior of nurses and doctors play crucial role in this phenomenon. Parents who are under intense psychological stress due to economic problems and child illness can be at risk of developing this phenomenon if they are not mentally supported by health staffs

Hipoacusia neurosensorial adquirida asociada a alteraciones vestibulares y / o control postural / Neurosensorial acquired hypoacusia associated with vestibular alterations and / or postural control

La otitis media aguda es una infección del oído medio con alta prevalencia en población pediátrica, las complicaciones pueden generar desde hipoacusia neurosensorial de diverso grado hasta alteración vestibular y/o control postural, aunque de ello no existen mayores reportes ni investigaciones en Chile. Por lo anterior, el objetivo fue asociar la hipoacusia neurosensorial a alteraciones vestibulares y/o de control postural. Se evaluó a un sujeto de sexo femenino, 13 años de edad, quien presentó múltiples cuadros de Otitis Media Aguda y fue diagnosticada con hipoacusia neurosensorial bilateral grado moderado. Antes del estudio, reportó desequilibrio y aumento de riesgo de caída. Se aplicaron test auditivos (timpanometría y audiometría), vestibulares (evaluación del VIII par craneal) y de control postural (posturógrafo y tests "Time up and go", Romberg y Romberg en tándem). Se encontraron alteradas la prueba de integración sensorial, con predominancia del hemicuerpo derecho, igualmente predominancia a alteraciones auditivas en el oído derecho ante pruebas que valoraron oído medio. Se observó una relación directa entre las alteraciones posturales y de equilibrio con el tipo y grado de pérdida auditiva que presenta el sujeto de estudio.

The acute otitis media is a middle ear infection with high prevalence in pediatric population, the complications could generate from sensorineural hearing loss to vestibular alteration and/or postural control, although, there aren´t report or researches of it in Chile. Therefore, the objective was to associate sensorineural hearing loss with vestibular alterations and/or postural control. We evaluated a female subject presenting multiple events of acute otitis media and she was diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss middle grade. Before this study, she reported imbalance and falling risk. Hearing (tympanometry and audiometry), vestibular (evaluation of the VIII cranial nerve) and postural control tests were applied (posturography and "Time up and go", Romberg and Romberg in tandem test). It was found altered the integration sensorial test, with predominance to half body right and predominance of hearing impairment in the right ear to the middle ear evaluated evidence. It was observed a direct relation between postural alterations and balance with the hearing loss type from the subject of study.

To believe or not to believe: is that the question? / Creer o no creer: ¿esa es la cuestión?

It is a reality that, in the field of pediatrics, parents are the legal representatives of their children, which means that any medical decision in relation to the child should be taken with the intercession of at least one of his/her parents who -in the exercise of a subrogated autonomy and a legally granted representation- provide their informed consent. The problem arises when the parents refuse to give their informed consent or directly make decisions that will have a specific impact on their child's well-being, thus causing damage or at least a risk for damage. The challenge here is to reconcile the interests and rights at stake, always considering that the constitutional rule of interpretation in the case of a child are his/her best interests.

Es un dato de la realidad que, en pediatría, los padres son los representantes legales de sus hij os, lo cual implica que las decisiones médicas en relación con el pequeño deben ser tomadas con la intervención de, al menos, uno de sus padres, quien -en ejercicio de la autonomía subrogada y de la representación legalmente conferida-brindará su consentimiento informado. El problema surge cuando los padres niegan su consentimiento informado o, directamente, asumen decisiones que repercuten de modo concreto en el bienestar e integridad del niño, lo que provoca un daño o -cuando menos- lo coloca en riesgo de sufrir un daño. Nuestro desafío es procurar una conciliación de los intereses y derechos en juego siempre teniendo presente que la pauta constitucional de interpretación cuando de un niño se trata es su interés superior.

Relação entre o pai e os filhos após o divórcio: revisão integrativa da literatura / Relationship Between Father And Children After Divorce: Integrative Literature Review

Resumo A continuidade da relação entre o pai e os filhos após o divórcio favorece o desenvolvimento da criança e da família. Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura de pesquisas empíricas, acerca da relação entre o pai e os filhos após o divórcio/separação conjugal. Os resultados sugerem que: existem fatores que favorecem e fatores que dificultam a relação entre pai e filhos após o divórcio; essa relação exerce influências sobre o desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes; a paternidade de pais separados é marcada por especificidades; e, intervenções psicológicas com o pai divorciado são indicadas para melhorar o funcionamento de famílias binucleares. Destaca-se a relevância desta temática para a formação de profissionais das áreas da saúde, educação e jurídica, pois se trata de um fenômeno multifacetado, complexo e relevante para o desenvolvimento da criança e da família.

Abstract The continuity of the relationship between the father and the children after the divorce favors the development of the child and the family. This study aimed to present an integrative review of empirical research literature on the relationship between fathers and children after divorce/marital separation. The results suggests that: there are factors that favor and factors that hinder the relationship between fathers and children after divorce; this relationship exerts influence on the development of children and adolescents; separated-father parenting is marked by specific characteristics; and psychological interventions with divorced fathers are indicated to improve the functioning of binuclear families. This subject is highly relevant for the training of professionals in the health, education and legal fields, since it is a multifaceted phenomenon, complex and relevant for the development of children and family.

Is Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for a Neonate Ever Ethically Obligatory?

Certain interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit are considered ethically obligatory, and should be provided over parental objections. After reviewing a case, comparative outcome data, and relevant ethical principles, we propose that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for meconium aspiration syndrome may, in some cases, be an ethically obligatory treatment.

Revealing an HIV diagnosis for children and adolescents: subsidy for the practice of care. / Revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para crianças e adolescentes: subsídios para prática assistencial.

OBJECTIVE: To collectively build a guide for following-up on HIV diagnosis disclosure to children and adolescents in a specialized service. METHOD: Convergent-care research approach with observation triangulation, interview and groups, conducted from May to June 2015 with seven health professionals in a pediatric outpatient clinic for infectious diseases. Thematic content analysis was developed. RESULTS: The discussion of understanding the disclosure, its triggers, actors involved, used strategies, and limits and possibilities listed by the professionals subsidized the construction of a guide to be applied in the stages: analyzing children's questions and curiosities; evaluating their cognitive ability; discussing the reasons to reveal; listing the professionals involved on follow-up process; including family; developing strategies for disclosure. CONCLUSION: This guide may mediate changes in care practice to ensure the child's rights and to make the professionals co-accountable.

Desafios éticos na pesquisa com adolescentes envolvidos no tráfico de drogas / Ethical challenges in conducting research with adolescents involved in drug trafficking / Desafíos éticos en la investigaciones con adolescentes implicados en el tráfico de drogas

Este artigo discute as implicações éticas na pesquisa com adolescentes envolvidos em atos infracionais, enfatizando a realidade de grupos com histórico de envolvimento no tráfico de drogas. Na primeira parte, discute-se os indicadores sociais e psicológicos que estão associados ao engajamento de adolescentes e jovens na comercialização das substâncias psicoativas. Em seguida, é apresentada a experiência de uma pesquisa com esse grupo, enfatizando os dilemas encontrados no trabalho de campo em virtude de impasses que surgiram na pesquisa pela falta de clareza do comitê de ética que avaliou a proposta. Por fim, são debatidos os preceitos éticos da pesquisa com adolescentes com envolvimento no tráfico a partir das diretrizes definidas na Resolução n. 510/2016 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS).

This paper analyses the ethical implications in the research with adolescents in conflict with the law, highlighting the reality of groups with a history of involvement in drug traffick. In the first part, we discuss the social and psychological aspects associated to the engagement of adolescents and young people in the commercialization of psychoactive substances. Then, an experience in researching with this group is presented, emphasizing the dilemmas encountered in the fieldwork due to the inaccuracies of the ethics committee that evaluated the proposal. Finally, based on the guidelines defined in the Resolution n. 510/2016 of the National Health Council, the ethical issues of research with adolescents with involvement in trafficking are discussed.

Este artículo discute las implicaciones éticas en la investigación con adolescentes involucrados en actos infractores, enfatizando la realidad de grupos con historial de implicación en el tráfico de drogas. En la primera parte, se discuten los indicadores sociales y psicológicos que están asociados al compromiso de adolescentes y jóvenes en la comercialización de las sustancias psicoactivas. A continuación, se presenta la experiencia de una investigación con ese grupo, enfatizando los dilemas encontrados en el trabajo de campo en virtud de impasses que surgieron en la investigación por la falta de claridad del comité de ética que evaluó la propuesta. Por último, se discuten los preceptos éticos de la investigación con adolescentes con implicación en el tráfico a partir de las directrices definidas en la Resolución n. 510/2016 del Consejo Nacional de Salud (CNS).

Avaliação da tomada de decisão de pais frente ao tratamento oncológico pediátrico / Evaluation of parents' decision-making in oncologic pediatric treatment / Evaluación del toma de decisiones de los padres en tratamiento pediátrico oncológico

Introdução: A tomada de decisão frente a um tratamento oncológico pediátrico merece um foco de atenção vista a quantidade de decisões que os pais enfrentam durante esse processo, podendo gerar muitas vezes desconfortos emocionais, dúvidas, incertezas e angústias. Dessa forma, avaliar como a equipe de saúde influencia na decisão dos pais se apresenta como fator importante para poder se entender o quanto de autonomia eles possuem para poderem escolher diante das inúmeras possibilidades advindas do tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar o processo de tomada de decisão de pais frente ao tratamento oncológico de seus filhos, analisando a percepção de coerção, nível de desenvolvimento psicológico moral e outras dificuldades existentes. Métodos: Foram selecionados dez participantes por conveniência para realizar uma entrevista semiestruturada individual e foram aplicadas a Escala de Percepção de Coerção em Assistência e a Escala de Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Moral. Utilizou-se o método da análise de conteúdo de Bardin para se realizar a categorização das falas dos participantes. Resultados: Nove mães e um pai foram entrevistados (n=10), com média de idade de 33,1 anos. Foram identificadas seis categorias a partir da análise de conteúdo oriundas da temática central. Verificou-se não haver percepção de coerção pelos pais e todos demonstraram nível psicológico-moral adequado para tomarem decisões. Conclusão: Observou-se que, apesar de dificuldades emocionais, os pais se mostraram capazes de decidir questões relacionadas ao tratamento de seus filhos, tendo autonomia o suficiente para a tomada de decisão.

Introduction: Decision-making when facing a pediatric cancer treatment deserves a spotlight due to the amount of decisions that parents must deal with during this process, which may often generate emotional stress, doubts, uncertainties and anxieties. Thus, assessing how the health team influences the decision of parents is an important factor to evaluate how much autonomy they have to be able to choose on the numerous possibilities resulting from the treatment. Objective: To evaluate parents' decision-making process in oncologic pediatric treatments and to analyze the perception of coercion, the level of moral-psychological development and other difficulties. Method: 10 participants were selected by convenience to conduct individual semi-structured interviews, applying the Scale of Perception of Coercion in Assistance and the Moral-Psychological Scale. Results: Nine mothers and one father were interviewed (n = 10), with an average age of 33.1 years. Six categories were identified from the analysis of content originated from the central theme. There was no perception of coercion by parents and all have shown psychological and moral levels suitable for decision-making. Conclusion:It was observed that, in spite of emotional difficulties, parents have proved ableto decide on issues related to the treatment of their children, having enough autonomy for decision-making.

El frente de la toma de decisiones a un tratamiento de cáncer pediátrico merece un foco de atención a la cantidad de decisiones que enfrentan los padres durante este proceso y con frecuencia puede generar malestares emocionales, dudas, incertidumbres y ansiedades. Por lo tanto, para evaluar el equipo de salud influye en la decisión de los padres se presenta como un factor importante para entender el grado de autonomía que tienen que ser capaces de elegir en las numerosas posibilidades que resultan del tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluación de toma de decisiones de los padres sobre sus hijos el tratamiento pediátrico oncológico, Evaluación de la percepción de la coacción, el nivel de desarrollo psicológico moral y otras dificultades existentes. Método: Por conveniencia, diez participantes fueron seleccionados para responder a la entrevista semiestructurada individual, aplicando la escala de percepción de coerción de Asistencia y la Escala de Desarrollo moral psicológica. Resultados:Se entrevistaron a nueve madres y un padre (n = 10), con una edad media de 33,1 años. Se identificaron seis categorías de contenido de origen a partir del análisis temático central. Había la percepción de coacción por parte de los padres y todo a nivel psicológico y moral Mostró apropiado tomar decisiones. Conclusión:Se observó que, a pesar de las dificultades emocionales, los padres han demostrado ser capaces de decidir cuestiones relacionadas con el tratamiento de sus hijos, que tienen la suficiente autonomía para la toma de decisiones.

Promoting parental support and vocational development of 8th grade students / Promoção do suporte parental e desenvolvimento vocacional de estudantes do 8° ano / Promoción del suporte parental y desarrollo vocacional de estudiantes de 8° ano

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a career intervention (pre-test/post-test) that promotes the parental involvement in career issues, particularly with regard to career exploration, career decision-making and perception of parental support. Participants (42 Portuguese students from 8th grade) were asked to answer a set of dilemmas that implied the involvement of their own parents to be solved. Results show a positive impact of the intervention in the environmental exploration. They also indicate that adolescents' perceptions about parents', or caregivers', interest in their career options are positively associated to their own exploration behavior.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de uma intervençãoo vocacional (pré-teste/pós-teste) promotora do envolvimento parental nas questões de carreira, ao nível dos processos de exploragäo vocacional, tomada de decisão de carreira e percepção do suporte parental. Foi pedido aos participantes (42 alunos portugueses de 8° ano) que respondessem a um conjunto de dilemas que implicavam o envolvimento dos pais na sua resolugäo. Os resultados revelam um impacto positivo da intervenção na dimensäo exploragäo do meio e indicam que a perceção do adolescente acerca do interesse dos seus pais, ou cuidadores, relativamente ás suas opções de carreira surge positivamente associado aos comportamentos de exploração.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, en una intervención vocacional (pre-test/post-test), el impacto que provoca la participación de los padres en asuntos vinculados con la elección de la carrera, particularmente en lo que respecta a la exploración vocacional, la toma de decisiones, y la percepción del apoyo parental. Se pidió a los participantes (42 estudiantes portugueses de octavo ano) que respondieran un conjunto de dilemas que exigían la participación de los padres en su solución. Los resultados revelan un impacto positivo de la intervención en la dimensión exploración del medio e indican que la percepción del alumno acerca del interés de sus padres, o cuidadores, respecto a sus elecciones de carrera aparece asociado, de manera positiva, a sus comportamientos de exploración.

Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease after Home Birth and Early Discharge.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of pulse oximetry (PO) screening in settings with home births and very early discharge. We assessed this with an adapted protocol in The Netherlands. STUDY DESIGN: PO screening was performed in the Leiden region in hospitals and by community midwives. Measurements were taken ≥ 1 hour after birth and on day 2 or 3 during the midwife visit. Primary outcome was the percentage of screened infants with parental consent. The time point of screening, oxygen saturation, false positive (FP) screenings, critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs), and other detected pathology were registered. RESULTS: In a 1-year period, 3625 eligible infants were born. Parents of 491 infants were not approached for consent, and 44 refused the screening. PO screening was performed in 3059/3090 (99%) infants with obtained consent. Median (IQR) time points of the first and second screening were 1.8 (1.3-2.8) and 37 (27-47) hours after birth. In 394 infants with screening within 1 hour after birth, the median pre- and postductal oxygen saturations were 99% (98%-100%) and 99% (97%-100%). No CCHD was detected. The FP prevalence was 1.0% overall (0.6% in the first hours after birth). After referral, important noncritical cardiac and other noncardiac pathology was found in 62% of the FP screenings. CONCLUSIONS: PO screening for CCHD is feasible after home births and very early discharge from hospital. Important neonatal pathology was detected at an early stage, potentially increasing the safety of home births and early discharge policy.

Revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para crianças e adolescentes: subsídios para prática assistencial / Revealing an HIV diagnosis for children and adolescents: subsidy for the practice of care

RESUMO Objetivo Construir coletivamente um guia para acompanhamento do processo de revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para crianças e adolescentes em serviço especializado. Método Pesquisa convergente assistencial, com triangulação de observação, entrevista e grupos, realizada de maio a junho de 2015, com sete profissionais de saúde de um Ambulatório de Doenças Infecciosas Pediátricas. Foi desenvolvida análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados A discussão da compreensão da revelação, seus disparadores, atores envolvidos, estratégias utilizadas, limites e possibilidades elencados pelos profissionais subsidiaram a construção do guia a ser aplicado em etapas: analisar questionamentos e curiosidades das crianças; avaliar sua capacidade cognitiva; discutir os motivos para revelar; elencar os profissionais envolvidos no acompanhamento do processo; incluir a família; elaborar estratégias de revelação. Conclusões Este guia pode mediar mudanças na prática assistencial, tanto para garantir o direito da criança quanto para corresponsabilizar os profissionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo Construir colectivamente una guía para acompañar a la revelación del diagnóstico de VIH para los niños y adolescentes en un servicio especializado. Método La investigación convergente asistencial con la triangulación de la observación, la entrevista y grupos, que tuvo lugar entre mayo y junio/2015, con siete profesionales de una Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas. Se desarrolló un análisis de contenido temático. Resultados El análisis de la comprensión de la revelación, sus factores desencadenantes, las partes interesadas, las estrategias utilizadas, límites y posibilidades apoyaron la construcción de la guía para ser aplicada en etapas durante: analizar las preguntas y curiosidades de los niños; evaluar la capacidad cognitiva; analizar las razones para revelación; una lista de los profesionales involucrados del proceso de revelación; incluyen la familia; desarrollar estrategias de revelación. Conclusión Esta guía puede mediar cambios en la práctica de atención tanto para garantizar el derecho del niño y responsabilizar a los profesionales.

ABSTRACT Objective To collectively build a guide for following-up on HIV diagnosis disclosure to children and adolescents in a specialized service. Method Convergent-care research approach with observation triangulation, interview and groups, conducted from May to June 2015 with seven health professionals in a pediatric outpatient clinic for infectious diseases. Thematic content analysis was developed. Results The discussion of understanding the disclosure, its triggers, actors involved, used strategies, and limits and possibilities listed by the professionals subsidized the construction of a guide to be applied in the stages: analyzing children's questions and curiosities; evaluating their cognitive ability; discussing the reasons to reveal; listing the professionals involved on follow-up process; including family; developing strategies for disclosure. Conclusion This guide may mediate changes in care practice to ensure the child's rights and to make the professionals co-accountable.