Neonatal parenteral nutrition

This guideline covers parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding) for babies born preterm, up to 28 days after their due birth date and babies born at term, up to 28 days after their birth. Parenteral nutrition is often needed by preterm babies, critically ill babies, and babies who need surgery.

Standardized Competencies for Parenteral Nutrition Administration: The ASPEN Model.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a highly complex medication and its provision can be prone to a variety of errors. Safe administration of this therapy requires that the competency of clinicians, particularly nurses, be demonstrated using a standardized process. In this document, a standardized model for PN administration competency is proposed based on a competency framework, the ASPEN-published interdisciplinary core competencies, discipline-specific standards of practice, safe practice recommendations, and clinical guidelines. ASPEN recognizes that all healthcare institutions may not currently meet the aspirational goals of this document. This framework will guide institutions and agencies in developing tools and procedures and maintaining competency of staff members around safe PN administration. The ASPEN Board of Directors has approved this document.

Nutrition Options in Critical Care Unit Patients.

Critically ill patients have increased metabolic requirements and must rely on the administration of nutritional therapy to meet those demands. Yet, according to research almost half of all hospitalized patients are not fed, are underfed, or are malnourished while in the hospital. This article demonstrates the importance of early feedings in critical care unit, and the available options open to nurses supporting initiation and management of early feedings. Enteral nutrition has proven to be an important therapeutic strategy for improving the outcomes of critically ill patients and the critical care nurse plays an integral role in their success.

Parenteral nutrition: indications and safe management.

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of what parenteral nutrition (PN) is and when its use is required. It will describe the process of nutritional assessment, and considerations when choosing venous access. The different approaches to provision of PN solutions in hospital will be discussed. Catheter-related and metabolic complications can occur during delivery of PN; there will be a discussion of the different types of complications and how these can be avoided or minimised. Finally, the pivotal role of the nurse in the assessment and ongoing care of patients who require PN will be highlighted, including skills required to administer PN safely.

Could intradialytic nutrition improve refractory anaemia in patients undergoing haemodialysis?

BACKGROUND: This prospective randomised study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) therapy in malnourished patients with refractory anaemia. METHODS: Forty patients who were malnourished with a BMI not greater than 23 (17-23) kg/m2 , undergoing regular HD were included. Of those, 20 patients received 500-1000 ml of IDPN at a rate of 250-300 ml/h at each HD session three days per week for six consecutive months. The other 20 patients did not receive IDPN infusion. The malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) and haematological parameters were recorded at baseline and after three and six months. RESULTS: Mean haemoglobin levels, BMI and serum albumin were significantly increased while MIS was significantly decreased after the 3rd and 6th months of IDPN. CONCLUSION: IDPN has a good role in improving refractory anaemia by significantly increasing haemoglobin levels, body weight, and serum albumin levels. The intervention also significantly decreases the MIS of patients.

Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Enteral nutrition (EN) is recommended as the preferred route for early nutrition therapy in critically ill adults over parenteral nutrition (PN). A recent large randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed no outcome differences between the two routes. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of the route of nutrition (EN versus PN) on clinical outcomes of critically ill patients. METHODS: An electronic search from 1980 to 2016 was performed identifying relevant RCTs. Individual trial data were abstracted and methodological quality of included trials scored independently by two reviewers. The primary outcome was overall mortality and secondary outcomes included infectious complications, length of stay (LOS) and mechanical ventilation. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the treatment effect by dissimilar caloric intakes, year of publication and trial methodology. We performed a test of asymmetry to assess for the presence of publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 18 RCTs studying 3347 patients met inclusion criteria. Median methodological score was 7 (range, 2-12). No effect on overall mortality was found (1.04, 95 % CI 0.82, 1.33, P = 0.75, heterogeneity I(2) = 11 %). EN compared to PN was associated with a significant reduction in infectious complications (RR 0.64, 95 % CI 0.48, 0.87, P = 0.004, I(2) = 47 %). This was more pronounced in the subgroup of RCTs where the PN group received significantly more calories (RR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.37, 0.82, P = 0.003, I(2) = 0 %), while no effect was seen in trials where EN and PN groups had a similar caloric intake (RR 0.94, 95 % CI 0.80, 1.10, P = 0.44, I(2) = 0 %; test for subgroup differences, P = 0.003). Year of publication and methodological quality did not influence these findings; however, a publication bias may be present as the test of asymmetry was significant (P = 0.003). EN was associated with significant reduction in ICU LOS (weighted mean difference [WMD] -0.80, 95 % CI -1.23, -0.37, P = 0.0003, I(2) = 0 %) while no significant differences in hospital LOS and mechanical ventilation were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients, the use of EN as compared to PN has no effect on overall mortality but decreases infectious complications and ICU LOS. This may be explained by the benefit of reduced macronutrient intake rather than the enteral route itself.

La Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Miguel Servet / Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit of the Hospital Infantil Universitario Miguel Servet

La gastroenterologia pediátrica es una especialidad amplia que incluye las patologías del tubo digestivo, pancreas e hígado, ademas de la nutrición infantil. En los ultimos años, ha adquirido relevancia la realización de técnicas complementarias como la endoscopia digestiva, la videofluoroscopia y el analisis corporal por impedanciometría. La Unidad de Gastroenterologia, Hepatologia y Nutrición Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil Miguel Servet es Unidad de referencia de la Comunidad de Aragón. En este artículo se refleja la estructura, pruebas complementarias y la actividad asistencial, docente e investigadora (AU)

Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition is an intricate speciality that involves the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas pathologies, but also, the children’s nutrition. In our speciality, every year it’s becoming more important to perform examination procedures, as endoscopy, videofluoroscopy or bioelectrical impedance analysis. The Miguel Servet Children’s Hospital Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit is a reference unit in the Aragon Community. This paper shows the Unit structure, the examination procedures and our teaching and research activity (AU)

Resultados en la prescripción electrónica de nutriciones parenterales tras la implantación de un programa informático. Análisis de costes y prescripción / Results in the parenteral nutritions electronic prescription following implementation of a computer program. Cost analysis and prescription

Introducción. Cada vez son más los hospitales que incorporan en su tecnología software informáticos capaces de elaborar una nutrición eficaz, segura y ajustada a las necesidades de los pacientes con el fin de minimizar errores. Sin embargo, estos programas no siempre disponen de un manejo intuitivo, lo que en ocasiones, pueden comportar diversas dificultades que los haga estar infrautilizados y en consecuencia, el número de prescripciones puede verse disminuido. Objetivo: Evaluar la reducción en la prescripción de nutriciones parenterales y el impacto económico que ha supuesto en nuestro centro, tras la implantación de un software informático de prescripción electrónica para nutriciones parenterales. Material y métodos. Se utilizó un software informático de Fresenius-Kabi España (v. 1.8/2011) como base de datos, para clasificar las NP prescritas durante los últimos 24 meses, teniendo en cuenta la implantación de la herramienta informática. Este procedimiento se usó para determinar la disminución en la prescripción de nutriciones. Resultados. Durante el año 2013 se prescribieron un total de 3.530 nutriciones parenterales, mientras que en el mismo periodo de 2014, las nutriciones prescritas fueron 2.622. Esta diferencia de 908 prescripciones, supuso un ahorro económico de 22.230,03 Euros

Introduction. Increasingly hospitals that incorporate in its software technology computer capable of developing a nutrition effective, safe and adjusted to the needs of patients in order to minimize errors. However, these programs do not always have an intuitive, sometimes, may lead to difficulties making them to be underused and as a result, the number of prescriptions will be decreased. Objective. To evaluate the reduction in prescription of parenteral nutritions and the economic impact that has been in our centre, the introduction of computer software for electronic prescription for parenteral nutritions. Material and method. A computer software of Fresenius-Kabi Spain (v. 1.8/2011) as the database, was used to classify the NP prescribed during the past 24 months, taking into account the implementation of the computer tool. This procedure was used to determine the reduction in prescription of nutritions. Results. During the year 2013 were prescribed a total of 3.530 parenteral nutritions, while in the same period in 2014, prescribed nutritions were 2.622. This difference of 908 prescriptions meant a savings of 22.230,03 Euros

Instrument validation and measurement of home healthcare nurses' knowledge of artificial nutrition and hydration at end of life.

The purpose of this exploratory pilot study was two-fold: (a) to determine the reliability of the instrument to measure nurses' knowledge of artificial nutrition and hydration, and (b) to assess home healthcare nurses' knowledge of artificial nutrition and hydration. A cross-sectional design was used to administer the questionnaire to 91 home healthcare nurses in North Carolina; 33 questionnaires were returned. Results revealed an accurate answer rate of 73% and Cronbach's alpha was 0.71, indicating adequate internal consistency reliability.

Weight reduction after severe brain injury: a challenge during the rehabilitation course.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of studies, which have described malnutrition in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) across etiology. This study describes weight change, malnutrition, and potential associations in patients with ABI at a subacute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. METHOD: This is a descriptive cohort study. Ninety-eight patients were admitted in a 3-month period, of whom n = 76 met inclusion criteria. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool was used for categorizing patients according to risk of malnutrition. RESULTS: Patients had experienced weight loss of 5.59% ± 5.89% (p < .001) at admission at the rehabilitation hospital, and patients with traumatic brain injury had experienced a greater weight loss than patients with stroke (p < .01). Thirty percent of patients were at high risk for malnutrition, and 52% of these patients received enteral or parenteral nutrition at admission at the rehabilitation hospital. No association was found between risk of malnutrition and severity of injury, complications, functional outcome, or length of stay. CONCLUSION: RESULTS underline the importance that nurses, especially in acute care, adhere to clinical guidelines to minimize weight loss. Special attention should be on patients with traumatic brain injury. Weight gain in the following course of rehabilitation may facilitate positive rehabilitation outcomes.

Support and practical advice for the use of nutrition support teams.

There are many guidelines recommending that provision of parenteral nutrition (PN) should be supervised by nutrition support teams (NSTs). There is some evidence that these teams make economic sense, decrease complications and result in greater delivery of target nutritional requirements. Moreover, a recent report on the quality of PN care in the UK found only 19% was considered to be consistent with current good practice. Recommendations exist on how to set up teams, but advice on the practical aspects of doing the job is lacking. In this article, the authors outline the NST method of practice at North Shore Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand, including its assessment sheet and a description of its working acronym LIFEWRAP, which is used to ensure consistent assessment and care.

Seguridad de la dieta parenteral a través de catéter femoral de dos luces / Safety of Parenteral Diet through Dual-lumen Femoral Catheter

OBJETIVOS: Conocer la evidencia de la seguridad del uso de la vía femoral y catéter de dos luces para la administración de dieta parenteral, así como la evidencia en cuanto a complicaciones relacionadas con las distintas vías de acceso venoso central. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión sistemática con aaceso a las principales bases de datos a través del Metabuscador GERIÓN, utilizando como estrategias de búsqueda la limitación temporal (2000-2013) y la combinación de términos del tesaurus y libres para cada uno de los parámetros del formato PICO. Se establecieron criterios de la inclusión y exclusión para la selección de artículos y de calidad para su evaluación (CASPe). RESULTADOS: La vía femoral no sería la primera opción en caso de nutrición parenteral por vía de dos luces, sin embargo, sería la primera elección en caso de hemodiálisis y en aquellos pacientes en los que el acceso por vena cava superior esté contraindicado. La vía subclavia es el acceso que mayor número de complicaciones produce. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados de esta revisión no son suficientemente robustos como para realizar recomendaciones específicas para la toma de decisiones (nivel de evidencia es 2++ y grado de recomendación: C, según la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)

OBJECTIVES: To find evidence for the safety in the use of femoral pathway and two-lumen catheter for administration of parenteral nutrition, as well as evidence regarding complications associated with the different central venous Access pathways. METHODOLOGY: Systematic review with access to the main databases through the GERIÓN metasearch engine. The search strategies used were: Time limitation (2000-2013) and the combination of Thesaurus and free terms for each one of the parameters in the PICO format. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for their evaluarion (CASPe). RESULTS: The femoral pathway would not be the first option in case of parenteral nutrition through two-lumen pathway; however, it would be first choice in case of hemodialysis and in those patients for whom the superior vena cava access would be contraindicated. Subclavian vein access is the pathway which causes a higher number of complications. CONCLUSIONS: the results of this review are not sufficiently robust for determining specific recommendations for decision making (the level of evidence is 2++ and Level C recommendation, according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN))

Recomendaciones para la preparación de medicamentos estériles en las unidades de enfermería / Recommendations for the safety preparation of sterile medicines in medical wards

Objetivo: Elaborar una guía de recomendaciones de preparación de medicamentos estériles en las unidades de enfermería, así como averiguar la situación actual de las condiciones de preparación en distintos hospitales españoles mediante una encuesta. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica de las recomendaciones internacionales publicadas y se elaboró un check-list de criterios de calidad. Para conocer la situación actual en los hospitales españoles, se diseñó una encuesta on-line de 30 preguntas dirigida al personal de enfermería que se ha difundido a 500 centros hospitalarios. Las respuestas auto cumplimentadas en el periodo de estudio (Febrero-Junio 2012), se analizaron con la aplicación Survey monkey®. Resultados: En base a la revisión, los autores consensuaron un listado de recomendaciones para la preparación segura de medicamentos estériles en unidades de enfermería, estructurado en 8 apartados. En cuanto a los resultados dela encuesta, respondieron un 8,4% de los centros, mostrando gran variabilidad en los requerimientos de calidad para la preparación de estériles en las plantas. Es destacable la ausencia de zonas designadas para la preparación en las unidades, la falta de protocolos sobre cuáles son los preparados estériles que pueden o no prepararse en planta y la escasez de normas en indumentaria y comportamiento para asegurar la asepsia. Conclusiones: Se constata la ausencia de estándares de práctica reconocidos que se apliquen de forma general en la preparación de medicamentos estériles en planta, así como una gran variabilidad en la práctica diaria. La aplicación de recomendaciones contrastadas de calidad y seguridad para la preparación de medicamentos estériles en las unidades de enfermería, puede contribuir a asegurar la asepsia de las preparaciones y disminuir los errores de medicación en planta

Objective: To develop a recommendations guide about the preparation of sterile medicines in medical wards, and to figure out the current situation of different Spanish hospitals, regarding the preparation of sterile medicines outside the pharmacy. Methods: The autors reviewed the available international guidelines in order to summarize the main quality recommendations. To know about the current situation in Spanish hospitals, a 30 questions survey was designed and spread to 500 different hospitals. Answers were analysed with Survey monkey® platform in the period February-July 2012. Results: Based on the literature review, the authors agreed a recommendations list for the safe preparation of sterile medicines in medical wards, which was structured in 8 sections. Regarding the survey results, 8.4% of the hospitals answered, showing a great variability among centres in the quality requirements for sterile compounding outside the pharmacy. It should be pointed out the lack of assigned areas for drug preparation in wards, the lack of protocols to discern which kind of medicines can be compounded inwards as well as the poor recommendations about garment and aseptic technique. Conclusions: The authors confirm the absence of qualified practice standards to be applied in the preparation of sterile medicines in medical wards, as well as the great variability of diary practice. The implementation of quality andsafety recommendations in the preparation of sterile medicines in medical wards may contribute to improve patient safety

Prospective cohort study of the outcome of and risk factors for intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections in children with intestinal failure.

BACKGROUND: Children with intestinal failure (IF) have frequent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). The purpose of this study was to prospectively study the clinical course of CRBSIs and to seek modifiable risk factors for CRBSIs in children with IF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with IF were enrolled prospectively and data on potential risk factors collected monthly. Additional data were collected when they had CRBSIs. RESULTS: Sixteen children were enrolled, yielding 223 months of data. The rate of CRBSIs was 4.6 per 1000 catheter days. The most consistent symptom at onset of CRBSI was fever (28 of 32 cases). Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) was the only laboratory abnormality that was consistently associated with the onset of CRBSI (elevated in 15 of the 18 cases where it was measured). Combining all episodes in the cases that relapsed, the catheter salvage rate was 17 of 29 (59%), including 4 of 11 polymicrobial CRBSIs. Risk factors for CRBSI included double lumen tunneled central venous catheter (CVC), jugular placement of CVC, higher doses of intralipid, and having <50 cm small bowel postresection. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of CRBSI should be questioned in the absence of fever and/or elevated CRP. Salvage of catheters should be attempted with all bacterial CRBSIs, assuming that the child is stable since the CVC can be retained in the majority of cases.

Catéter central de inserción periférica. Complicaciones en pacientes neurológicos / Complications of the picc in neurologic patients of the hospital Ramon y Cajal

Se abordan, a través de un estudio descriptivo, las complicaciones derivadas del uso del PICC (Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter / catéter central de inserción periférica) en una muestra de pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Neurocirugía del Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Tras recopilar y analizar la información acerca del sexo y edad de los pacientes, indicación de implantación del PICC, grosor del mismo, días de permanencia hospitalaria, complicaciones encontradas, causa de retirada del catéter, y fecha de implantación y retirada del mismo, no se han encontrado complicaciones significativas derivadas de su uso. Este hecho demuestra que el PICC es un sistema seguro y viable para la administración de tratamiento intravenoso de larga duración y para cuyo uso cada vez está más capacitado el personal de enfermería. Estas circunstancias permiten la administración de un tratamiento intravenoso preservando la anatomía vascular del paciente, cumpliendo, de este modo, con la finalidad de todo catéter de larga duración(AU)

Descriptive study focused on the complications arising from the use of the PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) in a sample of patients admitted to the neurology unit of the «Hospital Ramón y Cajal».After collecting and analyzing the information about the sex and age of the patients, indication of implantation of the PICC, thickness of the same, days of permanence, complications found, cause of withdrawal of the catheter, and date of introduction and removal of the same, we not found significant complications arising from the use of the same. PICC is a safe and viable system for the administration of intravenous treatment of long duration and nursing personnel is more qualified for which. This allows the administration of intravenous treatment while preserving the vascular anatomy of the patient, that is the purpose of all long-term catheters (AU)

Parenteral nutrition: indications, risks and nursing care.

Parenteral nutrition is a recognised method of feeding patients with specific clinical conditions, most notably those with various forms of intestinal failure who cannot be fed enterally. However, it has several associated risks including sepsis, and metabolic and electrolyte imbalances. The aim of this article is to enhance nurses' understanding of parenteral nutrition and how this differs from oral or enteral nutrition, indications for use and the potential risks involved. Appropriate vascular access is discussed as well as the clinical monitoring that is required to ensure complications of therapy are detected quickly. A greater understanding of the issues associated with parenteral nutrition allows nurses caring for patients receiving parenteral nutrition to ensure safe and effective care.

Parenteral nutrition: considerations for practice.

Malnutrition in the UK is estimated to affect 3 million people in the UK, costing the economy pound 13 billion a year. The effects can adversely affect an individual's wellbeing by exacerbating illness or reducing the prospect of a speedy recovery. The early identification of this actual or potential risk is recognised by using a validated nutritional screening tool as part of the patient assessment. Where risks are identified a structured plan should be put in place utilising oral and enteral techniques in nutritional support. However, for a number of patients these routes of feeding may not be an option, or may not fully meet the patient's nutritional requirements. It is in these circumstances that parenteral feeding may be considered under the supervision of a nutrition team. The careful selection of the parenteral solution alongside the most appropriate venous device to deliver the nutrition can assist in the effectiveness of this treatment and help in reducing the potential complications associated with this route.