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1.
J Hazard Mater ; 470: 134147, 2024 May 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38565017

ABSTRACT

Microplastics and antibiotics are prevalent and emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, but their interactions in aquatic food chains remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the impact of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) on oxytetracycline (OTC) trophic transfer from the shrimp (Neocaridina denticulate) to crucian carp (Carassius auratus) by metagenomic sequencing. The carrier effects of PP-MPs promoted OTC bioaccumulation and trophic transfer, which exacerbated enterocyte vacuolation and hepatocyte eosinophilic necrosis. PP-MPs enhanced the inhibitory effect of OTC on intestinal lysozyme activities and complement C3 levels in shrimp and fish, and hepatic immunoglobulin M levels in fish (p < 0.05). Co-exposure of MPs and OTC markedly increased the abundance of Actinobacteria in shrimp and Firmicutes in fish, which caused disturbances in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Moreover, OTC exacerbated the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic animals, and PP-MPs significantly increased the diversity and abundance of ARGs and facilitated the trophic transfer of teta and tetm. Our findings disclosed the impacts of PP-MPs on the mechanism of antibiotic toxicity in aquatic food chains and emphasized the importance of gut microbiota for ARGs trophic transfer, which contributed to a deeper understanding of potential risks posed by complex pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Food Chain , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Microplastics , Oxytetracycline , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Oxytetracycline/toxicity , Microplastics/toxicity , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics , Polypropylenes , Goldfish/genetics , Goldfish/metabolism , Penaeidae/microbiology , Penaeidae/drug effects , Muramidase/metabolism
2.
Environ Pollut ; 349: 123956, 2024 May 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38626866

ABSTRACT

Ammonia-N, as the most toxic nitrogenous waste, has high toxicity to marine animals. However, the interplay between ammonia-induced neuroendocrine toxicity and intestinal immune homeostasis has been largely overlooked. Here, a significant concordance of metabolome and transcriptome-based "cholinergic synapse" supports that plasma metabolites acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role during NH4Cl exposure. After blocking the ACh signal transduction, the release of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the cerebral ganglia increased, while the release of NPF in the thoracic ganglia and NE in the abdominal ganglia, and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and neuropeptide F (NPF) in the eyestalk decreased, finally the intestinal immunity was enhanced. After bilateral eyestalk ablation, the neuroendocrine system of shrimp was disturbed, more neuroendocrine factors, such as corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH), ACh, DA, 5-HT, and norepinephrine (NE) were released into the plasma, and further decreased intestinal immunity. Subsequently, these neuroendocrine factors reach the intestine through endocrine or neural pathways and bind to their receptors to affect downstream signaling pathway factors to regulate intestinal immune homeostasis. Combined with different doses of ammonia-N exposure experiment, these findings suggest that NH4Cl may exert intestinal toxicity on shrimp by disrupting the cerebral ganglion-eyestalk axis and the cerebral ganglion-thoracic ganglion-abdominal ganglion axis, thereby damaging intestinal barrier function and inducing inflammatory response.


Subject(s)
Ammonia , Penaeidae , Animals , Penaeidae/immunology , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/metabolism , Ammonia/toxicity , Intestines/drug effects , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Dopamine/metabolism , Nitrogen/metabolism , Acetylcholine/metabolism , Neurosecretory Systems/drug effects , Arthropod Proteins/metabolism
3.
Chemosphere ; 358: 142150, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38679174

ABSTRACT

Cycloxaprid, a new neonicotinoid pesticide, poses ecological risks, particularly in aquatic environments, due to its unique action and environmental dispersal. This study investigated the ecotoxicological effects of various concentrations of cycloxaprid on Penaeus vannamei over 28 days. High cycloxaprid levels significantly altered shrimp physiology, as shown by changes in the hepatosomatic index and fattening. Indicators of oxidative stress, such as increased serum hemocyanin, respiratory burst, and nitric oxide, as well as decreased phenol oxidase activity, were observed. Additionally, elevated activities of lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase indicated disrupted energy metabolism in the hepatopancreas. Notably, analyses of the nervous system revealed marked disturbances in neural signaling, as evidenced by elevated acetylcholine, octopamine, and acetylcholinesterase levels. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted significant effects on gene expression and metabolic processes in the hepatopancreas and nervous system. This study demonstrated that cycloxaprid disrupts neural signaling and oxidative balance in P. vannamei, potentially affecting its growth, and provides key insights into its biochemical and transcriptomic toxicity in aquatic systems.


Subject(s)
Penaeidae , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Penaeidae/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Neonicotinoids/toxicity , Pyridines/toxicity , Hepatopancreas/drug effects , Hepatopancreas/metabolism , Insecticides/toxicity , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring
4.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 149: 109579, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38648996

ABSTRACT

As a potent antioxidant, the flavonoid compound quercetin (QUE) has been widely used in the farming of aquatic animals. However, there are fewer reports of the beneficial effects, especially in improving immunity of Penaeus vannamei by QUE. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary QUE on growth, apoptosis, antioxidant and immunity of P. vannamei. It also explored the potential mechanisms of QUE in improving the growth and immunity of P. vannamei. P. vannamei were fed diets with QUE for 60 days. The results revealed that QUE (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg) ameliorated the growth, and the expressions of genes related to apoptosis, antioxidant, and immunity. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) obtained through transcriptomics and metabolomics, respectively, enriched in pathways related to nutritional metabolism such as lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. After QUE addition, especially at 0.5 g/kg, DEGs were enriched into the functions of response to stimulus and antioxidant activity, and the pathways of HIF-1 signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway. In conclusion, dietary QUE can ameliorate growth, apoptosis, antioxidant and immunity of P. vannamei, the appropriate addition amount was 0.5 g/kg rather than 1.0 g/kg. Regulations of QUE on nutrient metabolism and immune-related pathways, and bioactive metabolites, were important factors for improving the aforementioned abilities in P. vannamei.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Diet , Dietary Supplements , Penaeidae , Quercetin , Transcriptome , Animals , Penaeidae/immunology , Penaeidae/growth & development , Penaeidae/genetics , Penaeidae/drug effects , Quercetin/administration & dosage , Quercetin/pharmacology , Diet/veterinary , Transcriptome/drug effects , Animal Feed/analysis , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Metabolomics , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Gene Expression Profiling/veterinary , Antioxidants/metabolism
5.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34748971

ABSTRACT

Nitrite stress is a major environmental factor that limits aquatic animal growth, reproduction and survival. Even so, some shrimps still can withstand somewhat high concentrations of nitrite environment. However, few studies have been conducted about the tolerance molecular mechanism of Litopenaeus vannamei in the high concentration nitrite. To identify the genes and pathways involved in the regulation of nitrite tolerance, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis in the L. vannamei nitrite-tolerant (NT) and nitrite-sensitive (NS) families, and untreated shrimps were used as the control group. After 24 h of nitrite exposure (NaNO2, 112.5 mg/L), a total of 1521 and 868 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from NT compared with NS and control group, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that most of these DEGs were involved in immune defense, energy metabolism processes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. During nitrite stress, energy metabolism in NT was significantly enhanced by activating the related genes expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Meanwhile, some DEGs involved in innate immunity- related genes and pathways, and ER stress responses also were highly expressed in NT. Therefore, we speculate that accelerated energy metabolism, higher expression of immunity and ER related genes might be the important adaptive strategies for NT in relative to NS under nitrite stress. These results will provide new insights on the potential tolerant molecular mechanisms and the breeding of new varieties of nitrite tolerant L. vannamei.


Subject(s)
Gills/physiology , Nitrites/toxicity , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/genetics , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Animals , Ecotoxicology , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Energy Metabolism/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Gene Ontology , Penaeidae/physiology , Reproducibility of Results , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Stress, Physiological/immunology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
6.
J Fish Dis ; 45(2): 349-359, 2022 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34813672

ABSTRACT

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important pathogen causing high mortality in the shrimp industry in aquaculture, yet there is no treatment available to date. In order to find a treatment against WSSV infection, this study examined the anti-WSSV activity of eight natural compounds using shrimp larvae as a model. Among the eight compounds, paeoniflorin showed the most obvious anti-WSSV effect, with a maximum protection efficiency of WSSV-infected shrimp >60% at 100 µM. Furthermore, pretreatment and post-treatment experiments revealed that paeoniflorin could prevent and treat WSSV infection in shrimp. The antiviral activity of paeoniflorin in aquaculture water decreased rapidly with time, and the results showed that the stable anti-WSSV activity of paeoniflorin could only remain in water for 1 day. Thus, the dosing pattern of continuous medication changes was evaluated. Obviously, in the model of continuous change of paeoniflorin, WSSV copy numbers in the virus-treated shrimp group still progressively increased, while the virus content in WSSVpaeoniflorin -treated group continued to decrease. Interestingly, paeoniflorin inhibited horizontal transmission of WSSV to a certain extent. Notably, paeoniflorin significantly increased the expression of antimicrobial peptides of shrimp to resist WSSV. In conclusion, paeoniflorin has the potential to protect shrimp against WSSV.


Subject(s)
Glucosides/pharmacology , Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Penaeidae , Virus Diseases/veterinary , White spot syndrome virus 1 , Animals , Antimicrobial Peptides , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/virology , Virus Diseases/drug therapy
7.
Aquat Toxicol ; 242: 106050, 2022 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34915355

ABSTRACT

Shrimp aquaculture is a valuable source of quality seafood that can be impacted by exposure to insecticides, such as imidacloprid. Here, adult black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were used to evaluate the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in abdominal, head, gill, and hepatopancreas tissue as biomarkers for imidacloprid exposure. Adult P. monodon were continuously exposed to imidacloprid in water (5 µgL-1 and 30 µgL-1) or feed (12.5 µg g-1 and 75 µg g-1) for either 4 or 21 days. The imidacloprid concentration in shrimp tissues was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after QuEChER extraction, and AChE, CAT, and GST activities were estimated by spectrophotometric assay. Imidacloprid exposure in shrimp elevated the activity of biomarkers, and the enzymatic activity was positively correlated to tissue imidacloprid accumulation, although the effects varied in a tissue-, dose- and time-dependent manner. AChE activity was correlated to imidacloprid concentration in the abdominal tissue of shrimp and was likely related to neural tissue distribution, while the activity of CAT and GST confirmed a generalised anti-oxidant stress response. AChE, CAT, and GST were valuable biomarkers for assessing shrimp response to imidacloprid exposure from dietary or water sources, and the abdominal tissue was the most reliable for exposure assessment. An elevated response in each of these biomarkers during routine monitoring could provide an early warning of shrimp stress, suggesting that investigating potential contamination by neonicotinoid pesticides would be worthwhile.


Subject(s)
Neonicotinoids , Nitro Compounds , Penaeidae , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Acetylcholinesterase , Animals , Biomarkers , Catalase , Environmental Exposure , Glutathione Transferase , Neonicotinoids/toxicity , Nitro Compounds/toxicity , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/enzymology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
8.
Front Immunol ; 12: 772570, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34899725

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to comprehensively investigate the beneficial effects of a mannan oligosaccharide product (hereinafter called MOS) on Litopenaeus vannamei and optimum level of MOS. Five isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated by adding 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.16% MOS in the basal diet. Each diet was randomly fed to one group with four replicates of shrimp in an 8-week feeding trial. The results showed that dietary MOS improved the growth performance and the ability of digestion of shrimp. Dietary MOS significantly increased the activity of total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and decreased the content of malondialdehyde in plasma of shrimp. Dietary MOS significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme in plasma and the hemocyte counts. Dietary MOS significantly upregulated the expression of Toll, lysozyme, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, Crustin, and heat shock protein 70 in the hepatopancreas. And dietary MOS significantly upregulated the expression of intestinal mucin-2, mucin-5B, and mucin-19, while it decreased the expression of intestinal mucin-1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Dietary MOS improved the bacterial diversity; increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Pseudoalteromonas; and decreased the abundance of Vibrio in the intestine. Shrimp fed MOS diets showed lower mortality after being challenged by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Notably, this study found a decrease in antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements after MOS supplementation for the first time. The present results showed that diet with MOS supplementation enhanced the organismal antioxidant capacity and immunity, improved intestinal immunity, optimized intestinal microecology, mitigated the degree of antibiotic resistance, and increased the resistance to V. parahaemolyticus in L. vannamei, especially when supplemented at 0.08% and 0.16%.


Subject(s)
Mannans/administration & dosage , Penaeidae , Animals , Arthropod Proteins/genetics , Diet/veterinary , Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Intestines/enzymology , Intestines/microbiology , Lipase/metabolism , Malondialdehyde/blood , Mucin-1/genetics , Oxidoreductases/blood , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/genetics , Penaeidae/growth & development , Penaeidae/immunology , Trypsin/metabolism , Vibrio Infections/veterinary , Vibrio parahaemolyticus
9.
Ultrason Sonochem ; 78: 105715, 2021 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34391163

ABSTRACT

Shrimp surimi is widely acknowledged as a value-added shrimp product due to its delicious taste, rich flavor, and nutrition. However, the refrigerated shrimp surimi is prone to deterioration due to rapid microbial growth during storage. The present study sought to assess the effects of curcumin-mediated sono/photodynamic treatment on bacterial spoilage and shrimp surimi quality stored at 4 °C. The total viable count (TVC), microbiota composition, and quality parameters, including the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs), and pH were investigated. The results showed that the spoilage bacteria in shrimp surimi rapidly increased with a surge on day 2 during refrigeration storage. The Psychrobacter and Brochothrix were identified as the Specific Spoilage Organisms (SSOs), which were also positively correlated with TVB-N and TBARs. The results further elucidated that the sono/photodynamic treatment could significantly inhibit the growth of SSOs on the surface and interior of shrimp surimi and delay shrimp surimi quality deterioration. In conclusion, the sono/photodynamic treatment as a non-thermal sterilization method could be a reliable and potential method for inactivating spoilage microorganisms and preserving shrimp surimi quality.


Subject(s)
Curcumin , Food Preservation , Microbiota , Penaeidae , Seafood , Animals , Bacteria , Curcumin/pharmacology , Food Storage , Nitrogen , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/microbiology , Penaeidae/radiation effects , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
10.
Carbohydr Polym ; 269: 118334, 2021 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34294344

ABSTRACT

To explore the disease resistance mechanism of chitosan conjugates, chitosan-gentamicin conjugate (CS-GT) was synthesized and systematically characterized, the immune mechanism of CS-GT on Litopenaeus vannamei infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus was further explored. The results showed that imine groups in CS-GT were effectively reduced. Dietary supplementation of CS-GT can significantly increase the survival rate, total hemocyte counts, the antioxidant and immune related enzyme activity levels of shrimps (P < 0.05), which are all dose-dependent under the experimental conditions. In addition, CS-GT can protect the hepatopancreas from invading bacteria and alleviate inflammation. Particularly, CS-GT promotes the expressions of legumain (LGMN), lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) and Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) up-regulated. It is speculated that CS-GT may stimulate the lysosome to phagocytose pathogens more effectively. In conclusions, shrimps fed with CS-GT can produce immune response via lysosome and greatly improve the disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus.


Subject(s)
Chitosan/analogs & derivatives , Chitosan/therapeutic use , Gentamicins/therapeutic use , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Penaeidae/drug effects , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Chitosan/chemical synthesis , Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Gentamicins/chemical synthesis , Hemocytes/metabolism , Hepatopancreas/drug effects , Hepatopancreas/microbiology , Hepatopancreas/pathology , Immunologic Factors/chemical synthesis , Penaeidae/immunology , Penaeidae/metabolism , Penaeidae/microbiology , Phagocytes/metabolism , Sterol Esterase/metabolism , Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/pathogenicity
11.
PLoS One ; 16(5): e0251343, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33956913

ABSTRACT

Isoquinoline alkaloids (IQs) from Macleaya cordata are promising natural products for enhancing the growth performance and overall health condition of farmed animals. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two formulas of IQ extract, provided in either a powdered formula (IQ-E) or a water-soluble, granulated formula (IQ-WS) and containing the main active component sanguinarine at a concentration of 0.5% and 1%, respectively, on the growth, survival, immune response, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In Experiment 1, the postlarvae were divided into five groups (four replicates/group and 100 shrimp/tank) and fed four times/day for 30 days with a control feed, IQ-E at 200 or 300 mg/kg of feed, or IQ-WS at 100 or 150 mg/kg of feed. In Experiment 2, the surviving shrimp from Experiment 1 were redistributed into six groups (four treatment groups as in Experiment 1 plus the positive and negative controls with four replicates/group and 30 shrimp/tank) and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus by immersion at a concentration of 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and were fed with the same diets for another 14 days. The results revealed that all IQ-fed shrimp in Experiment 1 had significantly enhanced survival rates and immune parameters (total hemocyte count and phagocytic, phenoloxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) compared to the control group, even though the growth performances were similar across all groups. In Experiment 2, all IQ-fed groups showed better growth performance and survival rates compared to the positive control. Other than in the positive control group, no histopathological lesions in the hepatopancreas and the intestine were found. In summary, the current study demonstrated the benefits of using IQs from M. cordata as feed additives for improving the growth performance, survival rate, immune responses, and resistance to vibriosis of Pacific white shrimp.


Subject(s)
Alkaloids/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Isoquinolines/therapeutic use , Papaveraceae , Penaeidae/drug effects , Vibrio Infections/prevention & control , Vibrio Infections/veterinary , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/drug effects , Animals , Papaveraceae/chemistry , Penaeidae/growth & development , Penaeidae/immunology , Penaeidae/microbiology
12.
J Invertebr Pathol ; 186: 107585, 2021 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33812923

ABSTRACT

Cultivation of Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) is faced with the serious problem of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that carries plasmids containing binary toxin genes. The disease is typically moderated by the use of antibiotics. To investigate the control of AHPND and maintenance of water quality without the use of antibiotics, the supplementation of shrimp feed with anti-vibrio compounds from a crude extract of probiotic Rhodobacter sphaeroides SS15 was evaluated. The experimental design comprised four treatments: two that were challenged with AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus SR2 at a density of 6.0 × 105 cells mL-1 and two that were not challenged. The unchallenged groups comprised a control group that received commercial feed only (CF) and a group that received CF supplemented with 0.27% (w/w) of the extract of R. sphaeroides SS15 (modified CF: MCF). The treatments challenged with V. parahaemolyticus SR2 comprised a challenge group that received CF only (challenge CF: CF-SR2) and a challenge group that received modified CF (challenge MCF: MCF-SR2). V. parahaemolyticus SR2 was inoculated at the start of cultivation and at day 48 at the same cell density. No significant difference in growth performance was found among all treatments. All water quality parameters were better in the two treatments that received modified CF but excess nitrite, due to overfeeding in low salinity (5-8 ppt), caused shrimp mortality in all treatments. Vibrio populations were much higher in the CF treatments than in the modified CF treatments. After the first challenge, the survival rate was about 67% in both the CF-SR2 and MCF-SR2 treatments, compared with approximately 83% in the unchallenged treatments. One day after the second challenge, mortality in the CF-SR2 treatment was 100%, whereas 16.67% survived in the MCF-SR2 treatment. The survival rate was roughly 27% higher in the MCF treatment than in the CF treatment. The hepatopancreas and gut of both modified CF treatments showed no sign of AHPND. Via better water quality and trained immunity, the anti-vibrio compounds in the modified CF have great potential to increase the survival of cultivated shrimp infected with AHPND-causing strain SR2.


Subject(s)
Hepatopancreas/microbiology , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/microbiology , Rhodobacter sphaeroides/chemistry , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/physiology , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Diet , Dietary Supplements/analysis
13.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 208: 111698, 2021 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33396029

ABSTRACT

Tricothecenes-2 toxin (T-2) is a major mycotoxin that is widely distributed in aquatic feeds and poses a huge challenge to the aquatic industry, but there is scant information on the toxicokinetics of T-2 in aquatic animals. Here, we describe the development of a three-compartment toxicokinetic model for the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) of T-2 in shrimp. The three compartments were central (the hemolymph), slow metabolizing and fast metabolizing compartments to account for the varying ADME rates of T-2 in different shrimp organs. The toxicokinetic model was solved by the blindfold particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the values for the model equation parameters were obtained by applying the experimental data of T-2 concentrations in shrimp. The model had a good fit with the experimental data. It was revealed through the model that after i.m. administration, T-2 was rapidly absorbed into the hemolymph and distributed into shrimp organs. The hepatopancreas and intestine belonged to the fast and muscle to the slow metabolizing compartments, respectively, while the hemolymph had no capacity to metabolize T-2. The T-2 elimination rates in the hepatopancreas and intestine were similar and quite high while that in the muscle was very low. The methods used in developing and solving the model could be used for similar toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic studies of other animals.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Penaeidae/metabolism , T-2 Toxin/pharmacokinetics , Adsorption , Animals , Hemolymph/drug effects , Hemolymph/metabolism , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Penaeidae/drug effects , Seafood , T-2 Toxin/toxicity , Tissue Distribution , Toxicokinetics
14.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 208: 111640, 2021 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33396160

ABSTRACT

Shrimp inhabiting coasts that are frequented by humans are exposed to various pollutants. Additionally, viral infections that cause serious damage to shrimp populations have been observed in these environments. The present study sought to evaluate the immunotoxic effects of phenanthrene (Phe), a pollutant detected in coastal environments, on kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus). We further examined the survival of shrimp following combined exposure to Phe (30 or 300 µg/L) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Results show that exposure to Phe for seven days decreased immune system-related parameters, including total hemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph (p < 0.05). However, these effects were not detected after three days of exposure. Moreover, a combined exposure assay revealed that shrimp mortality increased following exposure to 300 µg/L Phe and infection with WSSV. The number of WSSV gene copies was also observed to increase in these co-exposed shrimp. Taken together, these results indicate that long-term Phe exposure impairs the immune system of P. japonicus, resulting in fatal proliferation of WSSV. Hence, considering that combined exposure to Phe and WSSV leads to increased mortality of shrimp, it is imperative that the detrimental effects elicited by multiple stresses be considered, and controlled, in areas inhabited by kuruma shrimp.


Subject(s)
Penaeidae/immunology , Penaeidae/virology , Phenanthrenes/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , White spot syndrome virus 1/pathogenicity , Animals , DNA, Viral/metabolism , Hemolymph/drug effects , Hemolymph/metabolism , Humans , Penaeidae/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effects
15.
Drug Chem Toxicol ; 44(1): 30-38, 2021 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31257991

ABSTRACT

Aquatic animals are vulnerable to arsenic (As) toxicity. However, rarely does a contaminant occur alone in the aquatic environment. For this reason, this study was conducted to evaluate whether titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) can interfere with the effects induced by As in Litopenaeus vannamei. Arsenic accumulation and metabolic capacity; expression and enzymatic activity of GSTΩ (glutathione-S-transferase omega isoform); antioxidant responses such as GSH, GR, and GST (reduced glutathione levels, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase activity, respectively); and lipid peroxidation in the gills and hepatopancreas of shrimp were evaluated. The results are summarized as follows: (1) higher accumulation of As occurred in both tissues after exposure to As alone; (2) co-exposure to nTiO2 affected the capacity to metabolize As; (3) GSTΩ gene expression was not modified, but its activity was decreased by co-exposure to both contaminants; (4) As alone increased the GSH levels in the hepatopancreas, and co-exposure to nTiO2 reduced these levels in both tissues; (5) a decrease in the GST activity in the gills occurred with all treatments; (6) in the gills, GR activity was increased by As, and nTiO2 reversed this increase, whereas in the hepatopancreas co-exposure inhibited enzyme activity; (7) only in the hepatopancreas lipid damage was observed when animals were exposed to As or nTiO2 but not in co-exposure. The results showed that the As induces toxic effects in both tissues of shrimp and that co-exposure to nTiO2 can potentiate these effects and decrease the capacity to metabolize As, favoring the accumulation of more toxic compounds.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Arsenites/toxicity , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Penaeidae/drug effects , Sodium Compounds/toxicity , Titanium/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Arsenites/metabolism , Gills/drug effects , Gills/metabolism , Hepatopancreas/drug effects , Hepatopancreas/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Penaeidae/metabolism , Sodium Compounds/metabolism , Tissue Distribution , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
16.
Carbohydr Polym ; 254: 117416, 2021 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33357900

ABSTRACT

Chitosan was modified by substituting alkynyl silver on chitosan (Ag-CS) through a two-step chemical modification to form a novel antimicrobial coating material. The physicochemical property, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and potential food applications of Ag-CS were systematically investigated. The Ag-CS presented a smooth sheet structure, and demonstrated stronger antimicrobial effects than either silver acetate (AgOAc) or silver nitrate (AgNO3) against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains. Ag-CS also demonstrated a controlled release of Ag for over 5 days, whereas AgOAc or AgNO3 infused chitosan released over 90 % Ag within 4 h. Ag-CS coating on shrimps significantly extended their shelf-life. Overall, our results revealed that the newly developed Ag-CS antimicrobial coating material possesses strong antimicrobial efficacies with a sustained Ag release property, and its ability to slow down the spoilage rate of shrimps indicates its potential in the improvement of food quality and shelf life.


Subject(s)
Acetates/chemistry , Alkynes/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Chitosan/chemistry , Food Quality , Food Storage/methods , Silver Compounds/chemistry , Acetates/pharmacology , Alkynes/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Chitosan/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Nitrogen/analysis , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/microbiology , Silver Compounds/pharmacology , Silver Nitrate/chemistry , Silver Nitrate/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Viscosity
17.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 107(Pt B): 556-566, 2020 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33161092

ABSTRACT

In vitro and in vivo effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), chlorogenic acid (CGA) and berberine (BBR) on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were studied. In vitro test showed that the combination of APS and BBR and the combination of APS and CGA have strong immune enhancement effects and no lysosomal membrane damage on hemocyte. Then, feeding experiment was proceeded to optimize the concentrations of compound herbal extracts. Four diets containing G1-G4(0.5 g kg -1 APS + 0.5 g kg -1 BBR, 1.0 g kg -1 APS +1.0 g kg -1 BBR, 0.5 g kg -1 APS +0.5 g kg -1 CGA, 1.0 g kg -1 APS + 1.0 g kg -1 CGA) associated with the control group (common diet) were compared and determined their biomolecule damage to hepatopancreas including DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl. The results indicated that G3 (0.5 g kg -1 APS +0.5 g kg -1 CGA) showed higher total hemocyte counts, phagocytic activities, antibacterial activities and bacteriolytic activities during 6 days feeding, and without biomolecule damages after 6 days post-withdrawal. Therefore, the appropriate immunostimulants formula in this study was the combination of 0.5 g kg -1 APS and 0.5 g kg-1 CGA, which was used for 6 days followed by 6 days post-withdrawal. Additionally, our study provides new support for screening composite immunostimulants formula by using primary shrimp hemocyte culture.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Berberine/pharmacology , Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Penaeidae/immunology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Astragalus Plant/chemistry , Diet , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Penaeidae/drug effects
18.
Mol Immunol ; 128: 1-9, 2020 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33035781

ABSTRACT

The effects of three biogenic amines (DA, NE and 5-HT) on the immune signaling pathway and immune response of hemocytes in shrimp were investigated through in vitro experiments. The results showed that the G protein effectors (AC, PLC), the second messengers (cAMP, DAG), Calmodulin (CaM) and protein kinases (PKA, PKC) of DA and NE groups shared a similar trend in which all intracellular signaling factors increased significantly and reached the maximum at 3 h. The concentrations of AC, cAMP and PKA in 5-HT groups decreased significantly compared with the control group, while the concentrations of PLC, CaM, DAG and PKC in 5-HT groups increased markedly. The immune parameters such as total hemocyte count (THC), cell viability, antibacterial activity and bacteriolytic activity, as well as prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity in three biogenic amines groups decreased significantly, while the phenoloxidase (PO) activity increased significantly. The phagocytic activity in DA and NE groups decreased significantly, while that in 5-HT groups increased markedly and reached the highest level at 1 h. Among these three biogenic amines, DA showed the strongest effect on the immune activity of the hemocytes, whereas 5-HT had the least effect. In addition, we speculated that DA and NE might regulate phagocytosis by activating intracellular AC-cAMP-PKA pathway while 5-HT might inhibit intracellular AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. Moreover, the activation of proPO system might be related to PLC-DAG-PKC and PLC-CaM pathway.


Subject(s)
Biogenic Amines/pharmacology , Hemocytes/drug effects , Hemocytes/immunology , Immune System Phenomena/drug effects , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/immunology , Animals , Arthropod Proteins/metabolism , Calmodulin/metabolism , Catechol Oxidase/metabolism , Enzyme Precursors/metabolism , GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Hemocytes/metabolism , Penaeidae/metabolism , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Phagocytosis/immunology , Protein Kinases/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects
19.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 206: 111364, 2020 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32980654

ABSTRACT

Diazinon is one of the insecticides that represent a high risk for Costa Rican estuarine environments due to its widespread use in pineapple plantations. In estuaries, organisms are frequently submitted to stress caused by natural factors (e.g., continuous changes in salinity levels) and, additionally, to stress due to contamination. Therefore, the driving question of this study was: will organisms be more susceptible to suffer the deleterious effects caused by diazinon because of the stress resulting from the salinity changes? The estuarine shrimp Penaeus vannamei was used as the model organism and two responses were measured: osmoregulation (the physiological effect after a forced and continuous 24 h-exposure) and avoidance [the behavioural effect after a short (3 h) non-forced, multi-compartmented exposure]. Juveniles were exposed to diazinon (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µg/L) at three different salinities (10, 20 and 30). Disruption in the capacity to regulate the haemolymph osmotic pressure was observed at a salinity of 30 in individuals exposed to diazinon and methanol (used as vehicle). At that salinity, the ability of shrimps to detect and avoid the highest diazinon concentrations was impaired. P. vannamei juveniles inhabit environments with a high variation in salinity, but with an optimum osmotic point close to a salinity of 20; therefore, the higher the salinity, the greater the vulnerability of shrimps to the effects of diazinon. From an ecological point of view, this combined effect of salinity and contamination might also limit the spatial distribution of the organisms.


Subject(s)
Diazinon/toxicity , Escape Reaction/drug effects , Insecticides/toxicity , Osmoregulation/drug effects , Penaeidae/physiology , Animals , Estuaries , Hemolymph/drug effects , Hemolymph/metabolism , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/metabolism , Salinity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
20.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 107(Pt A): 1-8, 2020 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32927053

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the effects of Phyllanthus amarus extract (PAE) on immune responses, growth, and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In vitro PAE treatment did not alter the cell viability of haemocytes and significantly enhanced immune parameters such as phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion (O2-) production. We conducted two feeding trials to examine the effects of PAE on the growth, disease resistance, and innate immune parameters of white shrimp. In the first in vivo trial, shrimps (4.01 ± 0.03 g) were fed a diet containing 0 g (control), 10 g (PAE10), 20 g (PAE20), or 40 g (PAE40) of PAE per kilogram of feed for 56 days. After the feeding period, the PAE20 group showed a significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than shrimp fed the control diet. Furthermore, after challenge with V. alginolyticus, shrimp fed a diet containing PAE showed significantly higher survival than those fed the control diet. The second in vivo trial (28 days) was performed to identify the mechanisms of enhanced immunity in PAE-fed shrimp. Shrimp fed the PAE20 diet generally had the highest total haemocyte count, PO activity, phagocytic activity, and O2- production, followed by the PAE40 and PAE10 groups. Thus, our results suggest that administration of 20 g of PAE per kilogram of feed can enhance immunity, growth, and resistance to V. alginolyticus in white shrimp.


Subject(s)
Immunity, Innate , Penaeidae/immunology , Phyllanthus/chemistry , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Vibrio alginolyticus/physiology , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Hemocytes/drug effects , Hemocytes/immunology , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism , Penaeidae/drug effects , Penaeidae/growth & development , Penaeidae/microbiology , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Random Allocation , Superoxides/metabolism
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