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1.
Acta Derm Venereol ; 104: adv40332, 2024 Aug 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39140486

ABSTRACT

Fragrance materials are widely used in various types of products in daily life and many of them can be contact sensitizers. Contact allergy to fragrances has been reported to be common worldwide. Unlike other groups of contact allergens such as metals and preservatives, fragrance materials in consumer products can be present as single fragrance chemicals or in the form of mixtures known as natural complex substances. Due to the complexity of the fragrance materials and the high number of fragrance substances known to cause contact sensitization, selecting suitable materials for patch testing is challenging. Emerging fragrance markers have been additionally introduced in different baseline series for screening to enhance the rate of fragrance contact allergy detection. Moreover, there have been continual updates on basic knowledge, clinical perspectives, sources of exposure, and regulations on the use of fragrance materials. Avoiding pitfalls while performing patch testing with fragrance test materials is also crucial and should not be overlooked. Therefore, this review aims to update knowledge to provide a high-quality holistic approach to fragrance contact allergy diagnosis and management.


Subject(s)
Allergens , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact , Patch Tests , Perfume , Humans , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Perfume/adverse effects , Allergens/adverse effects , Predictive Value of Tests
2.
Contact Dermatitis ; 91(3): 177-185, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38945918

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fragrance substances are a frequent cause of contact allergy worldwide. Fragrance exposure varies by sex, age and possibly country, influenced by cosmetic availability, environmental conditions and cultural practices. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review and gather prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix I (FM I) and fragrance mix II (FM II) in consecutively patch tested European dermatitis patients. METHOD: A total of 4134 publications on patch test results of European dermatitis patients, published from 1981 to 2022, were systematically reviewed according to a previously registered and published PROSPERO protocol. RESULTS: Eighty-four eligible original articles were analysed. Overall prevalence of sensitization to fragrance mix I (FM I) was 6.81% (95% CI: 6.37-7.28), and FM II was 3.64% (95% CI: 3.3-4.01). Sensitization to FM I was most prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe and to FM II in Western Europe. No clear time trends were observed. Among paediatric dermatitis patients, sensitization prevalence for FM I and FM II was 4.09% (95% CI: 3.37-4.96) and 2.17% (95% CI: 1.53-3.07). CONCLUSION: The frequency of positive patch test results for both FMI and FMII remains high. Sensitization is also prevalent among children. Enhanced regulation and labelling of cosmetic products play a vital role in averting exposure and sensitization to fragrance allergens.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact , Patch Tests , Perfume , Humans , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/epidemiology , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis , Europe/epidemiology , Perfume/adverse effects , Prevalence , Allergens/adverse effects , Cosmetics/adverse effects
3.
Sci Total Environ ; 942: 173754, 2024 Sep 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38844215

ABSTRACT

This study addresses the need for accurate structural data regarding the toxicity of fragrances in sanitizers and disinfectants. We compare the predictive and descriptive (model stability) potential of multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) models optimized through variable selection (VS). A novel hybrid chaotic neural network algorithm with competitive learning (CCLNNA)-PLS modeling strategy can offer specific optimization with satisfactory results, even for a limited dataset. While also exploring the preliminary comparative analysis, the goal is to introduce an adapted novel CCLNNA optimization strategy for VS, inspired by neural networks, along with exploring the influence of the percentage of significant descriptors in the optimization function to enhance the final model's capabilities. We analyzed an available dataset of 24 molecules, incorporating ADMET and PaDEL descriptors as predictor variables, to explore the relationship between the response/target variable (pLC50) and the meticulously optimized set of descriptors. The suitability of the selected PLS models (cross- and external-validated accuracy combined with percentage of significant descriptors at a level equal to or >80 %) underscores the importance of expanding the dataset to amplify the validation protocols, thus enhancing future model reliability and environmental impact.


Subject(s)
Disinfectants , Neural Networks, Computer , Disinfectants/toxicity , Least-Squares Analysis , Algorithms , Perfume , Linear Models
4.
Contact Dermatitis ; 91(2): 139-145, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38783163

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Chemical hair relaxers are widely utilized by black women, yet little research exists on the allergens present in these products. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate allergen prevalence in the most popular chemical hair relaxers. METHODS: We analysed 41 products from five major retailers, identifying allergens through ingredient lists and comparing them to the 2020 American Contact Dermatitis Group Core allergen series. RESULTS: The most common contact allergens in chemical relaxers include propylene glycol, cetyl steryl alcohol, fragrance, D/L-a-tocopherol, tea tree oil and cocamidopropyl betaine. CONCLUSION: Understanding allergen exposure in products used by individuals with textured hair is needed for managing contact dermatitis in diverse populations. This analysis underscores the presence of potential allergens in hair relaxers, emphasizing the importance of dermatologists' awareness and patient scrutiny of ingredient lists.


Subject(s)
Allergens , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact , Hair Preparations , Humans , Hair Preparations/adverse effects , Hair Preparations/chemistry , Allergens/adverse effects , Allergens/analysis , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Betaine/analogs & derivatives , Betaine/adverse effects , Betaine/analysis , Tea Tree Oil/adverse effects , Tea Tree Oil/analysis , Perfume/adverse effects , Perfume/analysis , Propylene Glycol/adverse effects , Propylene Glycol/analysis , Female
5.
J Appl Toxicol ; 44(9): 1317-1328, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38715282

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of fragrances in various hygiene products contributes to their sensorial allure. However, fragrances can induce sensitization in the skin or respiratory system, and the mechanisms involved in this process are incompletely understood. This study investigated the intricate mechanisms underlying the fragrance's effects on sensitization response, focusing on the interplay between CYP450 enzymes, a class of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and the adaptive immune system. Specifically, we assessed the expression of CYP450 enzymes and cytokine profiles in culture of BEAS-2B and mature dendritic cells (mDC) alone or in co-culture stimulated with 2 mM of a common fragrance, cinnamyl alcohol (CA) for 20 h. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, and CYP2A13 were analyzed by RT-PCR and IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). Through RT-PCR analysis, we observed that CA increased CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 expression in BEAS-2B, with a further increased in BEAS-2B-mDC co-culture. Additionally, exposure to CA increased IL-12p70 levels in mDC rather than in BEAS-2B-mDC co-culture. In regards to IL-18, level was higher in BEAS-2B than in BEAS-2B-mDC co-culture. A positive correlation between the levels of IL-10 and CYP1B1 was found in mDC-CA-exposed and between IL-12p70 and CYP1A1 was found in BEAS-2B after CA exposure. However, IL-12p70 and CYP1A2 as well as IL-18, IL-33, and CYP1A1 levels were negative, correlated mainly in co-culture control. These correlations highlight potential immunomodulatory interactions and complex regulatory relationships. Overall, exposure to CA enhances CYP450 expression, suggesting that CA can influence immune responses by degrading ligands on xenosensitive transcription factors.


Subject(s)
Coculture Techniques , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System , Cytokines , Dendritic Cells , Propanols , Humans , Cytokines/metabolism , Dendritic Cells/drug effects , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics , Propanols/toxicity , Propanols/metabolism , Cell Line , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/genetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1/genetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1/metabolism , Perfume/toxicity , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/genetics
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