ABSTRACT
In 1861 the physiologist Ernst Brücke (1819-1892) published "The Elementary Organisms," calling for a major reform of the definition of the animal cell. An English translation of Brücke's essay is presented here for the first time. In this translation the numbered footnotes 1-9 are Brücke's own; alphabetical endnotes A-HH are my own annotations, with additional references to works cited by Brücke. Figures referenced by Brücke but not included in his original essay are also provided. I have also presented an introductory essay to my translation that provides background on Brücke and his arguments: "The Schema and Organization of the Cell," https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09774-8 , in this same issue of the Journal of the History of Biology.
Subject(s)
Physiology , History, 19th Century , Animals , Physiology/historyABSTRACT
This paper examines the significant contribution of Dr. Valentín Grandis and Dr. Virgilio Ducceschi to the founding and development of experimental physiology at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Córdoba (UNC), Argentina. Although the most notable contribution to the field of experimental physiology in Argentina is attributed to Bernardo Alberto Houssay, this study highlights the importance of the previous and fundamental efforts of Grandis and Ducceschi, two Italian professors whose work in Buenos Aires and Córdoba laid the foundations for research and teaching in this discipline. The paper details how, in 1904, the arrival of Valentin Grandis at the UNC marked the formal beginning of the teaching and practice of experimental physiology at the institution, followed by the incorporation of Virgilio Ducceschi, who continued and expanded Grandis' legacy. The work of these two Italian masters involved not only the installation of a state-of-the-art laboratory but also the establishment of a solid academic and scientific foundation that would influence future generations of Argentine physicians and researchers. Through a detailed analysis of their biographies, scientific contributions, and the impact of their work, this paper illustrates how Grandis and Ducceschi were key figures in the development of medical science in Argentina, particularly in the field of experimental physiology. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of their educational approach and their ability to train disciples who would continue their research, thus ensuring the permanence of their legacy at the National University of Córdoba and in Argentine science in general. In conclusion, this paper vindicates and celebrates the contributions of Valentín Grandis and Virgilio Ducceschi to the initiation of research and experimentation in physiology and biological chemistry at the UNC, highlighting their importance in the advancement of medicine and science in Argentina.
Este trabajo examina el significativo aporte de los doctores Valentín Grandis y Virgilio Ducceschi a la fundación y desarrollo de la fisiología experimental en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina. A pesar de que la contribución más notable en el campo de la fisiología experimental en Argentina se atribuye a Bernardo Alberto Houssay, este estudio destaca la importancia de los esfuerzos previos y fundamentales de Grandis y Ducceschi, dos profesores italianos cuyo trabajo en Buenos Aires y Córdoba sentó las bases para la investigación y la enseñanza de esta disciplina. El trabajo detalla cómo, en 1904, la llegada de Valentín Grandis a la UNC marcó el inicio formal de la enseñanza y práctica de la fisiología experimental en la institución, seguida por la incorporación de Virgilio Ducceschi, quien continuó y expandió el legado de Grandis. La labor de estos dos maestros italianos no solo involucró la instalación de un laboratorio de vanguardia sino también el establecimiento de una sólida base académica y científica que influiría en generaciones futuras de médicos e investigadores argentinos. A través de un análisis detallado de sus biografías, contribuciones científicas, y el impacto de su trabajo, este documento ilustra cómo Grandis y Ducceschi fueron figuras clave en el desarrollo de la ciencia médica en Argentina, particularmente en el ámbito de la fisiología experimental. Además, el estudio resalta la importancia de su enfoque educativo y su capacidad para formar discípulos que continuarían sus investigaciones, asegurando así la permanencia de su legado en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y en la ciencia argentina en general. En conclusión, el presente trabajo reivindica y celebra las contribuciones de Valentín Grandis y Virgilio Ducceschi al inicio de la investigación y experimentación en fisiología y química biológica en la UNC, subrayando su importancia en el avance de la medicina y la ciencia en Argentina.
Subject(s)
Physiology , Argentina , Italy , Physiology/history , Physiology/education , History, 20th Century , Faculty, Medical/history , Schools, Medical/history , Humans , Universities/historySubject(s)
Muscle, Smooth , History, 20th Century , Muscle, Smooth/physiology , Humans , Physiology/history , History, 21st Century , AnimalsABSTRACT
Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov is a Russian physiologist, a natural scientist, and the creator of the Russian physiological school. The classic work «Reflexes of the Brain¼, published in 1863, became revolutionary in its own way for medicine and society, since the reflex nature of conscious and unconscious activity was proved. Along with numerous well-known scientific works, there is an early student publication in the Moscow Medical Journal published by A. I. Polunin. It describes the medical history of a patient with a tumor who was unsuccessfully treated for a long time in accordance with the humoral theory of pathology. This publication makes it possible to understand why I. M. Sechenov became disillusioned with practical medicine, but found his vocation in the study of physiology. The article is devoted to the 195th anniversary of the birth of I. M. Sechenov.
Subject(s)
Anniversaries and Special Events , History, 20th Century , Humans , History, 19th Century , Russia , Physiology/historySubject(s)
Kidney , Humans , United States , History, 21st Century , Physiology/history , Societies, ScientificABSTRACT
Early in the twentieth century, Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945) introduced his overarching hypothesis of "homeostasis" (Cannon 1932)-the ability to sustain physiological values within a narrow range necessary for life during periods of stress. Physical exercise represents a stress in which motor, respiratory and cardiovascular systems must be integrated across a range of metabolic stress to match oxygen delivery to oxygen need at the cellular level, together with appropriate thermoregulatory control, blood pressure adjustments and energy provision. Of these, blood pressure regulation is a complex but controlled variable, being the function of cardiac output and vascular resistance (or conductance). Key in understanding blood pressure control during exercise is the coordinating role of the autonomic nervous system. A long history outlines the development of these concepts and how they are integrated within the exercise context. This review focuses on the renaissance observations and thinking generated in the first three decades of the twentieth century that opened the doorway to new concepts of inquiry in cardiovascular regulation during exercise. The concepts addressed here include the following: (1) exercise and blood pressure, (2) central command, (3) neurovascular transduction with emphasis on the sympathetic nerve activity and the vascular end organ response, and (4) tonic neurovascular integration.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Exercise , Humans , Exercise/physiology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Animals , History, 20th Century , Physiology/history , History, 21st CenturyABSTRACT
Con motivo del Día Mundial de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, se realizó en la Casa Museo Bernardo Houssay un conversatorio en el que expertos biógrafos resaltaron algunos aspectos de la trayectoria profesional del Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1947, destacando su actividad como investigador en fisiología y sus cualidades humanas. Estos importantes estudiosos del tema compartieron sus conocimientos en un selecto auditorio. (AU)
On the occasion of World Science and Technology Day, a discussion was held at the Bernardo Houssay House Museum in which expert biographers highlighted some aspects of the professional career of the 1947 Nobel Prize in Medicine, highlighting his activity as a researcher in physiology and his human qualities. These important scholars of the subject shared their knowledge in a select audience. (AU)
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Physiology/history , Biomedical Research , Academies and Institutes/history , Argentina , History of Medicine , Nobel PrizeSubject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Schools, Medical/history , Physiology/history , ChileABSTRACT
Este trabajo pretende dar a conocer el inicio y desarrollo temprano de los estudios fisiológicos en Chile. La fisiología, como disciplina científica, se comenzó a enseñar desde el momento mismo de la fundación de la Escuela de Medicina en 1833 asociada estrechamente a la anatomía e higiene. Las tres disciplinas eran enseñadas por el mismo catedrático. Su primer profesor fue el destacado anatomista chileno Pedro Morán, a quien continuaron los profesores Dr. Julio Francisco Lafargue y Dr. Vicente Padín del Valle. En un segundo período (1868-1901), la enseñanza de la fisiología se debilitó fuertemente, pues fue enseñada por varios médicos clínicos que no conocían en profundidad esta disciplina. Luego de este período inicial (1833-1900), que podríamos denominar etapa teórica, nació la denominada fisiología experimental con Teodoro Muhm, la cual, mediante clases con demostraciones experimentales y luego trabajos prácticos, intentaba acercar al alumno a la realidad del fenómeno fisiológico.
This work intends to present the beginning and early development of physiological studies in Chile. Physiology, as a scientific discipline, began to be taught from the moment the School of Medicine was founded in 1833, closely associated with anatomy and hygiene. The three disciplines were taught by the same professor. His first professor was the outstanding Chilean anatomist Pedro Morán, who was continued by the outstanding professors Dr. Julio Francisco Lafargue and Dr. Vicente Padín del Valle. In a second period (1868-1901), the teaching of physiology was severely weakened, as it was taught by various clinicians who did not know this discipline in depth. After this initial period (1833-1900), which we could call the theoretical stage, the so-called experimental physiology was born, which, through classes with experimental demonstrations and then practical work, tried to bring the student closer to the reality of the physiological phenomenon.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Physiology/education , Physiology/history , Teaching/history , ChileSubject(s)
Schools, Medical , Chile , History, 20th Century , Schools, Medical/history , Physiology/history , Humans , History, 21st CenturyABSTRACT
This work intends to present the beginning and early development of physiological studies in Chile. Physiology, as a scientific discipline, began to be taught from the moment the School of Medicine was founded in 1833, closely associated with anatomy and hygiene. The three disciplines were taught by the same professor. His first professor was the outstanding Chilean anatomist Pedro Morán, who was continued by the outstanding professors Dr. Julio Francisco Lafargue and Dr. Vicente Padín del Valle. In a second period (1868-1901), the teaching of physiology was severely weakened, as it was taught by various clinicians who did not know this discipline in depth. After this initial period (1833-1900), which we could call the theoretical stage, the so-called experimental physiology was born, which, through classes with experimental demonstrations and then practical work, tried to bring the student closer to the reality of the physiological phenomenon.
Subject(s)
Physiology , Chile , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Physiology/history , Physiology/education , Humans , Teaching/historySubject(s)
Humans , General Surgery/history , Surgeons/history , Physiology/history , Anatomy/history , Pathology/historyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Nobel Prize , Biomedical Research/trends , Physiology/history , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Antiviral Agents/history , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/history , History of Medicine , Research Personnel/history , Hepatitis/classification , Hepatitis/history , Hepatitis C, Chronic/historyABSTRACT
Abstract The Physiology Department has played an important role in the development of physiology in Mexico since its beginnings. It was founded by Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth in 1947. Many of the original researchers participated in the formation of the Mexican Society of Physiological Sciences. Researchers belonging to this department have given origin to an important national research center (CINVESTAV) and to numerous groups and departments within the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología such as the Valves department in the basement of the main building of the institute, the department of molecular biology situated in the Anexo de Investigación, and a laboratory in the translational medicine unit. The physiology department has importantly contributed to the development of research in the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.
Resumen El Departamento de Fisiología ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la fisiología en México desde sus inicios. Fue fundado por el Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth en 1947. Muchos de sus investigadores originales participaron en el nacimiento de la Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Fue el origen de un importante centro de investigación a nivel nacional (CINVESTAV) y ha dado lugar a numerosos grupos y departamentos dentro del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, como el Departamento de Válvulas en el basamento del edificio principal, el Departamento de Biología Molecular ubicado en el Anexo de Investigación y un laboratorio en la Unidad de Medicina Traslacional. El Departamento de Fisiología ha contribuido de manera importante al desarrollo de la investigación en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Physiology/history , Cardiology/history , Research/history , Academies and Institutes/history , Anniversaries and Special Events , MexicoABSTRACT
Jan Evangelista Purkinje was a Czech physician with an exceptional capacity for innovative thinking, and he was one of the fathers of experimental physiology, experimental pharmacology, experimental psychology, histology, embryology, and physical anthropology. Several achievements are named after him, from his prodigious productivity. Of special interest of this paper was his pioneering role in the rise of experimental physiology, microscopical anatomy, and histological methods by the 1830´s that allowed him define more accurate data concerning the structure of nerve tissue of animals and humans such as the now known "Purkinje's cells" and others cells of the brain. He investigated the structure of neuronal processes, including the dendrites. Purkinje recognized possible functional differences between a variety of types of neurons and speculated about their interrelations. He was one of the great geniuses of science.
Jan Evangelista Purkinje foi um médico checo com excepcional capacidade de pensamento inovador e um dos pais da fisiologia experimental, farmacologia experimental, psicologia experimental, histologia, embriologia e antropologia física. Várias conquistas receberam o nome dele, de sua produtividade prodigiosa. De interesse especial deste trabalho enaltece-se o seu papel pioneiro no surgimento da fisiologia experimental, anatomia microscópica e métodos histológicos na década de 1830. Isso permitiu que ele definisse dados mais precisos sobre a estrutura do tecido nervoso de animais e humanos, como as agora conhecidas "células de Purkinje" e outras células do cérebro. Ele investigou a estrutura dos processos neuronais, incluindo os dendritos. Purkinje reconheceu possíveis diferenças funcionais entre uma variedade de tipos de neurônios e especulou sobre suas inter-relações. Ele foi um dos grandes gênios da ciência.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Physicians/history , Physiology/history , Purkinje Cells/cytology , Dendrites , Nerve Tissue , Ophthalmology/history , Czech Republic , Anatomy/historyABSTRACT
Resumen El artículo tiene por objetivo realizar una historia crítica del auge de tres categorías diagnósticas: la neurastenia (fin del siglo XIX), la neurosis (primera mitad del siglo XX) y la depresión (segunda mitad del siglo XX hasta nuestros días). La hipótesis es que su amplia difusión se explicaría debido al vínculo que ellas han tenido con la metáfora energética del ser humano. Desde mediados del siglo XIX, la concepción energética se difundió por la cultura occidental, habilitando ciertas ficciones acerca de lo que somos - dimensión ontológica - y lo que podríamos llegar a ser - dimensión ética. El artículo muestra que estas patologías han codificado y tornado inteligible determinadas trayectorias vitales que no cumplían con los imperativos de tales ficciones onto-éticas.
Abstract This article aims to provide a historical critique of the rise of three diagnostic categories: neurasthenia (late nineteenth century), neurosis (first half of the twentieth century) and depression (mid-twentieth century to the present). The hypothesis is that their broad dissemination can be explained through their link to the energy metaphor for the human body. From the mid-nineteenth century on, the concept of energy spread through western culture, encouraging certain fictions about what we are - the ontological dimension - and what we could be - the ethical dimension. The article shows that these pathologies have codified and made intelligible a set of life trajectories that did not obey the imperatives of those onto-ethical fictions.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Depression/history , Neurasthenia/history , Neurotic Disorders/history , Physiology/history , Bioethical Issues/historyABSTRACT
The purpose of this essay is to approach the figure of Cajal from a different perspective. It seeks to study the image of the Spanish scientist through the non-professional daily press and, in particular, the impact made by his Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1906. The importance of the press as a historical source today is unquestionable. In this case, it can largely be useful for providing public opinion about Cajal and allowing us to get close to the historical context and the ideological material of press, news, and articles. Major publications of the time from the main cities of Spain have been selected, such as El Imparcial, El Liberal, the Heraldo de Madrid, El País, La Vanguardia y Las Provincias, as well as the magazines Nuevo Mundo, Madrid científico, Mundo científico, La Ilustración española y americana, La Educación, and La Escuela moderna through 1906, the year before (1905) and the year after (1907)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Nobel Prize , Newspapers as Topic/history , Physiology/history , Physiology/education , History of Medicine , Histology/historyABSTRACT
Claude Bernard, médico, fisiólogo y biólogo francés, se le considera como el Fundador de la Medicina Experimental. Fue uno de los fundadores de la de la Sociedad Francesa de Biología, catedrático de Fisiología en la Sorbona y miembro de la Academia de las Ciencias. Realizó importantes aportaciones en el campo de la fisiología, de la clínica y sobre todo en la investigación médica, donde defendió que las hipótesis científicas deben ser verificadas a través de los experimentos. Sus conocimientos filosóficos tuvieron aplicación en el método experimental. Muchas de sus aportaciones tienen vigencia actual a pesar del paso del tiempo
Claude Bernard, a French physician, physiologist and biologist, is considered the Founder of Experimental Medicine. He was one of the founders of the French Society of Biology, Professor of Physiology at the Sorbonne and a member of the Academy of Sciences. He made important contributions in the field of physiology, clinic and especially in medical research, where he argued that scientific hypotheses should be verified through experiments. Many of their contributions are valid today despite the passage of time
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Biomedical Research/history , Physiology/history , Portraits as Topic , FranceABSTRACT
Claude Bernard habría realizado el sorprendente descubrimiento de que la "materia inerte" y los "cuerpos vivos" no son la misma cosa. En los seres vivos, ocurren reacciones orgánicas intrínsecas a las que Bernard llamó "medio interior", estas reacciones ocurren a nivel celular y están orientadas a la propia conservación de los seres vivos. Claude Bernard, dio a la biología carta de naturaleza como auténtica ciencia, sin embargo, le impuso unos límites claros, jamás podrá pronunciarse acerca de la esencia de la vida, si bien será capaz de elaborar leyes relativas a sus condiciones físico-químicas. Para Claude Bernard, las hipótesis constituirían la auténtica teoría científica. El pensamiento de Bernard y su filosofía de la experimentación queda reflejada en la Introducción al estudio de la medicina experimental
Claude Bernard would have made the surprising discovery that "inert matter" and "living bodies" are not the same thing. To the intrinsic organic reactions that occur in living beings, Bernard called "internal mediu", these reactions occur at the cellular level and are aimed at the conservation of living beings. Claude Bernard, gave biology a letter of nature as a true science, however, imposed some clear limits, he can never pronounce on the essence of life, although he will be able to develop laws related to their physical-chemical conditions. Claude Bernard, considered the hypotheses as the true scientific theory. Bernards thinking and his philosophy of experimentation is reflected in the Introduction to the study of experimental medicine
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Biomedical Research/history , Physiology/history , Philosophy/history , Education, Medical/history , Portraits as Topic , FranceABSTRACT
Las tubas uterinas (TU) son órganos tubulares fundamentales en la reproducción humana. No obstante, recién a mediados del siglo XVII con las investigaciones de Reinier De Graaf se comienza a develar su verdadera función en la reproducción. En este trabajo se resumen las principales contribuciones de Horacio Croxatto Avoni al conocimiento de la morfología y fisiología de la TU humana. Sus principales aportes tienen relación con la fisiología del transporte del cigoto y los gametos a lo largo de la TU.
The uterine tubes (UT) are fundamental tubular organs in human reproduction. However, it was not until the middle of the 17th century that Reinier De Graaf's research began to reveal its true role in reproduction. In this work the main contributions of Horacio Croxatto Avoni toward the knowledge of the morphology and physiology of the human UT are summarized. Its main contributions are related to the physiology of zygote transport and gametes throughout the UT.