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1.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 52(2): 98-105, 20150000.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-764774

ABSTRACT

This review intends to show the main factors that may affect intrauterine growth and the placentals nutrients supply to the fetus, morphofunctional aspects placental efficiency, correlating them with performance indexes, such as breed, age and pluriparious. This study aims to discuss the interrelationships that determine greater placental efficiency, proposing a comparative parallel between various species in order to understand more about the placental efficiency in the equine species.


Esta revisão de literatura propõe levantar os principais fatores que podem influenciar o crescimento intrauterino e o suprimento de nutrientes placentários para o feto, abordando aspectos morfofuncionais relacionados à eficiência placentária, correlacionando-os com aspectos zootécnicos, como raça, pluriparidade e idade das fêmeas gestantes. O objetivo foi estabelecer as interrelações que determinem maior eficiência placentária, propondo um paralelo comparativo entre espécies a fim de ser entendida a eficiência placentária na espécie equina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Horses/embryology , Fetal Development/physiology , Placentation/physiology , Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology , Placenta/growth & development
2.
Eur. j. anat ; 18(3): 153-158, jul. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-125132

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we report the results of histological and histochemical studies to differentiate between normal-term and growth-retarded placentas. Histology was based on Gordon and Sweet, while histochemistry was carried out by localizing G-6-PDH and LDH in the placentas. Thirty (30) placentas, 15 normal-term and 15 growth-retarded placentas, were collected from female patients recruited from the Antenatal Clinic of Dolu Specialist Hospital, Mafoluku-Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria. Normal-term placentas were collected at the point of delivery by a consultant obstetrician in the presence of other co-researchers, after the consent of the patient had been sought. 1 cm thick portion of both normal and growth-retarded tissues for histological study were cut and processed for Gordon and Sweet staining to demonstrate reticulin fibres, while tissues for histochemical studies (G-6-PDH and LDH) were homogenized in cold 0.5 M sucrose solution. Data were comparatively analyzed using ANOVA statistics, with p<0.005. The result revealed that some places on the syncytial layer were discontinuous. Micro-vessels lying within the core of loose connective tissue were closely opposed to the syncytial trophoblast in IUGR case. Areas of collagen and fibrin deposition reflect ongoing repair of breaches of tissue border and epithelial integrity. The levels of G-6-PDH and LDH activities were lower in the growth- retarded placentas when compared with the normal term placentas. This difference was statistically significant at p<0.005. It is surmised that the placentas in IUGR indicate abnormalities of the maternal spiral arterioles, deregulated villous vasculogenesis, and abundant fibrin deposition is characteristics in IUGR. This shows that there is a link between enzymes of glucose metabolism in the terminal stage of the antenatal period in placental tissues with consequences for foetal growth and development


No disponible


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Placenta/ultrastructure , Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase/analysis , Glucose Dehydrogenases/analysis , Lactate Dehydrogenases/analysis , Placenta/growth & development , Histocytochemistry/methods , Fetal Development
3.
Rev. Hosp. Matern. Infant. Ramon Sarda ; 31(2): 69-74, 2012. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-689400

ABSTRACT

El peso de nacimiento es un indicador crudo de la nutrición fetal. Las funciones placentarias de transporte, metabolismo y endócrinas son los mayores determinantes de la nutrición fetal y homeostasis, pero la eficiencia placentaria está escasamente relacionada con el peso del órgano. El peso placentario y las principales medidas placentarias (PMP) (diámetros mayor y menor, espesor del disco, distancia de la inserción del cordón umbilical [CU], forma y longitud del CU) son rutinariamente recolectadas en los laboratorios de patología de todo el mundo y son útiles para capturar: a) su relación con la función placentaria, y, b) están convencionalmente consideradas de tener “períodos críticos” de desarrollo. El tamaño y la forma de la superficie placentaria son nuevos marcadores epidemiológicos para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, en especial la hipertensión arterial. En el presente estudio se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la relación entre las principales medidas placentarias con la edad gestacional y el peso de nacimiento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Birth Weight , Gestational Age , Placenta/growth & development , Fetal Development , Fetus/physiology , Prenatal Nutrition , Weights and Measures
4.
Rev. Hosp. Matern. Infant. Ramon Sarda ; 31(2): 69-74, 2012. graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-128536

ABSTRACT

El peso de nacimiento es un indicador crudo de la nutrición fetal. Las funciones placentarias de transporte, metabolismo y endócrinas son los mayores determinantes de la nutrición fetal y homeostasis, pero la eficiencia placentaria está escasamente relacionada con el peso del órgano. El peso placentario y las principales medidas placentarias (PMP) (diámetros mayor y menor, espesor del disco, distancia de la inserción del cordón umbilical [CU], forma y longitud del CU) son rutinariamente recolectadas en los laboratorios de patología de todo el mundo y son útiles para capturar: a) su relación con la función placentaria, y, b) están convencionalmente consideradas de tener ôperíodos críticosö de desarrollo. El tamaño y la forma de la superficie placentaria son nuevos marcadores epidemiológicos para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, en especial la hipertensión arterial. En el presente estudio se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la relación entre las principales medidas placentarias con la edad gestacional y el peso de nacimiento. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Placenta/growth & development , Birth Weight , Gestational Age , Prenatal Nutrition , Weights and Measures , Fetal Development , Fetus/physiology
5.
Anim. reprod. sci ; 126(3/4): 143-150, Jun 6, 2011.
Article in English | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IBPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-IBACERVO | ID: biblio-1059668

ABSTRACT

The placenta of mammals is a structure formed by the juxtaposition of the fetal membranes and the maternal tissues. The main function of the placenta is to regulate the physiological interchange between the fetus and the mother as well as to operate as animportant endocrine organ during the gestation. The placentomal fusions were characterized throughout gestation of cattle using macroscopic, histological and flow cytometryanalyses. Analyzing the cell cycle phases with a flow cytometry, a balance between the G2M phase and apoptosis was observed, suggesting that the placentomal fusions do not interferein the placentary maturation process, which is a pre-requirement for the fetal-maternal disconnection and the release of fetal membrane.


Subject(s)
Cattle , Placenta/growth & development , Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology , Flow Cytometry/methods , Placenta Diseases/prevention & control , Placenta Diseases/veterinary
6.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(10): 779-787, out. 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537583

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as fusões carunculares em gestações de conceptos não clonados (CNC) e conceptos clonados (CC). Os CNC foram divididos segundo o período de gestação em Grupo I (2-3 meses, n=9), Grupo II (4-6 meses, n=9), Grupo III (7-8 meses, n=10) e Grupo IV (9 meses, n=7). Os CC formaram o Grupo V (9 meses, n=4). As carúnculas foram observadas macroscopicamente (número e dimensões: comprimento, largura e altura), microscopicamente e submetidas à análise estatística (5 por cento de significância). Observaram-se três tipos de fusões carunculares macroscópicas: ovais (morfologicamente normais); duas carúnculas adjacentes unidas e do tipo lobuladas, caracterizadas por regiões com várias carúnculas unidas apresentando falsa fusão ou deformação do parênquima caruncular. O comprimento das carúnculas foi de 1,55±0,57; 2,45±0,55; 4,66±2,00 e 5,72±1,90cm para os Grupos I, II, III e IV, respectivamente. Quanto à altura, as carúnculas apresentaram um crescimento linear durante a gestação e foram de 0,40±0,15; 0;57±0,21; 1,00±0,48 e 1,80±0,91cm, para os respectivos Grupos I, II, III e IV. A largura das carúnculas foi semelhante entre os Grupos I e II (0,97±0,30 e 1,42±0,71cm) e os Grupos III e IV (2,68±1,22 e 3,52±1,16cm). Quando o Grupo V foi comparado ao Grupo IV, as carúnculas do Grupo V apresentaram maior comprimento (5,72±1,90 vs. 7,88±2,13cm) e largura (3,52±1,16 vs. 4,93±1,46cm), porém foram semelhantes em altura (1,80±0,91 e 2,25±0,67cm). Verificou-se que em gestações de CC, as carúnculas apresentaram maior desenvolvimento que em gestações de CNC. As carúnculas fusionadas apresentaram medidas estatisticamente semelhantes às isoladas em todos os parâmetros e grupos. Sob microscopia de luz, observou-se a formação de um eixo estromal, da base da carúncula ao ápice da fissura fusional, de constituição histológica semelhante ao estroma endometrial. Também foram ineditamente definidos três formatos microscópicos: fusão propriamente ...


The objective of the study was to compare the characteristics of the caruncular fusion in gestations of non-cloned and cloned conceptuses. The non-cloned conceptuses were divided according to the gestation period: Group I (2 to 3 months; n=9), II (4 to 6; n=9); III (7 to 8; n=10) and IV (9 n=7). The cloned conceptuses formed the Group V: 9 months; n=4. The caruncles were observed macroscopically (number and dimensions: length, width and height), microscopically and submitted to statistical analysis (5 percent of significance). We observed three types of macroscopic caruncular fusions: oval (morphologically normal); two united adjacent caruncles and the lobulated type, characterized by regions with several united caruncles presenting a false fusion or deformation of the caruncular parenchyma. The length of the caruncles was 1.55±0.57; 2.45±0.55; 4.66±2.0 and 5.72±1.90cm for the groups I, II, III, IV respectively. As for the height, the caruncles presented a lineal growth during the gestation: 0.40±0.15; 0.57±0.21; 1.0±0.48 and 1.80±0.91cm, for the respective groups I, II, III and IV. The width of the caruncles was similar between the groups I and II (0.97±0.30 e 1.42±0.71cm) and the groups III and IV (2.68±1.22 and 3.52±1.16cm). When the group V was compared to the IV, the caruncles of the group V presented a larger length (5.72±1.90 vs. 7.88±.13cm) and width (3.52±1.16 vs. 4.93±1.46cm), however they were similar in height (1.80±0.91 and 2.25±0.67cm). We verified that in gestations of cloned conceptuses the caruncles presented a larger development than in gestations of non-cloned conceptuses. The fusioned caruncles presented measurements statistically similar to the isolated ones in all the parameters and groups. Under light microscopy, we observed the formation of a stromal axis from the basis of the caruncle to the apex of the fusional fissure, with the histological constitution similar to the endometrial stroma. Three microscopic shapes ...


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Cattle , Cloning, Organism/veterinary , Placenta/anatomy & histology , Placenta/abnormalities , Placenta/growth & development , Placenta/embryology , Cattle/embryology , Fetal Development
8.
Rev. invest. clín ; 59(2): 139-145, mar.-abr. 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632368

ABSTRACT

Progesterone is an essential hormone for pregnancy maintenance. This hormone acts by binding to its intracellular receptor or by rapid non-genomic actions to regulate a wide variety of biological functions in the feto-placental unit. Progesterone regulates blastocyst implantation and placental development by inducing immunosupression through type Th2 cytokines secretion. This review summarizes current research about the role of progesterone as critical regulator of expression and secretion of cytokines by T-cell and other placental cells.


La progesterona es una hormona esteroide muy versátil y esencial para el mantenimiento del embarazo. El principal mecanismo de acción de la progesterona es el clásico, vía receptor intracelular, regulando diversas funciones, aspectos celulares y vías moleculares implicadas en el proceso de la implantación. Asimismo existen mecanismos adicionales que no dependen de la interacción del complejo hormona receptor con la maquinaria transcripcional y que son capaces de regular rápidamente cascadas de señalización que determinarán la respuesta de la célula. En particular se ha demostrado que la progesterona ejerce efectos inmunosupresores durante la gestación al favorecer la secreción de citocinas de tipo Th2 por los linfocitos T, evento importante para regular el sistema inmunológico materno y evitar el rechazo de la placenta. El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en analizar la influencia de la progesterona en la interfase materno-fetal sobre la expresión y secreción de citocinas por las células T y no T como es el caso del trofoblasto.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Maintenance/immunology , Progesterone/physiology , Blastocyst , Cytokines/physiology , Embryo Implantation/immunology , Embryo Implantation/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation , Immune Tolerance , Inflammation , Labor, Obstetric/physiology , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Models, Biological , Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology , NF-kappa B/physiology , Placenta/growth & development , Placenta/immunology , Pregnancy Maintenance/physiology , Pregnancy Proteins/physiology , Receptors, Progesterone/physiology , Suppressor Factors, Immunologic , Spleen/metabolism
9.
Bol. Centro Biol. Reprod ; 25: 113-117, 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-612450

ABSTRACT

O desenvolvimento pré-natal relaciona-se a fatores hormonais responsáveis pela diferenciação fenotípica das características sexuais embrionárias. A diferenciação sexual, reconhecida pela distância ano-genital, pode está relacionada ao nível de testosterona intrau-útero secretado pelos fetos machos, o que poderiam interferir no desenvolvimento de fêmeas adjacentes aos machos. Assim, de acordo com a posição intra-uterina, fêmeas localizadas entre ou adjacentes a machos sofreriam maior interferência androgênica do que fêmeas situadas entre ou adjacentes a outras fêmeas. Este trabalho visa determinar a importância da posição intra-uterina nos pesos corporais e de placenta de fetos de ratas Wistar.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Fetal Development , Rats, Wistar , Placenta/growth & development
11.
West Indian med. j ; 50(Suppl 5): 22, Nov. 2001.
Article in English | MedCarib | ID: med-191

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of maternal weight on foetoplacental growth. METHODS: Seven hundred and twelve women attending their first antenatal clinic visit at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, were invited to join a perspective study. Maternal anthropometry and blood pressure were performed. Abdominal ultrasound was performed at 14, 17, 20, 25, 30, and 35 weeks of gestation to determine placental and foetal growth. Placental volume was measured at the first 3 visits and foetal biparietal diameter, femoral lenght, and head and abdominal circumfrence were measured at all 6 visits. Two groups of women were created based on their first trimester weight (<55kg and o55kg) for comparison. A ratio of placental volume to foetal abdominal circumference was created and the rate of growth examined between 14 to 17 and 17 to 20 weeks' gestation. RESULTS: Women with lower maternal weight in the first trimester had significantly smaller placental volumes at 17 and 20 weeks' gestation (p<0.03 and P<0.0001, respectivley). Lighter women had foetuses with a smaller head circumference and femoral length noted at 35 weeks gestation (p<0.01 and p<0.03, respectively). A significant relation with with foetal abdominal circumferences was seen as early as 25 weeks' gestation. The rate of foeto-placental growth when first examined at 14 weeks was similar between the two groups of women. However, in the lighter women, relative growth of placenta between 14 to 17 and 17 to 20 weeks' gestation was less than in the heavier women, suggesting poorer relative placental growth in lighter mothers. CONCLUSION: Maternal weight is an important contributor to foeto-placental growth. Lighter women are more likely to have poorer placental growth and hence smaller foetuses. (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Comparative Study , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Placenta/growth & development , Body Weight , Embryonic and Fetal Development , Jamaica , Prospective Studies
13.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 17(10): 1021-6, nov.-dez. 1995. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-164736

ABSTRACT

Foi estudada a correlaçao da área da superfície total de intercâmbios das vilosidades coriônicas com o peso, a estatura e o índice pondo-estatural do recém-nascido, durante a segunda metade da gestaçao. Foi demonstrado que a área da superfície total das vilosidades aumenta em funçao do peso ou da estatura do recém-nascido, segundo curvas potenciais, cujas equaçoes foram, respectivamente: S = O,0088 P(O,9348) e S = 0,OOOOO3 E(4,0218), onde S é a área (em m(2)) da superfície total das vilosidades, P, o peso do recém-nascido (em g) e E, a estatura do recém-nascido (em cm). Por outro lado, a área da superfície vilositária total aumenta em funçao do índice pondo-estatural, segundo uma curva exponencial de equaçao: S = O,3678 e(l,4269.R), onde R é o índice pondo-estatural de Rohrer.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Chorionic Villi/anatomy & histology , Birth Weight , Body Height , Gestational Age , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Organ Size , Placenta/anatomy & histology , Placenta/growth & development
14.
Perinatol. reprod. hum ; 6(4): 157-65, oct.-dic. 1992. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-118003

ABSTRACT

Los avances recientes en el área de la fertilización asistida han traido consigo un renovado interés en el estudio de la implantación del conceptus humano. Este fenómeno ha sido separado en diferentes etapas para su análisis e incluyen al menos los siguientes eventos: 1.- Transporte del huevo fecundado, 2.- Reconocimiento del sitio de implantación, 3.- Invasión y 4.- Desarrollo y crecimiento placentario. El transporte del huevo fecundado desde el sitio de la fertilización hacia el sitio en que se implantará, parece depender exclusivamente de movimientos peristálticos que impulsan el material mucoso en el que se encuentra embebido el conceptus. Para el caso humano, sigue siendo un misterio el mecanismo determinante de la elección del sitio de nidación, aunque es muy probable que en nuestra especie se presente un equivalente de los sitios predefinidos que se han demostrado en otros casos. Resalta la existencia de periodos de receptividad uterina o "ventajas de implantación" que dependen de un ambiente hormonal específico para su expresión. El momento en que la implantación se inicia presupone la sincronía entre la receptividad uterina y un estado de maduración adecuada del conceptus. El contacto conseptus epitelio uterino depende de la expresión de un grupo de moléculas denominadas moléculas de adhesión celular que incluye al menos a la E-cadherina, al receptor para la fibronectina y al de laminina. Una vez que el contacto entre células se ha dado, se inicia la etapa de invasión en el que el trofoblasto exhibe locomoción activa de comunicación directa con el sistema circulatorio materno y permite el crecimiento y desarrollo placentario. De manera complementaria durante estas fases mencionadas y en lo subsecuente, el tejido placentario pone en juego una gran diversidad de mecanismos de evasión de la respuesta inmune materna.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , History, 20th Century , Embryo Implantation , Immunity , Placenta/growth & development , Trophoblasts , Fertilization
15.
Diagnóstico (Perú) ; 19(3): 74-6, mar. 1987. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-56806

ABSTRACT

Se han estudiado 224 placentas en Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) y se les ha evaluado estadísticamente según sexo del recién nacido, gravidez, peso del recién nacido, talla del recién nacido, peso y talla de la madre y edad gestacional. Los resultados demuestran que el peso de la placenta no se modifica con el sexo del recien nacido, con el número de embarazos previos, ni con el peso y talla maternal. El peso placentario a igualdad de peso del recién nacido es mayor conforme aumenta la altitud de residencia. El peso placentario aumenta con el peso del recién nacido; a diferencia de lo que ocurre a nivel del mar, donde al final del embarazo el peso fetal aumenta a mayor velocidad que el placentario, en Cerro de Pasco aumenta a igual velocidad que el peso fetal


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Organ Size , Placenta/growth & development , Fetal Development , Altitude
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