Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregation by fatty acids from human saliva.

Experiments were undertaken to identify the nature of a previously identified inhibitor of PAF-induced platelet aggregation (PA) in human saliva. Human saliva fractionated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) yielded a fraction that co-migrated with fatty acids (FAs) and inhibited PAF-induced aggregation of platelets. Synthetic FAs tested for their capacities to inhibit 0.1 nM PAF-induced PA showed that only the cis-unsaturated compounds were inhibitory with activities of some of the polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) reaching almost 100% at 20 µM. Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid also deaggregated the PAF-induced aggregates. With the exception of oleic acid (OLA), cis-monounsaturated FAs, and elaidic acid, the trans isomer of OLA, were poor inhibitors. In a direct comparison with other platelet agonists, ADP, thrombin, and ionophore A23187, the active saliva fraction and selected individual FAs inhibited, to greater or lesser extent, PA induced by each of the agonists. EPA, OLA, linoleic acid (LNA), and the active saliva fraction were potent inhibitors of ADP-induced PA, EPA completely inhibited thrombin-induced PA and the saliva fraction showed only weak - moderate inhibitory activity to both thrombin- and ionophore A23187-induced PA. Other reports of endogenous PAF inhibitors in mammalian tissues are compared to the present results. PAF can trigger and amplify inflammatory cascades suggesting a possible modulation role for cis-unsaturated FAs in some diseases.

Platelet-activating factor and antiphospholipid antibodies in recurrent implantation failure.

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) refers to cases in which women have had the failure of the embryo implantation after several in vitro fertilization (IVF). The success rate for IVF depends on many different factors. Implantation is a complex step in a successful pregnancy. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) can be considered as effective factors in the embryo implantation. The first purpose of this study is to compare the levels of aPLs and PAF among RIF and fertile control women. The second purpose is evaluating correlations between the blood levels of these factors in this two groups. The levels of twelve types of aPL and PAF in peripheral blood samples of RIF and fertile control women were checked with ELISA method. The results showed that levels of Anti Cardiolipin antibody IgG was above the normal level in 3% of RIF patients. This study examined for the first time the correlation between twelve types of aPLs and PAF in RIF and fertile women. The results of these correlations show that the serum levels of aPLs affects themselves and the serum levels of PAF. The correlation of aPLs levels and PAF levels was different in the two groups. Differences in the correlations of aPLs levels and PAF levels in two groups show that the equal changes in the level of variables examined can have different effects in RIF and the fertile control groups. It is suggested that the correlation between these variables be evaluated in other studies.

Evaluation of maternal plasma platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase activity and mRNA expression in pre-eclampsia: a case control study.

Preeclampsia (PE) remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality all over the world. However, its aetiology and pathophysiology remain elusive. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is produced in response to oxidative stress and is a potent hypotensive agent. PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) inactivates PAF and is seen to decrease in normotensive women. The role of PAF-AH in preeclampsia has been in investigational literature, so far. The few studies done have shown a positive association of elevated levels of PAF-AH with preeclampsia. However, this marker has not been studied in the Indian population to-date and such studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition. Our study aimed to determine the PAF-AH activity by spectrophotometric assay in maternal plasma of 73 PE patients versus 73 normotensive controls and plasma PAF-AH mRNA expression to know the aberration of PAF-AH activity at the genetic level. Relative mRNA expression was calculated by Δ DCT method and a fold change was calculated by 2-ΔDCT. We found that the mean plasma PAF-AH activity levels among cases was significantly higher than the normotensive controls. However, the mRNA expression of the PAF-AH gene was similar between the cases and controls, as well as between severe and non-severe preeclampsia (true fold change =1). To conclude, PAF-AH appears to be increased in women with preeclampsia and hence may contribute to pathophysiology and severity. However, a larger sample size will be required to reiterate this association. Recently, PAF-AH inhibitors such as Darapladib has been tested as a therapeutic option in atherosclerosis. After studying the role of PAF-AH in the pathogenesis of PE, PAF-AH inhibitors may be used as a therapeutic tool in the future in PE.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Platelet activating factor (PAF) is produced in response to oxidative stress and is a potent hypotensive agent. PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) hydrolyses and inactivates PAF and is seen to decrease in normotensive women. The role of platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in preeclampsia has been investigational so far. Few studies done have shown a positive association of elevated levels of PAF-AH in preeclamptic women.What do the results of this study add? Our study aimed to determine the activity of PAF-AH in maternal plasma of PE patients versus normal pregnancy and plasma PAF-AH mRNA expression to know the aberration of PAF-AH activity at the level of the gene. We found that plasma PAF-AH activity among preeclamptics was significantly higher than in the controls with a possible role in early-onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks), in the Indian population. This marker has never been studied in this population earlier. The results of our study re-emphasised its role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Such studies are important to not only give us a greater understanding of the various pathways involved in this multifactorial dreaded condition, but can also offer us a marker for early identification of women at risk. Recently, PAF-AH inhibitors like Darapladib has been tested as a therapeutic option in atherosclerosis. After studying the role of PAF-AH in the pathogenesis of PE, PAF-AH inhibitors may be used as a therapeutic tool in the future in PE.

Monitoring from Battlefield to Bedside: Serum Repositories Help Identify Biomarkers, Perspectives on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVES: Serum repositories are foundations for seroepidemiological data, revealing targeted information about morbidities and existing heterogeneity in human populations. With the recent technological advances, we can perform high-throughput screening at an affordable cost using minimal plasma. Monitoring brain health after an injury is critical since mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and other neurological symptoms are under-diagnosed. Our objective in this study is to present our preliminary serological data from one of our ongoing studies on mTBI. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we used stored plasma samples to understand biomarkers of mTBI. We compared plasma samples from five patients with mTBI following their first concussive episode to five gender and age-matched healthy controls. We assessed multiple biomarkers to show the importance of biorepositories. RESULTS: Most of the estimated plasma factors in mTBI subjects at baseline were comparable to normal healthy individuals except for the astroglial markers S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Fluctuations of these biomarkers can affect the homeostasis of brain parenchyma by altering the neural network signaling, which in turn may result in intermittent behavioral symptoms. CONCLUSION: Biorepositories are powerful resources for understanding the spectrum of morbidity. Biomarkers serve as a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool.

Platelet-Activating Factor as an Effector for Environmental Stressors.

Environmental stressors exert a profound effect on humans. Many environmental stressors have in common the ability to induce reactive oxygen species. The goal of this chapter is to present evidence that the potent lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in the effects of many stressors ranging from cigarette smoke to ultraviolet B radiation. These environmental stressors can generate PAF enzymatically as well as PAF-like lipids produced by free radical-mediated attack of glycerophosphocholines. Inasmuch as PAF exerts both acute inflammation and delayed immunosuppressive effects, involvement of the PAF system can provide an explanation for many consequences of environmental stressor exposures.

Lung fluid biomarkers for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: With the development of new techniques to easily obtain lower respiratory tract specimens, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and other lung fluids are gaining importance in pulmonary disease diagnosis. We aimed to review and summarize lung fluid biomarkers associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis and mortality. METHODS: After searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for articles published prior to January 11, 2018, we performed a meta-analysis on biomarkers for acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis in at-risk patients and those related to disease mortality. From the included studies, we then extracted the mean and standard deviation of the biomarker concentrations measured in the lung fluid, acute respiratory distress syndrome etiologies, sample size, demographic variables, diagnostic criteria, mortality, and protocol for obtaining the lung fluid. The effect size was measured by the ratio of means, which was then synthesized by the inverse-variance method using its natural logarithm form and transformed to obtain a pooled ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: In total, 1156 articles were identified, and 49 studies were included. Increases in total phospholipases A2 activity, total protein, albumin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, and platelet activating factor-acetyl choline were most strongly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis. As for biomarkers associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, Kerbs von Lungren-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly increased in the lung fluid of patients who died. Decreased levels of Club cell protein and matrix metalloproteinases-9 were associated with increased odds for acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis, whereas decreased levels of Club cell protein and interleukin-2 were associated with increased odds for acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides a ranking system for lung fluid biomarkers, according to their association with diagnosis or mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The performance of biomarkers among studies shown in this article may help to improve acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnosis and outcome prediction.

[Effects of sleep deprivation induced blood stasis syndrome on platelet activation in rats].

Blood stasis syndrome is the pre-state of thrombotic disease. The model of blood stasis syndrome in rats was induced by sleep deprivation to study on effects of blood stasis syndrome on platelet activation. The weight, the color of tongue and hemorheology for the blood stasis syndrome of Chinese medicine were measured after modeling. The release of platelet granules and platelet activation factors in plasma were detected by ELISA kit related indicators to provide experimental basis for platelet function evaluation and related drug effects in syndrome research. The results showed that the weight of the model group rats was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P<0.01). The tongue showed a dark purple blood stasis pattern, and the R, G and B values of the tongue surface in model group were significantly lower than those of the normal group (P<0.01). The hemorheological parameters including high shear, middle shear and low shear viscosity in whole blood were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). But plasma viscosity did not change significantly. The release levels of platelet α particles (GMP-140, ß-TG, PF4) and dense particles (ADP, 5-HT) were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). The levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in plasma were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). The ratios of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF2α were also significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). The levels of PAF in plasma in model group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). It was concluded that platelet functions could be changed induced by sleep deprivationin rats with blood stasis syndrome, and there might be inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction.

Alterations in the Plasma Levels of Specific Choline Phospholipids in Alzheimer's Disease Mimic Accelerated Aging.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and of continuously rising prevalence. The identification of easy-to-measure biomarkers capable to assist in the prediction and early diagnosis of AD is currently a main research goal. Lipid metabolites in peripheral blood of human patients have recently gained major attention in this respect. Here, we analyzed plasma of 174 participants (not demented at baseline; mean age: 75.70±0.44 years) of the Vienna Transdanube Aging (VITA) study, a longitudinal, population-based birth cohort study, at baseline and after 90 months or at diagnosis of probable AD. We determined the levels of specific choline phospholipids, some of which have been suggested as potential biomarkers for the prediction of AD. Our results show that during normal aging the levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, choline plasmalogen, and lyso-platelet activating factor increase significantly. Notably, we observed similar but more pronounced changes in the group that developed probable AD. Thus, our results imply that, in terms of choline-containing plasma phospholipids, the conversion to AD mimics an accelerated aging process. We conclude that age, even in the comparatively short time frame between 75 and 82.5 years, is a crucial factor in the quest for plasma lipid biomarkers for AD that must be carefully considered in future studies and trials.

Protective effect of dexmedetomidine against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of dexmedetomidine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rabbits. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two equal-sized groups: IRI group (group IR) and dexmedetomidine group (group D). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP), +dp/dtmax, -dp/dtmax, and t-dp/dtmax were recorded and calculated at the following time points: before (T0) and after (T1) dexmedetomidine infusion, after 30-min ischemia (T2), and after 120-min reperfusion (T3). The levels of plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and platelet activating factor (PAF); area of myocardial infarction (MI); and no-reflow area were evaluated. RESULTS: SBP, DBP, LVSP, LVEDP, LVDP, and +dp/dtmax at T3 were higher in group D than in group IR (P<0.05). The average no-reflow area in group IR was significantly smaller than that in group D (14±3% vs. 38±5%, P=0.0116). The ET-1, TXA2, and PAF levels at T2 and T3 were higher than those at T0 in both groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine could reduce the magnitude of ischemic myocardial no-reflow area and protect the myocardium with ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Protective effect of dexmedetomidine against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the influence of dexmedetomidine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rabbits. Methods: Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two equal-sized groups: IRI group (group IR) and dexmedetomidine group (group D). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP), +dp/dtmax, -dp/dtmax, and t-dp/dtmax were recorded and calculated at the following time points: before (T0) and after (T1) dexmedetomidine infusion, after 30-min ischemia (T2), and after 120-min reperfusion (T3). The levels of plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and platelet activating factor (PAF); area of myocardial infarction (MI); and no-reflow area were evaluated. Results: SBP, DBP, LVSP, LVEDP, LVDP, and +dp/dtmax at T3 were higher in group D than in group IR (P<0.05). The average no-reflow area in group IR was significantly smaller than that in group D (14±3% vs. 38±5%, P=0.0116). The ET-1, TXA2, and PAF levels at T2 and T3 were higher than those at T0 in both groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine could reduce the magnitude of ischemic myocardial no-reflow area and protect the myocardium with ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Serum metabolomics of laryngeal cancer based on liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The discovery of new laryngeal cancer-related metabolite biomarkers could help to facilitate early diagnosis. A serum metabolomics study from laryngeal cancer patients and healthy individuals was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to discriminate laryngeal cancer patients and healthy individuals. 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LysoPC 16:0), 1-o-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were found to be significantly different between the laryngeal cancer group and the healthy group. They are mainly involved in phospholipids catabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linoleic acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. The area under the curve of the biomarker combined by two metabolites (LysoPC 16:0 and PAF) was 0.935, the sensitivity was 0.962 and the specificity was 0.825. LysoPC 16:0 and PAF may show diagnostic potential for laryngeal carcinoma.

Metabolomics analyses identify platelet activating factors and heme breakdown products as Lassa fever biomarkers.

Lassa fever afflicts tens of thousands of people in West Africa annually. The rapid progression of patients from febrile illness to fulminant syndrome and death provides incentive for development of clinical prognostic markers that can guide case management. The small molecule profile of serum from febrile patients triaged to the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Ward at Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone was assessed using untargeted Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Physiological dysregulation resulting from Lassa virus (LASV) infection occurs at the small molecule level. Effects of LASV infection on pathways mediating blood coagulation, and lipid, amino acid, nucleic acid metabolism are manifest in changes in the levels of numerous metabolites in the circulation. Several compounds, including platelet activating factor (PAF), PAF-like molecules and products of heme breakdown emerged as candidates that may prove useful in diagnostic assays to inform better care of Lassa fever patients.

Prognostic factors of clinical endpoints in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation during a 2-year follow-up in China: An observational cohort study.

This study aimed to reveal the incidence of clinical endpoints in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) during a 2-year follow-up and evaluate the related prognostic factors of these endpoints.In total, 200 elderly patients with AF and 400 age- and sex-matched patients without AF were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study. The incidence of clinical endpoints, including thromboembolism, hemorrhage, and all-cause death, during the 2-year follow-up was analyzed. Other follow-up data, including disease history, laboratory examinations, medication status, and other clinical endpoints, were collected. The prognostic factors of these clinical endpoints were then evaluated by Cox-survival analysis. In addition, the predicative role of C-reactive protein (CRP) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) on these clinical endpoints was analyzed.The incidence of clinical endpoints, including thromboembolism, hemorrhage, and all-cause death, was significantly higher in patients with AF than in those without AF (27.8% vs 9.8%, 29.4% vs 12.7%, and 28.7% vs 11.6%, respectively; all P < .001). Antithrombotic therapy significantly reduced the incidences of all-cause deaths (P < .05). Body mass index (BMI) and digoxin were prognostic risk factors of thromboembolism; age, massive hemorrhage history, and digoxin were prognostic risk factors of hemorrhage and age, renal insufficiency history, massive hemorrhage history, and digoxin were prognostic risk factors of all-cause death (P < .05). Further, both CRP and PAF were prognostic risk factors of thromboembolism and massive hemorrhage (P < .05).Age, BMI, massive hemorrhage history, and digoxin appear to be prognostic risk factors of clinical endpoints in elderly patients with AF. Appropriate drug use during follow-up may be beneficial in preventing the occurrence of clinical endpoints in elderly patients with AF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR-OCH-13003479.

[Association between platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene polymorphisms and gastrointestinal bleeding in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ninth exon Val279Phe of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) gene and gastrointestinal bleeding in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). METHODS: A total 516 children with HSP were enrolled, among whom 182 had gastrointestinal bleeding and 334 had no gastrointestinal bleeding. PCR was used to investigate the distribution of genotypes and alleles in the SNPs of Val97Phe. The plasma PAF-AH activity was measured, as well as the levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF), granular membrane protein-140 (GMP-140), ß-thromboglobulin (ß-TG), and platelet factor 4 (PF4). RESULTS: The Val279Phe genotype and allele frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the homozygous genotype TT and heterozygotes accounted for 0.97% and 6.05% respectively. The gastrointestinal bleeding group had a significantly higher allele frequency than the control group (5.22% vs 3.33%; P<0.01). The HSP patients with GG genotype in the gastrointestinal bleeding group had significantly higher levels of plasma PAF and GMP-140 than those in the non-gastrointestinal bleeding group (P<0.05), while the non-gastrointestinal bleeding group had a significantly higher PAF-AH activity than the gastrointestinal bleeding group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in ß-TG and PF4 between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Val279Phe gene polymorphisms in PAF-AH are associated with PAF-AH activity and PAF and GMP-140 levels and may be a risk factor for HSP with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Platelet-Activating Factor Quantification Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography and Selected Reaction Monitoring in Negative Ion Mode.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent biologically active phospholipid that mediates human physiological and pathophysiologic responses. PAF levels increase transiently and are typically assessed by techniques with limitations related to expense, sensitivity, pre-analysis derivatization and interference with isobaric molecules. This study elucidates a facile, accurate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for PAF. In negative ion mode using electrospray ionization, collisionally-activated dissociation analysis showed a unique product ion for acetate adducts of PAF molecular species representing the loss of methyl acetate from the polar head group and loss of a part of the acetate group from the sn-2 position. This product ion was exploited for selected reaction monitoring of PAF molecular species following separation by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Standard calibration responses were determined, and this method was able to detect as low as 100 fmol of PAF. Finally, PAF molecular species were quantified in human neutrophils and monocytes.

Measuring Biomarkers for an Innovative Personal Food Profile.

Measuring the level of inflammation with an innovative approach (with blood analyses to evaluate the action of cytokines such as B-cell activating factor [BAFF], platelet activating factor [PAF], interleukin-6 [IL-6], sirtuin) allows you to better understand the body's language. The body recognizes foods and food antigens through a mapping performed by means of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Recent studies have shown that high levels of IgG in a nutrient express the personal excess of that food in the daily nutrition. Food is the most important source of hidden inflammation but is also the main tool for regaining wellness. Europeans have reactions to milk, yeast, and gluten, whereas the Japanese have reactions to rice and soybeans. Scientific knowledge of inflammatory mediators allows the discovery of new drugs, new supplements, and new plant compounds (Resveratrol, Maqui, oil of Perilla) that are able to reduce inflammation and support well-being. The interaction between the environment, nutrition, and knowledge of inflammation is an evolution and at the same time a revolution to gain and maintain health.

The relation of diet with PAF and its metabolic enzymes in healthy volunteers.

PURPOSE: Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator, is implicated in atherosclerosis. Its key biosynthetic enzymes are lyso-PAF acetyltransferases (lyso-PAF-AT), responsible for PAF synthesis through the remodeling route and a specific CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT), responsible for its de novo biosynthesis. PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and its extracellular isoform lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 catabolize PAF. The impact of diet on PAF metabolism is ill-defined. The aim was to investigate associations between PAF, its enzymes and dietary factors. METHODS: One-hundred and six (n = 106) healthy volunteers were recruited. Food-frequency questionnaires, dietary recalls, lifestyle and biochemical variables were collected. Food groups, macronutrient intake, a priori (MedDietScore) and a posteriori defined food patterns with PCA analysis, dietary antioxidant capacity (DAC), glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load were assessed. RESULTS: PAF was inversely correlated with antioxidant-rich foods (herbal drinks and coffee), the DAC as well as a dietary pattern characterized by legumes, vegetables, poultry and fish (all Ps < 0.05). PAF was positively correlated to % fat intake. Lyso-PAF-AT was also negatively associated with healthy patterns (fruits, nuts and herbal drinks, and a pattern rich in olive oil and whole-wheat products), as well as the DAC and % monounsaturated fatty acids. PAF-CPT was negatively associated with GI and coffee intake and positively with dietary cholesterol. PAF-AH was negatively associated with coffee and positively associated with alcohol consumption (all Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the DAC and healthy dietary patterns were inversely associated with PAF or its biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting potential new mechanisms of the diet-disease associations.

Quantitative determination of major platelet activating factors from human plasma.

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid mediator that is involved in many important biological functions, including platelet aggregation and neuronal differentiation. Although an ELISA assay has been used to measure PAF levels, it cannot distinguish between its isoforms. To achieve this, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been used instead. However, isobaric lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso PC), which is often present in large amounts in complex biological samples and has similar retention times in many LC conditions, can affect the accurate measurement of PAF. The present study examined the fragmentation behavior of major PAF and lyso PC during various MS/MS conditions. Fragment ions at m/z 184 and at m/z 104 were abundantly observed from MS/MS of lyso PCs. PAF provided a dominant fragment ion at m/z 184, but a fragment ion at m/z 104 was almost never produced, regardless of the collision energy. Thus, the two fragment ions at m/z 184 and m/z 104 were used to accurately measure PAF levels. First, the fragment ion at m/z 184 and the retention time of PAF in LC-MS/MS were used to identify and quantitate PAF. However, if there were small retention time shifts, which are common in multiple sample runs, and lipid composition in a sample is very complicated, the fragment ion at m/z 104 was used to confirm whether the fragment ion at m/z 184 belonged to PAF. This novel method accurately determined the major PAF (C16:0 PAF, C18:0 PAF, and C18:1 PAF) levels in human plasma.

[Value of in-vitro diagnostic tools after anaphylaxis]. / Stellenwert der In-vitro-Diagnostik nach Anaphylaxie.

Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening reaction and should be treated immediately. Diagnosis is made based on history and clinical features. However, measurement of sequential serum tryptase can provide additional clues and should be performed soon as possible. Referral to specialist allergy service is believed to reduce rate of recurrence. New specific in vitro techniques to indentify the triggering agent help optimize secondary preventive measures. Thus in vitro diagnosis plays an important, albeit complementary, role both in the acute and secondary phases facilitating a safe diagnosis and aiding in the overall management of the disease.

[Microcirculation in the injured spleen by different operations in children].

43 children were operated on spleen injury: 14 were splenectomized; 29 splenectomy were completed with partial spleen tissue autotransplantation into the omentum. Changes of homeostatic system, hemoreology and immune status were followed up within 1 year after the operation, Connections between the type of the operation performed and the listed above changes were followed.