Evaluation of renal disturbance in animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease characterized by hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia, followed by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency. PCOS conditions cause metabolic disorders that increase uric acid levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Animal models of PCOS have been used extensively in research to study the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment of PCOS. Aim: This study aimed to identify the pathological mechanisms underlying renal dysfunction in PCOS by observing several parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and renal MDA levels. Methods: This research was an experimentally designed study using a Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) as an animal model of PCOS which were divided into three groups: negative control group (n = 6), Testosterone propionate (TP) induction group (n = 6), and estradiol valerate (EV) induction group (n = 6). Results: According to statistical analysis it indicated that induction of TP and EV can increase blood uric acid levels in PCOS model rats (p < 0.05), TP induction can increase kidney BUN and MDA levels significantly (p < 0.05), However, the observation of creatinine levels did not show significant differences in all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the induction of animal models with TP can trigger significant renal damage compared to EV.

Correlation of serum kisspeptin levels, ovarian kisspeptin expression, and ovarian BMP15 expression in rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background: Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that has an important role in the female reproductive cycle which is indicated by its role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Aims: To analyze the correlation between serum kisspeptin levels, ovarian kisspeptin expression, and ovarian Bone Morphogenic Protein-15 (BMP15) expression in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) model rats. Methods: The research was accurate experimental research with a post-test design-only control group and was carried out from August to October 2022 at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Airlangga. 32 Rattus novergicus rats were divided into a control group and a PCOS model group. Blood serum and ovaries were obtained from all groups. In addition, blood serum was examined for kisspeptin levels by ELISA technique, and kisspeptin expression and BMP15 Ovaries were examined immunohistochemically. Results: Serum kisspeptin levels and ovarian kisspeptin expression of the PCOS model group were not significantly higher than those of the control group (p > 0.05, p > 0.05). The ovarian BMP15 expression of the PCOS model group was not significantly lower (p > 0.05) than that of the control group. Ovarian kisspeptin expression and ovarian BMP15 expression did not significantly correlate with serum kisspeptin levels (p > 0.05). In contrast, there was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between ovarian kisspeptin expression and ovarian BMP15 expression. Conclusion: Serum kisspeptin levels and ovarian kisspeptin expression of the PCOS model group were not higher than those of the control group, and the ovarian BMP15 expression of the PCOS model group was not lower than that of the control group. There was no correlation between serum kisspeptin levels with ovarian kisspeptin expression and ovarian BMP15 expression. However, a significant correlation was found between ovarian kisspeptin expression and ovarian BMP15 expression.

Intrauterine androgen exposure impairs gonadal adipose tissue functions of adult female rats.

Prenatal androgen exposure induces fetal programming leading to alterations in offspring health and phenotypes that resemble those seen in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. It has been described that prenatal androgenization affects the reproductive axis and leads to metabolic and endocrine disorders. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in all these functions and is susceptible to programming effects. Particularly, gonadal adipose tissue is involved in reproductive functions, so dysfunctions in this tissue could be related to fertility alterations. We aimed to investigate the extent to which prenatal hyperandrogenization is able to alter the functionality of gonadal adipose tissue in female adult rats, including lipid metabolism, adipokines expression, and de novo synthesis of steroids. Pregnant rats were treated with 1 mg of testosterone from day 16 to day 19 of pregnancy, and female offspring were followed until 90 days of age, when they were euthanized. The prenatally hyperandrogenized (PH) female offspring displayed two phenotypes: irregular ovulatory (PHiov) and anovulatory (PHanov). Regarding lipid metabolism, both PH groups displayed disruptions in the main lipid pathways with altered levels of triglyceride and increased lipid peroxidation levels. In addition, we found that Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) alpha protein expression was decreased in both PH phenotypes (p < 0.05), but no changes were found in PPARγ protein levels. Furthermore, regarding adipokines, no changes were found in Leptin and Adiponectin protein levels, but Chemerin protein levels were decreased in the PHiov group (p < 0.05). Regarding de novo synthesis of steroids, the PHanov group showed increased protein levels of Cyp17a1 and Cyp19, while the PHiov group only showed decreased protein levels of Cyp19 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that prenatal androgen exposure affects females' gonadal adipose tissue in adulthood, disturbing different lipid pathways, Chemerin expression, and de novo synthesis of steroids.

Thymoquinone improves folliculogenesis, sexual hormones, gene expression of apoptotic markers and antioxidant enzymes in polycystic ovary syndrome rat model.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent cause of infertility affecting women of reproductive age around the world. Thymoquinone is a natural antioxidant, derived from Nigella sativa. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of thymoquinone on the detrimental effects of PCOS rats induced with letrozole. METHODS: Thirty-two female rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) PCOS, (3) PCOS+5 mg/kg thymoquinone and (4) PCOS+10 mg/kg thymoquinone. Thymoquinone was administered every 3 days for 30 days. Ovaries were histopathologically and stereologically examined, and antioxidant and apoptotic enzymes gene expression in ovaries and sex hormones in serum were measured. RESULTS: The number of unilaminar, multilaminar, antral, and graffian follicles, volume density of corpus luteum (p < 0.01), and GPx1 gene expression in ovaries and level of FSH in the blood increased in both thymoquinone groups when compared to untreated PCOS (p < 0.05). Ovaries in thymoquinone groups showed a significant reduction in the number of atretic follicles, ovary weight and volume, volume density of cortex and ovarian cysts, Bax gene expression (p < 0.01) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio as well as levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), LH/FSH ratio and testosterone (p < 0.05) in the blood of female rats when compared to PCOS group. Administration of thymoquinone restored the most detrimental effects of PCOS on ovaries (p < 0.01) and sexual hormones (p < 0.05) in rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that thymoquinone has improved effects on ovarian function in the PCOS rat model. Therefore, thymoquinone might be useful as a protective agent and adjunct treatment in PCOS patients.

Naturally occurring androgen excess cows are present in dairy and beef herds and have similar characteristics to women with PCOS.

Beef cows with excess androstenedione (A4; High A4) in follicular fluid (FF) and secreted by the ovarian cortex have been reported from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln physiology herd displaying characteristics reminiscent of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thus, we hypothesized that naturally occurring High A4 cows were present in other dairy and beef herds. Fourteen Jordan (Amman, Jordon) dairy heifers and 16 U.S. Meat Animal Research Center beef heifers were classified by FF (High A4: A4 > 40 ng/mL and Control: A4 < 20 ng/mL) and/or cortex culture media (High A4 > 1 ng/mL/d or Control < 1 ng/mL/d). High A4 dairy heifers (n = 6) had greater A4 concentrations (7.6-fold) in FF and (98-fold) greater in ovarian cortex culture media with greater numbers of primordial and fewer later-stage follicles than Controls (n = 8) even after 7 d of culture. Also, the ovarian cortex had greater staining for Picro Sirius red in High A4 dairy heifers compared with Controls indicating increased fibrosis. Thecal cells from High A4 dairy heifers had greater STAR, LHCGR, CYP17A, CD68, and PECAM mRNA expression with increased mRNA abundance of CYP17A1 and CD68 in the ovarian cortex cultures compared with Control dairy heifers. Similarly, cortex culture media from High A4 beef heifers (n = 10) had increased A4 (290-fold; P ≤ 0.001), testosterone (1,427-fold; P ≤ 0.001), and progesterone (9-fold; P ≤ 0.01) compared with Control heifers with increased primordial follicles and decreased later-stage follicles even after 7 d of culture, indicating abnormal follicular development. High A4 ovarian cortex cultures from beef heifers also had increased fibrosis markers and greater expression of PECAM (P = 0.01) with a tendency for increased vascular endothelial cadherin compared with Controls (n = 6). These two trials support our hypothesis that naturally occurring androgen excess cows are present in other dairy and beef herds. The ability to identify these females that have excess A4 ovarian microenvironments may allow for their use in understanding factors causing abnormal follicle development linked to androgen excess and inflammation.

Androgen steroid hormones, normally present in the male, but produced in excess in the female, can result in inflammation and dysfunction of tissues, which, in turn, can lead to ovulatory dysfunction. We have previously identified females with naturally occurring excess androgen in our research herd. In the current paper, we have also identified two other cow populations (one dairy and one beef) that have similar excess androgen production. This suggests that these excess androgen females occur naturally and may be used as models to study androgen excess situations that contribute to subfertility.

Can the red clover combat the effect of the furan; as an endocrine Disruptor; on the ovary of albino rat?

Furan is an endocrine-disruptive chemical formed as a result of foods heat treatment as coffee, jarred and canned foods. It induces harmful effects on organisms. This study was intended to evaluate the effect of furan exposure on ovary, as a new rat polycystic ovary model (PCO), and the possible anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and estrogenic effects of red clover (RC) dry extracts on it. Sixty adult female rats were divided into five groups (Control, RC, Furan, Protected and Treated groups). At the end of the experiment, Ovarian tissues were taken for histological (Hx & E and Picro - Sirius red stains), immunohistochemical (Bcl2, Er-Beta & COX-2 immunoexpression), statistical & morphometrical studies. The ovarian sections of Furan group showed significant decrease in the number of the follicles and corpora lutea, follicular degeneration as well as many cysts and significant increased deposition of collagen fibers between the theca cells extending to the medulla. Bcl-2 and Er-Beta immunoexpression were significantly decreased. However, the surface area per-centage of COX-2 immunostain was significantly increased as compared to the control. The ovarian sections of the protected and treated groups with RC showed improvement in the histological andimmunohistochemical alterations of furan induced ovarian injury. However, the treated group is significantly different from the protected group. It could be concluded that RC is more effective as a protected than treated agent against ovarian injury induced by furan

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Developmental Programming: Contribution of Epigenetic Enzymes to Antral Follicular Defects in the Sheep Model of PCOS.

Prenatal testosterone (T)-treated sheep, similar to women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), manifest oligo-/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polyfollicular ovary. The polyfollicular ovarian morphology, a result of persistence of antral follicles, arises, in part, by transcriptional changes in key mediators of follicular development that, in turn, are driven by epigenetic mechanisms. We hypothesized that prenatal T excess induces, in a cell-specific manner, transcriptional changes in key mediators of follicular development associated with relevant changes in epigenetic machinery. Expression levels of key mediators of follicular development, DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), and histone de-/methylases and de-/acetylases were determined in laser-capture microdissection-isolated antral follicular granulosa and theca and ovarian stromal cells from 21 months of age control and prenatal T-treated sheep (100 mg IM twice weekly from gestational day 30 to 90; term: 147 days). Changes in histone methylation were determined by immunofluorescence. Prenatal T treatment induced the following: (i) cell-specific changes in gene expression of key mediators of follicular development and steroidogenesis; (ii) granulosa, theca, and stromal cell-specific changes in DNMTs and histone de-/methylases and deacetylases, and (iii) increases in histone 3 trimethylation at lysine 9 in granulosa and histone 3 dimethylation at lysine 4 in theca cells. The pattern of histone methylation was consistent with the expression profile of histone de-/methylases in the respective cells. These findings suggest that changes in expression of key genes involved in the development of the polyfollicular phenotype in prenatal T-treated sheep are mediated, at least in part, by cell-specific changes in epigenetic-modifying enzymes.

Protective role of broccoli extract on estradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in female rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of broccoli extract on estradiol valerate (EV)-induced PCOS in female rats. Forty adult female rats were divided into four main groups; control, broccoli-treated, EV, single intramuscular injection of 16mg/kg)-treated, EV+broccoli (1 g/kg/day)-treated groups. The protected rats were treated orally by gastric tube daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and the ovary were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analyses. EV treated group exhibited the characteristic features of PCOS. Disturbed ovarian cyclicity in addition to histopathological alterations, including decreased number of healthy follicles and corpora lutea, increased degenerated, cystic follicles and increased collagen fiber deposition were detected by light microscopic studies. Moreover, increased immune-reactivity for iNOS and altered proliferation index were observed by immunohistochemical assessments. Co-adminis-tration of broccoli extract improved EV-induced PCOS in rat model. In conclusion, broccoli may be an effective therapeutic candidate for the treatment of PCOS

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The regulatory effect of Genistein on granulosa cell in ovary of rat with PCOS through Bcl-2 and Bax signaling pathways.

The effect of genistein on Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression in the ovarian tissue of rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was evaluated. Sixty rats were divided into six groups. Rats in the Dose group received genistein at a concentration of either 5 (L-gen), 10 (M-Gen) or 20 (H-Gen) mg per kg of body weight per day. The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bax mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization. Bcl-2 and Bax protein concentration was quantified by ELISA. The results showed that the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bcl-2 protein was significantly higher in the high genistein Dose group (H-Gen) when compared to the Model group (MG) (P<0.05). Genistein induced higher expression of the Bcl-2 gene at the transcriptional and translational level. Treatment with genistein resulted in an improvement of ovarian function with Bcl-2 expression being enhanced and Bax expression being suppressed. These alterations may be due to the structural and functional modifications that take place in these cells, and could be related to apoptotic changes that occur in rats with PCOS.

The presence of ovarian cysts in a captive Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus L. 1758).

BACKGROUND: Several pathological changes associated with reproductive systems of marine mammals have been reported in primary literature. However, no such records exist regarding ovarian cysts in the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus L. 1758). CASE PRESENTATION: A nulliparous female Antillean manatee, held in captivity at the Wroclaw Zoological Garden, died in April 2015. The animal was 370 cm long from nose to tail and weighed 670 kg. The width of manatee's fluke was 80 cm. The post-mortem examination of the reproductive system showed the numerous pathological cysts on the external surface of the left and the right ovaries. Morphologically, the cysts had varying diameters and were attached to the ovaries by stalks. Some of the cysts were thin-walled and contained fluid, while several others were solid or contained a semi-solid mass. The structure of the ovaries displayed features of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The cysts also exhibited positivity with cytokeratin and vimentin. There were no pathological changes within the uterus, uterine tube and vagina. CONCLUSION: Although we were unable to definitively determine the exact source of the ovarian cysts in the studied manatee, we found that one of the causes may be age-related. Our study also revealed that ovarian cysts in the Antillean manatee form both types of corpora lutea (CL).

PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Insulin action and lipotoxicity in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome: A review.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition affecting women of reproductive age. This disorder is characterized by hyperandrogenism and anovulation and is frequently associated with comorbidities such as infertility, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors. Although the causes of PCOS are unknown, this review focuses on the most accepted theory involving insulin action but will also elaborate on a novel concept: the role of lipotoxicity in the development of androgen overproduction, in addition to its known role in insulin resistance. This review will also shed a spotlight on 2 drugs that target lipotoxicity and are, therefore, known or promising for the treatment of PCOS manifestations: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonists. This paper, therefore, emphasizes the need to further explore the pathophysiology of PCOS and particularly the role of lipotoxicity. Indeed, this new mechanism deserves attention to develop therapeutic approaches that will directly target the root of this condition and not only bandage its associated consequences.

Effect of the treatment with dexamethasone, for 10 and 15 days, on the fertility in induced rats to polycystic ovaries, by constant illumination / Efecto del tratamiento con dexametasona, por 10 y 15 días, sobre la fertilidad en ratas inducidas a ovarios poliquísticos por la iluminación constante

The present study had the objective of obtaining information about fertility in rats treated with dexamethasone for 10 and 15 days consecutively, to polycystic ovaries, induced by constant illumination. It was used 40 albino rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus), aged 90 days, form the lineage Wistar, which were split, randomly, in four groups, each constituted of 10 animals, namely: Group I - rats kept in a clear/dark cycle for 12/12 hours, and after 100 days submitted to fertility evaluation (control); Group II - rats kept under constant illumination during 100 days and then submitted to fertility evaluation; Group III - rats kept under constant illumination during 100 days, then treated with dexamethasone for 10 days and submitted to fertility evaluation; Group IV - rats kept under constant illumination during 100 days, then treated with dexamethasone for 15 days and submitted to fertility evaluation. The results showed that the number of implanted sites was 38(G1), 37(G2), 32(G3) and 06(G4). The reduction in group IV was due to the high mortality during the experiment, probably because of the prolonged treatment with dexamethasone. These sites presented similar histological aspects. The macroscopic analysis of the neonates haven't shown any indication of malformation. Also, abortion haven't been observed. The treatment with dexamethasone for 10 days in rats does not affect the fertility and the development of the lungs, liver and kidneys of neonates, while the administration during 15 days leads to a high maternal mortality.

El estudio tuvo el objetivo de obtener informaciones sobre la fertilidad en ratas tratadas con dexametasona por 10 y 15 días seguidos, para ovarios poliquísticos, inducidos por iluminación constante. Se utilizó 40 ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus albinus) con 90 días de edad, del linaje Wistar, las cuales fueron divididas, en cuatro grupos, cada uno constituido por 10 animales: Grupo I - ratas mantenidas en ciclo claro/oscuro de 12/12 horas, y después de 100 días sometidas a la evaluación de la fertilidad (control); Grupo II- ratas mantenidas bajo iluminación constante, durante 100 días, y luego sometidas a la evaluación de la fertilidad ; Grupo III - ratas mantenidas bajo iluminación constante, a lo largo de 100 días, y posteriormente tratadas con dexametasona por diez días, y sometidas a la evolución de la fertilidad; Grupo IV - ratas mantenidas bajo iluminación constante, durante 100 días, en seguida tratadas con dexametasona por 15 días, y sometidas a la evaluación de la fertilidad. Los resultados mostraron que el número de sitios implantados fue 38(GI), 37(G2), 32(G3), y 06(G4). La reducción en el grupo IV fue como consecuencia de la alta mortalidad durante la experiencia, probablemente en función del largo tratamiento con dexametasona. Esos sitios presentaron aspectos histológicos semejantes. El análisis macroscópico de los neonatos no mostró ningún vestigio de malformación. Tampoco fueron observados abortos. El tratamiento con dexametasona por 10 días en ratas, no afecta la fertilidad y el desarrollo de los pulmones, hígado y riñones de neonatos, mientras que la administración por 15 días lleva a una alta mortalidad materna.

Polycystic ovary syndrome with endometrial hyperplasia in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

A 13-year-old, obese, female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was observed in a 5-year neurobehavioral study and was humanely euthanatized for experimental purposes. During this observational study, the monkey was noted to ovulate only rarely (0-3 times a year), with a prolonged menstrual cycle length (up to 161 days), hyperandrogenism (androstenedione area under the curve in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone up to 27.64 ng/ml), and hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin up to 65.85 microIU/ml). This animal's body mass index was 65.46 kg/m(2), with central obesity. On postmortem examination, the uterus was moderately enlarged, with an eccentric lumen and a broad-based endometrial polyp that consisted of complex glandular hyperplasia with atypia. Both ovaries contained many 2- to 3-mm follicles, without any corpora lutea. A diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome was made based on the clinical history, endocrinology, and gross and histopathologic findings.

Evaluation of the estral cycle in rats after treatmen twith dexamethasone for polycystic ovaries, induced by constant illumination / Evaluación del Ciclo Estral en Ratones Después del Tratamiento con Dexametasona para Ovarios Poliquísticos, Inducidos por Iluminación Continua

El objetivo del estudio fue obtener información básica del ciclo estral en ratones tratados con dexametasona, en ovarios poliquísticos, inducidos por iluminación continua. Fueron utilizados 30 ratones albinos (Rattus norvegius albinus) del linaje Wistar, con 90 días de edad, divididos en los siguientes grupos: Grupo I – ratones mantenidos en ciclo claro/oscuro de 12/12 horas,tras 100 días sometidos a la evaluación de la ciclicidad (control). Grupo II – ratones mantenidos bajo iluminación continua, durante 100 días y luego sometidos a la evaluación de la ciclicidad. Grupo III – ratones mantenidos bajo iluminación continua, durante 100 días, después tratados con dexametasona durante cinco días y sometidos a la evaluación de la ciclicidad. Los resultados mostraron que tras 100 días de pruebas, los animales del grupo I presentaron una ciclicidad normal, siendo observadas las cuatro fases de éste. En los animales de los grupos II y III se verificó una mayor incidencia de fase de estro, con el porcentaje de 85 por ciento y 76,50 por ciento, respectivamente, caracterizando el estado de estro permanente. Fue observada la fase de diestro en el 15 por ciento, en el grupo II, y 23,5 por ciento en el grupo III, no siendo observadas las fases de proestro y metaestro. Posterior al tratamiento con dexametasona, se verificó una reducción acentuada en la fase de estro en los animales del grupo III, lo que también fue observado en los animales del grupo II , alcanzando un 34,5 por ciento y 20,85, respectivamente. Hubo incluso aumento de la fase de diestro en el grupo II (64,58 por ciento), y grupo III (75 por ciento). Notamos en esos grupos, la presencia de la fase de proestro en el 0,92 por ciento en el grupo II y 4,15 por ciento en el grupo III, no siendo observada la fase de metaestro. El tratamiento con dexametasona durante cinco días, produce más rápidamente una eventual vuelta del ciclo estral en ratones con poliquistosis ovárica.

The study aimed at obtaining basic information about estrous cycle in rats treated with dexamethasone, for polycystic ovaries, induced by constant illumination. It was used 30 female rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) from the lineage Wistar, with 90 days years old, divided according the following groups: Group I - rats maintained in a light/dark cycle for 12/12 hours, and after 100 days submitted to the cyclicity evaluation (control); Group II - rats maintained under constant illumination during 100 days and after submitted to the cyclicity evaluation; Group III - rats maintained under constant illumination during 100 days and after treated with dexamethasone for five days, and, then, submitted to the cyclicity evaluation. The results showed that after 100 days of experiment, the animals from group I presented a normal cyclicity, being observed the four phases of the cycle. In the animals of groups II and III, it was observed a higher incidence in the estrous phase, with 85% and 76,5% respectively, characterizing the state of permanent estrous. It was observed the phase of diestrous with 15% in group II, and 23,5% in group III, not being observed the phases of proestrous and metaestrous. After treatment with dexamethasone, it was verified a great reduction in the estrous phases in the animals from group III, what was also observed in the animals from group II, reaching numbers of 34,5% and 20,85%, respectively. Yet, there was an increase in the diestrous phase in group II (64,57%), and group III (75%). It has been noticed in these groups the presence of the proestrous phase with 0,92% in group II and 4,15% in group III, not being observed the metaestrous phase. The treatment with dexamethasone during five days produces, more rapidly, a possible retake of the estrous cycle in rats with ovarian polycystic ovaries.

Progesterone injection and egg production in turkey hens.

An arrest in laying associated with either a polyovarian follicle (POF) or a polycystic ovarian follicle (PCOF) syndrome has been reported in turkey hens photostimulated at an early age with a constant-light photoperiod. Hens expressing the POF or PCOF syndrome had stopped laying for several weeks, but the ovary contained an increased number of mature-size and larger follicles (POF hens), which were cystic (PCOF) in some of the hens. Hens with the POF or PCOF syndrome had plasma progesterone (P(4)) concentrations that were relatively high and without surges. We hypothesized that high plasma P(4) concentrations may block ovulatory surges of LH but not the growth or maintenance of hierarchical follicles leading to development of the POF or PCOF syndrome in turkey hens. In the first six studies, hens were photostimulated with either a 14L:10D or a 24L:0D photoperiod and, after laying for 1-38 wk, were then injected daily for up to 14 days with P(4) (up to 1.50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and necropsied. At all ages, the oviposition rate was reduced at a P(4) dosage of 0.17 mg kg(-1) day(-1). With dosages of 0.33 mg kg(-1) day(-1) or greater, however, ovipositions stopped in most hens within approximately 2 days. For hens laying for less than 15 wk, oviductal weight and number of hierarchical follicles of P(4)-injected hens were not different from control vehicle-injected hens, but the numbers of mature, cystic, and atretic follicles were increased. For hens laying for 38 wk, when treated with P(4), oviductal weight and number of hierarchical follicles decreased, but number of atretic follicles increased. No effect of photoperiod was found on egg production, oviductal weight, or follicle number, and none of the hens developed POF or PCOF syndrome in these experiments. Two additional experiments were conducted with hens early in the reproductive period that had been photostimulated with 14L:10D or 24L:0D and injected with P(4) (0.33 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) for 10 or 12 days but not necropsied until 3 wk after the last injection. Most of the hens photostimulated with the 24L:0D photoperiod and injected with P(4), and a few of the hens photostimulated with the 14L:10D photoperiod and injected with P(4), had developed the PCOF syndrome when necropsied. The hens with the PCOF syndrome had high levels of P(4) when necropsied. From these studies, we concluded that the PCOF syndrome can be induced early in the reproduction period by photostimulating turkey hens with a 24L: 0D photoperiod, injecting them for 10 to 12 days with P(4) at a dosage of 0.33 mg kg(-1) day(-1), and then waiting 3 wk for the PCOF syndrome to develop.

Valproic acid fails to induce polycystic ovary syndrome in female rats.

PURPOSE: Valproic acid (VPA) treatment in female patients is suggested to be associated with the occurrence of a variety of endocrine side effects that include many characteristic symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of our study was to prospectively measure whether VPA treatment was associated with the presentation of PCOS symptoms in rats, as well as determine whether this model could be used to examine the underlying mechanism by which these effects are induced. METHODS: Normal estrus-cycling female rats (n=22) were treated perorally three times daily with VPA (300 mg/kg/day), divalproex sodium (DVS) (330 mg/kg/day), or phosphate-buffered saline for a minimum of 30 days. PCOS-associated symptoms (estrus cycle, weight, estradiol and testosterone levels, aromatase activity, and ovarian morphology) were assessed at baseline, mid-, and endpoint. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean number of days animals were in proestrus-estrus or metestrus-diestrus between the three groups. All groups of animals gained weight during the study and there were no appreciable differences in mean weight gain or leptin between groups. Total serum estradiol or testosterone levels and ovarian aromatase activity were not significantly different between the groups. The number of corpora lutea was not significantly different between the groups; however, cystic follicles were present in 50% of the drug-treated animals compared to 25% of saline-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: VPA and DVS treatment were associated with a higher proportion of animals developing cystic follicles but did not mimic the VPA-induced PCOS that is observed in women. Thus, it appears that the rat has limited usefulness for modeling VPA-induced symptoms associated with PCOS.

Influence of photoperiod and age of photostimulation on the incidence of polycystic ovarian follicle syndrome in turkey breeder hens.

An arrest in egg laying associated with a polycystic ovarian follicle syndrome (PCOF) has been recently reported early in the egg production period in turkey hens photostimulated at 30 wk of age (WOA) with continuous light. When autopsied 2 to 3 wk after laying ceased, the ovaries of PCOF hens contained an increased number of mature size (F1) yolky follicles in comparison with normally laying hens plus several larger cystic follicles, while their oviducts were equal in weight to oviducts of hens laying normally. Four experiments were conducted to examine effects of age at photostimulation and photoperiod [14L:10D (14L) or continuous lighting 24L:0D (24L)] on the incidence of the PCOF syndrome. Turkey hens of the egg line were given short-day photostimulation of 6L:18D at 16 WOA and then photostimulated with either 14L or 24L at various ages between 26 to 70 WOA. Egg production was followed for 6 to 8 wk, and hens that stopped laying eggs during this period were autopsied 2 to 3 wk later to determine presence and incidence of the PCOF syndrome. At 26 WOA, the PCOF incidence was 80% with 24L lighting and 31% with 14L lighting (P = 0.006). At 28 WOA, the PCOF incidence was 56% with 24L lighting and 25% with 14L lighting (P = 0.072). At 31, 34, and 41 WOA, there were no differences (P > or = 0.10) in incidence of the PCOF syndrome between the 24L and 14L treatments. Within the 24L treatment, the PCOF incidence at 26 and 28 WOA (80 and 56%) were greater than at 31 WOA and older ages (< or = 20%; P < or = 0.025). Within the 14L lighting treatment, the PCOF incidence was not different among ages (26 WOA, 31% to 48 WOA, 0%; P > or = 0.05). It was concluded that the incidence of the PCOF syndrome is greater when photosensitive Egg line turkey hens are photostimulated at relatively young ages (less than 31WOA) and with 24L in comparison to 14L lighting.

Diagnóstico das alteraçöes ovarianas pela palpaçäo retal na espécie suína / Rectal palpation as a diagnostic tool for ovarian alterations in swine

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a utilizaçäo do método de palpaçäo retal no diagnóstico de patologias ovarianas na porca. Foram estudadas 350 fêmeas suínas nas quais conseguiu-se apalpar os ovários em 239 (68,29//), diagnosticando-se as seguintes patologias e respectivos percentuais de acerto: ovários inativos (100//), hemangioma (40//) e cistos ovarianos (89,47//)