ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Chronic pain can disrupt everyday life and shatter beliefs about the world. Shattered beliefs may be rebuilt, either positively or negatively, leading to posttraumatic growth (PTG) or posttraumatic depreciation (PTD). According to a transdiagnostic emotion regulation perspective, these phenomena are associated with coping strategies and emotions related to the body, self, others, and the world. Because PTG and PTD can coexist, this study aims to compare different profiles of rebuilt beliefs based on emotions, emotion regulation, and psychopathology. METHOD: People with chronic pain (N = 1,577) completed online self-report questionnaires evaluating PTG and PTD, trauma-related emotions, and reactions regarding pain (guilt, shame, mental defeat, injustice, feeling discounted, sensitivity to pain traumatization, sense of body-self unity), difficulties in emotion regulation, coping strategies, and psychopathological symptoms. RESULTS: Profiles illustrate four ways to experience potentially traumatic and life-challenging circumstances: no disruption, ambivalence, growth, and distress. Differences were found regarding trauma-related emotions and reactions, levels of comorbid psychopathologies, and emotion regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Considering trauma as a genuine dimension of chronic pain experience could provide an important framework to better address the resources and trajectories of people with chronic pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Chronic Pain/psychology , Emotions/physiology , Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological , Psychological Trauma/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological/classification , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Emotional Regulation/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological/classification , Young AdultABSTRACT
El cáncer puede provocar reacciones psicológicas negativas. No obstante, la lucha al abordar los problemas oncológicos también puede dar lugar a cambios psicológicos positivos que demuestran la fortaleza del ser humano, siendo una de ellas el crecimiento postraumático (CPT). El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue revisar y analizar los artículos, publicados durante los años 2000 a 2018 y disponibles en distintas bases de datos, sobre el CPT en padres y madres de niños y adolescentes con cáncer en el ámbito pediátrico. Se identificaron 20 estudios que incluían 2.422 sujetos, mayoritariamente madres (n=1.788), y que analizaban el CPT en función del parentesco, evolución y tipo de enfermedad del hijo, así como factores predictores del mismo. Tanto padres como madres, son capaces de desarrollar CPT como consecuencia de la experiencia del cáncer de sus hijos, siendo ellas quienes experimentan mayores niveles. En comparación con otras muestras como progenitores de niños con diabetes tipo I o de niños sanos, o pacientes adultos con osteosarcoma, los padres y madres de niños con cáncer refieren mayor CPT. Asimismo, se observan factores que influyen en el desarrollo del CPT, como el contexto cultural, el procesamiento cognitivo, el ajuste a la enfermedad y ciertos rasgos de personalidad. La evidencia científica publicada avala la existencia de CPT en madres y padres de hijos con cáncer. No obstante, sería necesario realizar estudios objetivos, longitudinales, con muestras homogéneas de mayor tamaño, para diseñar intervenciones dirigidas a promocionar ese CPT y no centrarse solo en los aspectos negativos de la enfermedad
Cancer can provoke negative psychological reactions. Nevertheless, coping with oncological issues can also result in positive psychological changes that demonstrate the strength of the human being, one of them being posttraumatic growth (PTG). The aim of this narrative review was to examine and analyze studies, published from 2000 to 2018 and available in different data sets, that focus on PTG in parents of children and adolescents with cancer in the pediatric context. Twenty studies were identified, including 2,422 subjects, mainly mothers (n=1,788). PTG was analyzed according to the differences among relatives, outcome and type of oncological disease, and its predictor factors. Fathers and mothers are both capable of developing PTG as a result of their children's disease, mothers being the ones who present higher levels. Compared with other samples like parents of children with type I diabetes or healthy children, or adult patients with osteosarcoma, parents of children with cancer present more PTG. Likewise, factors that influence the development of PTG, such as cultural context, cognitive processing, adjustment to the disease and certain personality traits are observed. The published clinical evidence endorses the existence of PTG in parents of children with cancer. However, it would be necessary to carry out further investigation, particularly subjective and longitudinal studies with larger homogeneous samples, in order to design interventions aimed at promoting PTG and avoid focusing solely on the negative aspects of oncological disease in children
Subject(s)
Humans , Neoplasms/psychology , Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological/classification , Parents/psychology , Cancer Survivors/psychology , Psychological Trauma/classification , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Psycho-Oncology/methodsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Studies have found that posttraumatic reactions show heterogeneous trajectories, but few studies have assessed the heterogeneous trajectories of posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents. This study examined trajectories of PTG among adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake, analyzing the relationships between PTG trajectories and gender, age, traumatic exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder. METHODS: Adolescents were surveyed 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 years after the earthquake. Self-report questionnaires were administered to 391 participants ranging in age from 12 to 19 years. RESULTS: Four PTG trajectories were found: high, decreasing, low-stable, and increasing. High PTG group respondents were older and had more intrusive symptoms. In addition, having more symptoms in the hyperarousal symptom cluster was associated with the development of high PTG. In contrast, the presence of fewer symptoms in the avoidance symptom cluster increased the likelihood of high or increasing PTG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that adolescents exhibit heterogeneous PTG trajectories and that age and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters differentiate distinct PTG trajectories.