Exclusive breastfeeding as a protective factor of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. / Lactancia materna exclusiva como factor protector de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), represents more than 30% of all types of cancers in children aged between 0 and 9 years. In Peru, it has not been evaluated whether exclusive breastfee ding (EB) is a protective factor for ALL. OBJECTIVE: To identify the protective and risk factors associa ted with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children aged between 0 and 13 years in a national hospital in Lima, Peru. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Observational, analytical study, case-control design. 112 cases diagnosed with ALL and 229 controls were evaluated. The data were collected by interviews with the mothers of both groups. The magnitude of the association between ALL and EB was estimated using the odds ratio (OR) and multivariate logistic regression in Stata v 12. RESULTS: 50.9% (57/112) of the cases and 51.5% (118/229) of the controls were male. The mean age of the cases was 6.7 ± 3.2 years and of the controls 5.7 ± 3.5 years. The mean age of the mothers of the cases was 35.9 ± 6.5 and of the controls was 34.1 ± 7.1 years. EB reduces the risk of ALL by 44% compared with those who did not receive it, OR 0.56, p = 0.017, 95% CI (0.35-0.90). Complete secondary education reduces the risk of ALL by 62%, OR 0.38 CI 95% (0.15-0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive breastfeeding and the mother's complete secondary education are protective factors for the development of ALL in children and adolescents.

Exposição a agrotóxicos e a leucemia linfocítica aguda em criança: uma revisão de escopo / Exposición a pesticidas y leucemia linfocítica aguda en niños: una revisión del alcance / Pesticide exposure and acute lymphocytic leukemia in children: a scope review

RESUMO Introdução: A Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda (LLA) é um tipo de câncer que acomete o processo hematopoiético e está diretamente relacionada a fatores genéticos e ambientais. Objetivo: Identificar na literatura a existência de associação entre a exposição à agrotóxicos e o desenvolvimento de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda em crianças no cenário nacional e internacional. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo nas bases de dados LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL e bibliotecas Cochrane e Scielo e Google Scholar. Incluíram-se produções relacionadas à exposição por agrotóxicos e o desenvolvimento de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda em crianças. Resultados: A revisão abrangeu 22 estudos publicados de 2008 a 2017. A associação da exposição a pesticidas com o desenvolvimento de LLA infantil deu-se na exposição materna aos pesticidas domésticos no período pré-concepção, gestacional e exposição da própria criança à pesticidas domésticos na primeira infância. Conclusão: Os resultados permitiram identificar as publicações sobre a associação entre o uso de agrotóxicos e o desenvolvimento de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda em crianças. Entretanto, há a necessidade de novos estudos sobre a exposição de crianças à pesticidas domésticos, conhecimento sobre sua toxicidade e danos à saúde humana, assim como medidas para redução do uso.

RESUMEN Introducción: la Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda (LLA) es un tipo de cáncer que acomete el proceso hematopoyético y está directamente relacionada a factores genéticos y ambientales. Objetivo: identificar en la literatura la existencia de asociación entre la exposición a pesticidas y el desarrollo de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda en niños ene les cenario nacional e internacional. Métodos: se realizó una revisión del alcance en las bases de datos LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL y bibliotecas Cochrane y Scielo y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron producciones relacionadas a la exposición por pesticidas yel desarrollo de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda en niños. Resultados: la revisión abarcó 22 estudios publicados de 2008 a 2017. La asociación de la exposición a pesticidas con el desarrollo de LLA infantil ocurrióen la exposición materna a los pesticidas domésticos en el período preconcepción, gestacional y exposición del proprioniño a pesticidas domésticos en la primera infancia. Conclusión: los resultados permitieron identificar las publicaciones sobre la asociación entre el uso de pesticidas y el desarrollo de Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda en niños. Pero, hay la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre la exposición de niños a pesticidas domésticos, conocimiento sobre su toxicidad ylos daños a la salud humana, así como medidas para la reducción del uso.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that affects the hematopoietic process and is directly related to genetic and environmental factors. Objective: To identify in the literature the existence of an association between exposure to pesticides and the development of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in children in the national and international scenario. Methods: A scoping review was carried out in the LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL databases, and Cochrane and Scielo and Google Scholar libraries. Production related to pesticide exposure and the development of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in children were included. Results: The review had 22 studies published from 2008 to 2017. The association of pesticide exposure with the development of childhood ALL was due to maternal exposure to domestic pesticides in the pre-conception, gestational period, and the child's exposure to domestic pesticides in early childhood. Conclusion: The results allowed us to identify publications on the association between the use of pesticides and the development of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in children. However, there is a need for further studies on children's exposure to domestic pesticides, knowledge of their toxicity, and damage to human health, as well as measures to reduce its use.

Guía de práctica clínica para la detección, tratamiento y seguimiento de leucemias linfoblástica y mieloide en población mayor de 18 años. Guía para pacientes y cuidadores / Clinical practice guide for the detection, treatment and monitoring of lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias in a population over 18 years of age. Guide for patients and caregivers

La guía relaciona el diagnóstico y el tratamiento en población adulta de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) y la leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA), como el diagnostico, el tratamiento y el seguimiento en población adulta de la leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC).

Maternal supplementation with folic acid and other vitamins and risk of leukemia in offspring: a Childhood Leukemia International Consortium study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal prenatal supplementation with folic acid and other vitamins has been inconsistently associated with a reduced risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Little is known regarding the association with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a rarer subtype. METHODS: We obtained original data on prenatal use of folic acid and vitamins from 12 case-control studies participating in the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium (enrollment period: 1980-2012), including 6,963 cases of ALL, 585 cases of AML, and 11,635 controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for child's age, sex, ethnicity, parental education, and study center. RESULTS: Maternal supplements taken any time before conception or during pregnancy were associated with a reduced risk of childhood ALL; odds ratios were 0.85 (95% CI = 0.78-0.92) for vitamin use and 0.80 (0.71-0.89) for folic acid use. The reduced risk was more pronounced in children whose parents' education was below the highest category. The analyses for AML led to somewhat unstable estimates; ORs were 0.92 (0.75-1.14) and 0.68 (0.48-0.96) for prenatal vitamins and folic acid, respectively. There was no strong evidence that risks of either types of leukemia varied by period of supplementation (preconception, pregnancy, or trimester). CONCLUSIONS: Our results, based on the largest number of childhood leukemia cases to date, suggest that maternal prenatal use of vitamins and folic acid reduces the risk of both ALL and AML and that the observed association with ALL varied by parental education, a surrogate for lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics.

Infection and childhood leukemia: review of evidence / Infeccao e leucemia infantil: revisao das evidencias / Infeccion y leucemia infantil: revision de las evidencias

OBJECTIVE : To analyze studies that evaluated the role of infections as well as indirect measures of exposure to infection in the risk of childhood leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS : A search in Medline, Lilacs, and SciELO scientific publication databases initially using the descriptors “childhood leukemia” and “infection” and later searching for the words “childhood leukemia” and “maternal infection or disease” or “breastfeeding” or “daycare attendance” or “vaccination” resulted in 62 publications that met the following inclusion criteria: subject aged ≤ 15 years; specific analysis of cases diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or total leukemia; exposure assessment of mothers’ or infants’ to infections (or proxy of infection), and risk of leukemia. RESULTS : Overall, 23 studies that assessed infections in children support the hypothesis that occurrence of infection during early childhood reduces the risk of leukemia, but there are disagreements within and between studies. The evaluation of exposure to infection by indirect measures showed evidence of reduced risk of leukemia associated mainly with daycare attendance. More than 50.0% of the 16 studies that assessed maternal exposure to infection observed increased risk of leukemia associated with episodes of influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox, herpes zoster, lower genital tract infection, skin disease, sexually transmitted diseases, Epstein-Barr virus, and Helicobacter pylori . CONCLUSIONS : Although no specific infectious agent has been identified, scientific evidence suggests that exposure to infections has some effect on childhood leukemia etiology. .

OBJETIVO : Analisar estudos que avaliaram o papel de infecções e de medidas indiretas de exposição às infecções no risco de leucemia infantil, principalmente da leucemia linfocítica aguda. MÉTODOS : A busca nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e SciELO utilizando-se inicialmente os descritores “leucemia infantil” e “infecção” e, posteriormente, pesquisando-se as palavras “leucemia infantil” e “infecção ou doença materna” ou “aleitamento materno” ou “frequência à creche” ou “vacinação” recuperou 62 publicações que atenderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: amostra composta por sujeitos com idade inferior ou igual a 15 anos; análise específica de casos diagnosticados com leucemia linfocítica aguda ou todas as leucemias; avaliação de exposição materna ou infantil a infecções (ou medidas indiretas de exposição à infecção) e risco de leucemia. RESULTADOS : Globalmente, os 23 estudos que avaliaram infecções nas crianças suportam a hipótese de que a ocorrência de infecções no início da infância reduz o risco de leucemia, mas existem discordâncias intra e entre estudos. A avaliação por meio das medidas indiretas de exposição à infecção mostrou evidências de redução do risco de leucemia associado principalmente com frequência à creche. Mais de 50,0% dos 16 estudos que avaliaram exposição materna à infecção observaram aumento do risco de leucemia associado com episódios de gripe, pneumonia, varicela, herpes zoster, infecção do trato genital inferior, doença de pele, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, vírus Epstein-Barr ...

OBJETIVO : Analizar estudios que evaluaron el papel de infecciones y de medidas indirectas de exposición a las infecciones en el riesgo de leucemia infantil, principalmente de la leucemia linfocítica aguda. MÉTODOS : Se realizó búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, LILACS y SciELO utilizándose inicialmente los descriptores “leucemia infantil” e “infección” y, posteriormente, investigándose las palabras “leucemia infantil” e “infección o enfermedad materna” o “lactancia materna” o “frecuencia en guardería” o “vacunación” recuperó 62 publicaciones que atendieron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: muestra compuesta por individuos con edad inferior o igual a 15 años; análisis específica de casos diagnosticados con leucemia linfocítica aguda o todas las leucemias; evaluación de exposición materna o infantil a infecciones (o medidas indirectas de exposición a la infección) y riesgo de leucemia. RESULTADOS : Globalmente, los 23 estudios que evaluaron infecciones en los niños soportan la hipótesis de que la ocurrencia de infecciones en el inicio de la infancia reduce el riesgo de leucemia, pero existen discordancias intra y entre estudios. La evaluación por medio de las medidas indirectas de exposición a la infección mostró evidencias de reducción de riesgo de leucemia asociado principalmente con frecuencia a la guardería. Más de 50% de los 16 estudios que evaluaron exposición materna a la infección observaron aumento de riesgo de leucemia asociado con episodios de gripe, neumonía, varicela, herpes zoster, infección del tracto genital inferior, enfermedad de la piel, enfermedades sexualmente transmisibles, virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) y Helicobacter pylori. CONCLUSIONES : A pesar ...

Infection and childhood leukemia: review of evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze studies that evaluated the role of infections as well as indirect measures of exposure to infection in the risk of childhood leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS: A search in Medline, Lilacs, and SciELO scientific publication databases initially using the descriptors "childhood leukemia" and "infection" and later searching for the words "childhood leukemia" and "maternal infection or disease" or "breastfeeding" or "daycare attendance" or "vaccination" resulted in 62 publications that met the following inclusion criteria: subject aged ≤ 15 years; specific analysis of cases diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or total leukemia; exposure assessment of mothers' or infants' to infections (or proxy of infection), and risk of leukemia. RESULTS: Overall, 23 studies that assessed infections in children support the hypothesis that occurrence of infection during early childhood reduces the risk of leukemia, but there are disagreements within and between studies. The evaluation of exposure to infection by indirect measures showed evidence of reduced risk of leukemia associated mainly with daycare attendance. More than 50.0% of the 16 studies that assessed maternal exposure to infection observed increased risk of leukemia associated with episodes of influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox, herpes zoster, lower genital tract infection, skin disease, sexually transmitted diseases, Epstein-Barr virus, and Helicobacter pylori . CONCLUSIONS: Although no specific infectious agent has been identified, scientific evidence suggests that exposure to infections has some effect on childhood leukemia etiology.

Tratamiento de la leucemia linfoide aguda del adulto: Experiencia de un hospital en la Ciudad de México / Results of treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in two cohorts of Mexican patients

Background: GIMEMA ALL 0288 trial was designed to evaluate the impact of a 7-day prednisone (PDN) pretreatment on complete remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We adopted this trial in 2007. Aim: To evaluate the results of treatment in two cohorts of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, treated from 2007 to January 2009 and from February to December 2009. Material and Methods: We studied 99 patients treated in the first period (58 males) and 54 patients treated in the second period (33 males) The age of patients ranged from 16 to 60 years and 70 percent of patients were of high risk. BCR/ABL fusion transcript was present in 12 percent of patients. Results: Remission rates were 61 and 51 percent for patients of the first and second group of treatment, respectively. The main cause of death were infections during the induction period. There were 49 relapses, mainly detected in the blood marrow. Global and event free 34 months survival were 32 and 30 percent respectively. Multivariate analysis disclosed risk stratification and central nervous system infiltration as risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: The main obstacles for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in these cohorts of patients were the high incidence of infections and the lack of use of growth stimulating factors.

Associations between vaccination and childhood cancers in Texas regions.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether children born in Texas regions with higher vaccination coverage had reduced risk of childhood cancer. STUDY DESIGN: The Texas Cancer Registry identified 2800 cases diagnosed from 1995 to 2006 who were (1) born in Texas and (2) diagnosed at ages 2 to 17 years. The state birth certificate data were used to identify 11 200 age- and sex-matched control subjects. A multilevel mixed-effects regression model compared vaccination rates among cases and control subjects at the public health region and county level. RESULTS: Children born in counties with higher hepatitis B vaccine coverage had lower odds of all cancers combined (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.98) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) specifically (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.88). A decreased odds for ALL also was associated at the county level with higher rates of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.92) and 4-3-1-3-3 vaccination series (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.87). Children born in public health regions with higher coverage levels of the Haemophilus influenzae type b-conjugate vaccine had lower odds of ALL (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Some common childhood vaccines appear to be protective against ALL at the population level.

[Results of treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in two cohorts of Mexican patients]. / Tratamiento de la leucemia linfoide aguda del adulto. Experiencia de un hospital en la Ciudad de México.

BACKGROUND: GIMEMA ALL 0288 trial was designed to evaluate the impact of a 7-day prednisone (PDN) pretreatment on complete remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We adopted this trial in 2007. AIM: To evaluate the results of treatment in two cohorts of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, treated from 2007 to January 2009 and from February to December 2009. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 99 patients treated in the first period (58 males) and 54 patients treated in the second period (33 males) The age of patients ranged from 16 to 60 years and 70% of patients were of high risk. BCR/ABL fusion transcript was present in 12% of patients. RESULTS: Remission rates were 61 and 51% for patients of the first and second group of treatment, respectively. The main cause of death were infections during the induction period. There were 49 relapses, mainly detected in the blood marrow. Global and event free 34 months survival were 32 and 30% respectively. Multivariate analysis disclosed risk stratification and central nervous system infiltration as risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The main obstacles for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in these cohorts of patients were the high incidence of infections and the lack of use of growth stimulating factors.

Avaliacao de parametros evolutivos e alteracoes de imagens em 28 criancas sobreviventes de leucemia linfoblastica aguda (LLA) fora de terapia ha 5 anos ou mais conforme o tipo de profilaxia em sistema nervoso central (SNC) / Evaluation of evolutive parameters and image alterations in 28 long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) according to central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis

28 sobreviventes de LLA fora de terapia ha 5 anos ou mais, quando submetidos a avaliacao pediatrica se mostram adequados a parametros evolutivos de peso, estatura e perimetro craniano na maioria das vezes. No grupo das meninas irradiadas com 2400 cGy, 7 entre 9 (77,6 por cento) diminuiram seus intervalos para valores de estatura do diagnostico ate a presente avaliacao. Imagens de Ressonancias Magneticas (IRM) evidenciam alteracoes em 7/13 (53,8 por cento) criancas irradiadas com 2400 cGy para profilaxia do SNC [5/13 (38,4 por cento) com aumento de sinal de substancia branca em T2]. Essas alteracoes objetivas de imagens de SNC vistas tanto em Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) como em RM podem se correlacionar com as alteracoes clinicas sutis constatadas. Os jovens desempenham suas atividades fisicas do dia-a-dia satisfatoriamente, sao bons, alunos, se enxergam felizes, mas preferem esquecer a epoca da doenca...